中国人口分布的自然成因

中国多样化的自然环境造就了人口分布的区域差异性,明晰人口分布格局与自然环境的相互关系对于增进对人地关系的理解,实现人口、资源、环境的可持续管理具有重要作用.本文以人口密度为指标,采用洛伦兹曲线与空间统计相结合的方法,分析了中国人口分布状况,并探讨了自然因素组合对人口分布的影响以及人口分布与年均温度、年均降水量、干燥度、净初级生产力、地表粗糙度、距海岸线距离等16个指标的相互关系.结果表明: 中国人口分布集聚现象显著,东、中、西部地区分别以高、中、低人口密度为主,空间上呈现出明显的正空间关联特征;人口密度与河网密度、年均温度、年均降水量、净初级生产力、≥5 ℃积温、降水量变异、相对湿度、温暖指数呈极显著的正相关关系,与相对高差、平均高程、日照时数、地表粗糙度、距海岸线距离呈显著负相关;气候因子(年均温度、温暖指数、降水量变异、净初级生产力)、地形因子(地表粗糙度、相对高差)和水系因子(河网密度)为影响人口分布的主要自然因素.建议加强对东部高人口密度区的生态环境监控,避免因人口增长导致生态环境退化;同时,强调对中西部生态环境脆弱地区的生态环境保育,增强这些地区的人口承载能力,减缓东部地区高人口密度的生态环境压力.     

中国人口分布的自然成因

中国多样化的自然环境造就了人口分布的区域差异性,明晰人口分布格局与自然环境的相互关系对于增进对人地关系的理解,实现人口、资源、环境的可持续管理具有重要作用.本文以人口密度为指标,采用洛伦兹曲线与空间统计相结合的方法,分析了中国人口分布状况,并探讨了自然因素组合对人口分布的影响以及人口分布与年均温度、年均降水量、干燥度、净初级生产力、地表粗糙度、距海岸线距离等16个指标的相互关系.结果表明: 中国人口分布集聚现象显著,东、中、西部地区分别以高、中、低人口密度为主,空间上呈现出明显的正空间关联特征;人口密度与河网密度、年均温度、年均降水量、净初级生产力、≥5 ℃积温、降水量变异、相对湿度、温暖指数呈极显著的正相关关系,与相对高差、平均高程、日照时数、地表粗糙度、距海岸线距离呈显著负相关;气候因子(年均温度、温暖指数、降水量变异、净初级生产力)、地形因子(地表粗糙度、相对高差)和水系因子(河网密度)为影响人口分布的主要自然因素.建议加强对东部高人口密度区的生态环境监控,避免因人口增长导致生态环境退化;同时,强调对中西部生态环境脆弱地区的生态环境保育,增强这些地区的人口承载能力,减缓东部地区高人口密度的生态环境压力.     

中国小煤炱目生态及区系成分分析

对中国小煤炱目的的种类组成、生态分布及寄主和区系地理成分进行了研究。中国小煤炱目有7属,341种和变种,占世界的15％;优势属是小煤炱属（239种和变种,占70．1％）,小光壳炱属（54种和变种,占15．8％）和附丝壳属（22种和变种,6．4％）。中国小煤炱目主要分布在热带亚热带地区,76．8％的寄主植物属属于热带成分。种的分布型可分广布成分（0．3％）、泛热带成分（7．3％）、热带亚洲－热带美洲成分（9．1％）、旧世界热带成分（0．3％）、热带亚洲－热带大洋洲成分（2．1％）、热带亚洲－热带非洲成分（16．1％）、热带亚洲成分（34％）、北温带成分（0．6％）、东亚－北美洲成分（0．3％）、东亚成分（1．7％）、中国特有成分（28．2％）等11种类型;表现出明显的热带成分（68．9％）和中国特有成分;在分布上,与东亚、北温带区系相距较远。     

中国跳蚜亚科分类学研究

中国跳蚜亚科Saltusaphida(Homoptera,Aphididae)已知5属,依跳蚜属Iziphya Nevsky新纪录,聂跳蚜属Nevskyella Ossiannilsson,跳蚜属Saltusaphis Theobald新纪录,亚跳蚜属Subsaltusaphis Quednau,蓟马蚜属Thripsaphis Gillete;11种或亚种,蟾依跳蚜Iziphya bufo Walker新纪录,蘑茹聂跳蚜Nevskyella fungifera (Ossiannilsson)新纪录,拟蘑菇聂跳蚜N.similifungifera Qiao and Zhang,华聂跳蚜,N,sinensis (Zhang,Zhang and Zhong),瘤聂跳蚜N,tuberculata Zhang and Zhang,灯心草跳蚜Saltusaphis scirpus Theobald新纪录,饰亚跳蚜Subsaltusaphis ornata(Theobald),新纪录,灯心草跳蚜Saltusaphis scirpus Theobald新纪录,饰亚跳蚜Subsaltusaphis ornata(Theobald)新纪录,泊蓟马蚜Thripsaphis ballii(Gillette),居薹蓟马蚜Th.caricicola(Mordvilko),雾灵山蓟马蚜Th.cyperi wulingshanensis Zhang,Zhang,Zhong and Tian,河北蓟马蚜Th.ossiannissoni hebeiensis Zhang,Zhang,Zhong,and Tian,河北蓟马蚜Th.ossian nilssoni hebeiensis Zhang,Zhang,Zhongand Tian,提供了分属,分种或亚种检索表,各属提供了鉴别特征,所有分类单元具有文献引证,寄主植物,地理分布和检视标本的记录,每个新纪录种有简要的形态记述和特征图,所有研究标本存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

黄土高原蕨类植物区系特点的初步研究

对黄土高原的蕨类植物区系组成、分类及其特点进行了研究。结果表明,黄土高原有蕨类植物26科、53属、184种及3变种,种类较多的科有蹄盖蕨科（30种）、鳞毛蕨科（26种）、水龙骨科（20种）、铁角蕨科（12种）、卷柏科（12种）、中国蕨科（11种）及裸子蕨科（10种）等。这７科的种类共计１２１种,占本地区总种数的64.71%。种类较多的属有鳞毛蕨属（13种）、郑柏属（12种）、耳蕨属（11种）、铁角蕨属（11种）、蹄盖蕨属（10种）、瓦韦属（10种）、铁线蕨属（9种）及岩蕨属（9种）等。这8属的种类共计85种,占本地区总种数45.46%,黄土高原蕨类植物区系属的地理成分可划分为15个分布区类型。热带、亚热带分布类型的有18属,占总属数的41.86%,北温带及寒带分布类型的有22属,占总属数（世界分布属除外）的51.16%,其中,亚洲分布类型的最多,计有16属,占总属数的37.20%,表明黄封同原蕨类植物区系是温带类型,区系地理成分以华北区蕨类植物为主,同时也集中了华中、华东、东北、西北以及西南的蕨类植物。而中国特有的分布属只有1属。     

中国鹤类现状及其保护对策

中国有9种鹤类,其中灰鹤（Grus grus）、黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）、丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）、赤颈鹤（Grus antigone）、蓑羽鹤（Anthropoides virgo）在中国进行繁殖。中国政府为保护鹤类采取了大量有效措施。本文在结合当前鹤类数量和保护现状的基础上,对中国鹤类的保护对策进行探讨。     

Evidence of natural hybridization among homothallic members of the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea sensu stricto

Populations of Armillaria mellea (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) across much of its range are heterothallic; homothallic populations occur only in Africa (A. mellea ssp. africana), China (China Biological Species CBS G), and Japan (A. mellea ssp. nipponica). Monosporous isolates of heterothallic A. mellea are haploid and their mating behaviour is consistent with the requirement of two different alleles at two mating-type loci (tetrapolar mating system) to create a diploid individual. In contrast, monosporous isolates of homothallic A. mellea are putatively diploid; they bypass the haploid phase by undergoing karyogamy in the basidium (a unique type of secondary homothallism/pseudohomothallism). In order to determine the genetic origin of this homothallism, we analyzed genetic variation of 47 heterothallic isolates from China, Europe, and North America, and 14 homothallic isolates from Africa, China, and Japan. Gene trees and mutational networks were constructed for partial mitochondrial gene ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6) and for the following nuclear genes: actin (ACTIN), elongation factor subunit 1-alpha (EFA), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), and the RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2). Homothallic isolates from Africa and Japan shared a common mitochondrial ATP6 haplotype with homothallic isolates from China, and are likely introductions. Homothallic isolates from China that shared a common mitochondrial haplotype with all European isolates did not share European nuclear haplotypes, as revealed by median-joining networks, but instead clustered with haplotypes from China or were intermediate between those of China and Europe. Such mitochondrial-nuclear discordance in homothallic isolates from China is indicative of hybridization between lineages originating from China and Europe.     

联用SPME与GC-MS技术分析新鲜、萎蔫、干枯枫杨挥发性成分

运用SPME与GC/MS联用技术从新鲜枫杨叶挥发性物质中共检测出化合物52种,主要成分是橙花叔醇(15.54%)、吉马烯A(14.22%)、反式子丁香烯(10.19%)、7,8,9,10-四氢化-S-三氮唑(3,4-A)-呔嗪(8.59%)、十六酸(6.22%);萎蔫枫杨叶挥发性物质中共检测出化合物32种,主要成分是α-红没药烯(17.69%)、橙花叔醇(16.64%)、反式子丁香烯(14.26%)、α-桉叶烯(9.14%);干枯枫杨叶挥发性物质中共检测出化合物31种,主要成分是反式子丁香烯(23.30%)、α-红没药烯(17.75%)、α-桉叶烯(12.69%)、橙花叔醇(8.35%)、杜松烯(7.O%).随着枫杨萎蔫程度的变化,三者含有的化合物组分以及其相对含量都发生变化.本研究是首次报道枫杨的挥发性化学成分分析.     

Threat and management strategies of potentially invasive insects in China

The Global Invasive Species Database, GISD, comprises 27 species of the most significant invasive alien insects in the world (through November, 2005), 6 of which are originally native to China, 11 are established in China, and 10 have a potential invasion threat to China. This paper discusses these species in terms of distribution, harmfulness and dispersal ways, and finds that: (i) Information regarding invasive insects in the GISD remains inadequate. Such harmful invasive species as Opogona sacchari (Bojer), Oracella acuta (Lobdell), and Dendroctonus valens LeConte are not included. (ii) Ten species of invasive insects, particularly Lasius neglectus Van Loon and Linepithema humile (Mayr) which become established in areas near China, have the potential to become established in China. (iii) Special attention should be paid to species from Asia and the Americas because of their greater likelihood of becoming established in China. Finally, some management strategies including legislation, quarantine, early warning, prevention and control are suggested.     

唇形科鼠尾草属的物种多样性与分布

为全面了解唇形科鼠尾草属(Salvia)植物的多样性和分布格局及其形成机制, 作者查阅了国际权威生物多样性信息网站(GBIF, The Plant List)、中国数字植物标本馆(CVH)、教学标本资源共享平台和中国自然保护区标本资源共享平台中该属物种名称及标本采集信息, 以及国内32家标本馆的标本, 分析并绘制其物种分布图。结果显示, 具有明确地理坐标的世界和中国分布信息分别有57,674条和11,596条, 已接受种名952个。在世界范围内, 以中南美洲(510种)物种数量最多, 其次是西亚(270种)、欧洲(117种)、东亚(97种)和北美(94种); 在国家尺度上, 以墨西哥物种数量最多(322种), 其次是俄罗斯(109种)、土耳其(88种)、美国(85种)和中国(82种)。在中国, 以云南和四川省鼠尾草种数最多(合计占全国的63%), 两省分布最多的县域地区分别是玉龙县(23种)、香格里拉县(20种)、大理市(13种)和木里县(17种)、宝兴县(13种)、马边县(13种)。在自然地理区域上, 以横断山区最为丰富, 占该属全国物种总数的52.8%, 特有种达23种; 广布种以荔枝草(S. plebeia)分布的县域数量最多(395县), 其次是鼠尾草(S. japonica) (199)、丹参(S. miltiorrhiza) (192)、贵州鼠尾草(S. cavaleriei) (173)、华鼠尾草(S. chinensis) (153)和粘毛鼠尾草(S. roborowskii) (100)。鼠尾草属主要分布于北半球温带及亚热带高海拔地区, 中国是东亚的多样性分布中心, 代表性广布种及狭域特有种均有分布, 尤以云南、四川以及横断山区的物种多样性和特有种比例最高。     

基于微卫星标记的中国大陆地区野猪种群结构分析与亚种分化

对中国大陆地区分布的野猪亚种分类尚存在争议.本研究通过对野猪11个微卫星位点的变异分析,探讨了中国大陆地区野猪的遗传结构,以期对野猪亚种分类问题有所启迪.对野猪华北、华南和东北种群的分析表明,各种群基因库中都维持了较高的遗传变异水平.基于遗传距离构建的系统树分析发现,研究中所涉及的所有亚种在系统树中混杂,没有任何亚种在其中构成显著的支系.基于微卫星变异的FCA分析不能区分华南、华北、东北三个种群.基于Fst检验的遗传差异分析发现,长江两侧的华南、华北种群之间的遗传差异较小(Fst=0.014),表明长江两侧的野猪可能存在着较高水平的基因流,长江并非是一个有效的空间隔离;东北地区野猪和华北、华南地区野猪之间的遗传差异相对较大(Fst=0.040、0.042),东北野猪可以作为独立的亚种S.s.ussuricus.     

中国缘脊叶蝉亚科二新记录属二新种记述(半翅目:叶蝉科)

本文记述了中国缘脊叶蝉亚科2新记录属2新种,绘制了特征图,研究标本分别保存在南开大学、中国科学院动物研究所、中山大学、中国农业大学和西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。1.NakulamulticolorDistant,中国新记录(图1~7)体连翅长:♂8.6~9.0mm。观察标本:1♂(NKU),云南勐腊,1979-Ⅸ-21,郑乐怡采;1♂(CAU),广西龙州弄岗,240m,1982-Ⅴ-21,杨集昆采;1♂,1982-Ⅴ-20,余同正模。2.Favintigagracilipenis,新种(图8~15)体连翅长:♂5.8~6.5mm,♀6.5~7.5mm。正模:♂(CAU),浙江杭州灵隐寺,1974-Ⅹ-13,李法圣采;副模:1♂1♀(CAU),杨集昆采,余同正模;2♀♀(CAU),六和塔,1974-Ⅹ-15,余同正模;1♀(CAU),杨集昆采,余同前。新种相似于F.camphorae,和后者主要区别如下:1)连索干短,和臂近等长,干端部向后伸长,具单个分叉粗壮端突;2)阳茎干侧面观细且基部窄。3.Paraboloponaquadrispinosa,新种(图16~21)体连翅长:♂7.5~8.0mm,♀8.0~8.5mm。正模:♂(IZCAS),广西那坡德孚,1350m,2000-Ⅵ-19,李文珠采;副模:1♂(NWAFU),云南大理巍宝山,2250m,2001-Ⅶ-20,灯诱,孙强采;1♀(IZCAS),同正模。新种相似于P.luzonensis,和后者主要区别如下:1)连索端部向后延长部分长度不超过阳茎;2)阳茎具2对突起。     

中国植被分类系统修订方案

为了推动《中国植被志》研编工作, 该文回顾了中国植被分类系统的发展过程和主要阶段性成果, 提出了作为《中国植被志》研编技术框架组成部分的中国植被分类系统修订方案, 对各植被型组及各植被型进行了简单定义和描述, 并针对中国植被分类系统若干问题, 特别就中国植被分类系统总体框架、混交林的界定以及土壤在植被分类中的重要性等问题进行了讨论。1960年侯学煜在《中国的植被》中首次提出了中国植被分类的原则和系统, 1980年出版的《中国植被》制定了分类等级和划分依据等更加完善的系统, 之后《中国植被及其地理格局——中华人民共和国1:1 000 000植被图说明书》和《中国植物区系与植被地理》以及很多省区的植被专著对该系统进行过修订。2017年宋永昌在《植被生态学》中提出了一个分类等级单位调整的方案。本次提出的中国植被分类系统修订方案基本沿用《中国植被》的植被分类原则、分类单位及系统, 采用“植物群落学-生态学”分类原则, 主要以植物群落特征及其与环境的关系作为分类依据, 包含三级主要分类单位, 即植被型(高级单位)、群系(中级单位)和群丛(低级单位); 在三个主要分类单位之上分别增加辅助单位植被型组、群系组和群丛组, 在植被型和群系之下主要根据群落的生态差异和实际需要可再增加植被亚型或亚群系。修订方案包含了森林、灌丛、草本植被(草地)、荒漠、高山冻原与稀疏植被、沼泽与水生植被(湿地)、农业植被、城市植被和无植被地段9个植被型组, 划分为48个植被型(含30个自然植被型、12个农业植被型、5个城市植被型和无植被地段)。自然植被中有23个植被型进一步划分出了81个植被亚型。     

中国外来入侵植物的等级划分与地理分布格局分析

基于文献报道、野外调查、标本记录和必要的分类学考证, 整理出我国外来入侵植物72科285属515种。根据外来入侵种的生物学与生态学特性、自然地理分布、入侵范围以及所产生的危害, 将其划分为5类: 即恶性入侵类(34种)、严重入侵类(69种)、局部入侵类(85种)、一般入侵类(80种)和有待观察类(247种)。通过地理分布格局分析, 中国外来入侵植物主要分布在我国西南及东部沿海地区, 并进一步扩散到内陆各省。中国外来入侵等级划分和地理分布格局可以作为外来入侵植物风险防范和管理的依据。本工作提供我国外来入侵植物的本底资料的同时, 还对主要外来入侵植物的管理提出了具体建议。     

中国外来植物数据集

搞清楚中国外来植物种类有哪些, 从哪里来, 如何进入中国, 属于什么性质的类群, 它们的生物学特征和生态学特性如何等问题, 是中国外来入侵植物预防和预警机制研究的重要基础。《中国植物志》、Flora of China、各省级植物志书等记载的外来植物信息由于种种原因非常有限, 且目前我国尚没有完整体现中国外来植物信息的数据库。本文通过整合近几年外来植物相关的资料, 并通过文献考证增补外来植物原产地、习性等信息, 利用计算机网络、数据库及大数据分析技术手段, 经信息化处理和分类学校正, 进行分类体系重建, 最终确定中国外来植物的物种名录数据集。该数据集共有数据14,710条, 记载中国外来植物283科3,233属14,710个类群(含13,401原种332杂交种2嵌合体458亚种503变种14变型)。每个类群包括类别、中文科名、科名、中文属名、属名、中文名、别名、学名、命名人、生存状态、生存时间、生活型、原产国家或地区和中国引入省份等基础信息。数据集显示, 外来植物已在中国的植物种类构成中占据了相当大的比例(高达28.19%, 中国境内有维管植物52,177个类群, 其中本土37,464, 外来14,710, 上述数字包含种下等级, 统计截至2021年12月31日); 就生存状态而言, 栽培植物占所有外来植物的比例高达91%, 逃逸植物占7.36%, 归化植物占6.69%, 入侵植物占2.66%; 对于生活型的分析显示, 多年生类群占据了外来植物的绝大多数(13,625种, 约占总数的92.6%), 草本植物(8,937种, 约占总数的60.8%)相较于乔木(2,752种, 约占总数的18.7%)、灌木(4,916种, 约占总数的33.4%)及其他生活型数量要更多; 中国的外来植物大多来自北美洲(4,242种)、非洲(3,707种)、南美洲(3,645种)、亚洲(3,102种), 欧洲(1,690种)和大洋洲(1,305种)相对较少; 而中国具有外来植物最多的前10个省份分别为台湾(6,122种)、北京(5,244种)、福建(3,667种)、广东(3,544种)、云南(3,404种)、上海(2,924种)、江苏(2,183种)、江西(1,789种)、浙江(1,658种)和湖北(973种)。本数据集是第一次对中国外来植物进行全面系统整理, 可供从事外来植物相关研究工作参考, 也可作为植物多样性研究的基础资料, 还可作为农业、林业、草业、园林、草药及自然保护和环境保护人士及高等院校师生的参考数据。     

中国鸟类红色名录评估

中国有1,372种鸟类, 其中77种为中国特有。由于资源过度利用、栖息地丧失和片断化、环境污染等原因, 中国的鸟类多样性保护面临严峻的挑战。为了全面评估当前中国野生鸟类的濒危状况, 国家环境保护部支持启动了“中国脊椎动物红色名录”的编制工作。依照IUCN的标准, 对中国鸟类的受胁状况进行了一次全面评估。通过确定评估对象、数据收集、初评、初核、复审、定稿等步骤, 集国内27位鸟类学家的力量, 完成了本次评估。结果表明: 区域灭绝(RE)3种, 分别是白鹳(Ciconia ciconia)、镰翅鸡(Falcipennis falcipennis)和赤颈鹤(Grus antigone), 极危(CR)15种, 濒危(EN)51种, 易危(VU)80种, 近危(NT)190种; 无危(LC)876种, 数据缺乏(DD)157种。列为极危、濒危和易危等级的受胁鸟类合计146种, 占中国鸟类种数的10.6%。受威胁程度最高的科是鹈鹕科和犀鸟科, 这两个科100%的物种都属于受胁种。。77种特有鸟类中有29种(37.7%)属于受胁种。陆禽和猛禽是受胁最严重的生态类群, 分别有25.2%和23.2%的种类处于受胁状态。不同行政区域受胁鸟类差异较大。本工作对于我国鸟类保护和履行国际公约等工作均有重要意义。     

新疆鸟类环志与回收

2001年8月与14－26日在新疆阿勒泰,吐鲁番的8个环志地点进行了秋际鸟类环志工作。环志鸟类233只,约33种,多以莺亚科（Sylviinae)和鸫亚科（Turdinae)的种类为主。其中的新疆歌鸲（Luscinia sp.)等17种鸟类均属于中国首次环志种类,占环志种数的53％。     

Trichoderma biodiversity in China

In the present study, we made further investigation into the diversity of Trichoderma in China than previous ones utilizing comprehensive approaches of morphological microscopic observation and phylogenetic analysis by detecting molecular markers. One thousand nine hundred ten Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil or other materials in China: East (Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Zhejiang province and Shanghai municipality), South-West (Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan province, Tibet Autonomous Region and Chongqing municipality), South-East (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan province), and Middle China (Henan, Hubei and Hunan province). Representative isolates were verified at the species level by morphological characters and the oligonucleotide barcode program TrichoOKey v.10 and the custom BLAST server TrichoBLAST, using sequence of the ITS 1 and 2 region of the rDNA cluster and partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha(tef1-α). A total of 23 Trichoderma species were identified : T.asperellum, T.atrioviride, T.aureovriride, T.brevicompactum, T.citrioviride, T.erinaceum, T.gamsii, T.hamatum, T.harzianum (H.1ixii), T.intricatum, T.koningii (H.koningii), T.koningiopsis, T.longibranchiatum, T.pleuroticola, T.reeseii (H.jecorina), T.sinensis, T.spirale, T.stromaticum, T.tomentosum, T.velutinum, T.vermipilum, T.virens (H.virens), T.viride. Among them, 3 species: T.intricatum, T.stromaticum, T.vermipilum were first reported in China; T.harzianum (H,1ixii) was the most widely distributed species in China. This study further shows that, the highest biodiversity of Trichoderma population appeared in South-West China.     

On Some Distribution Patterns and Some Migration Routes Found in the Eastern Asiatic Region

In the present paper seven distribution patterns in west-east direction and eight in southwest-northeast direction found in the Eastern Asiatic Region (Taxta ЛЖЯΗ 1978) are discerned,and the taxa belonging to each of these patterns are enumerated. Some of these taxa are analysed geographically or/and phylogenetically. Clematis brevicaudata and C. ganpiniana,Aconitum sinomontanum var. sinomontanum and A. sinomontanum var. angustius, Thalictrum alpinum and T. squamiferum, Adonis brevistylus and A. sutchuenensis, Ostryopsis davidiana and O. nobilis, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla and C. heterophylla var. sutchuenensis, C. ferox var. ferox and C. ferox var. tibetica, Carpinus cordata and C. fangiana, Cyclobalanopsis glauca and C. glaucoides, Decaisnea fargesii and D. insignis, Elatostema obtusum and E. medogensis, Corylus sect. Corylus and sect. Acanthochlamys, Prinsepia sect. Prinsepia and sect. Plagiospermum, Corylus and Ostryopsis, Hilliella and Yinshania (Zhang 1986, 1987), ,Actinidia and Clematoclethra (Tang and Xiang 1989), Peracarpa and Homocodon (Hong 1983) etc. are all regarded as sister groups and might have differentiated in Southwest China. According to the geographical distribution and the affinities, the following taxa might be considered to have originated in Southwest China: Salix wallichiana, S. paraplesia and S. cheilophila (Zhou, Fang et al. 1984),Aristolochia debilis (J. S. Ma 1989),Aconitum hemsleyanum (L. Q. Li 1988), Semiaquilegia adoxoides (Hsiao et al. 1964), Dichocarpum adiantifolium (D. Z. Fu 1988), Thalictrum baicalense, T. alpinum var. elatum, Anemone flaccida, A. baicalensis, A. hupehensis, A. tomentosa, Clematis henryi, C. lasiandra, C. montana, Corydalis curviflora, Chrysosplenium griffithii, C. uniflorum (Pan 1986), Parnassia foliosa (Ku 1987), Tetrastigma obtectum (Gagnepain 1911), Actinidia kolomikta, A. polygama (Liang 1983, 1984), Incarvillea sinensis (Grierson 1961), Paris polyphylla (H. Li et al. 1988), etc.. The genera Dichocarpum (D. Z. Fu 1988),Loropetalum, Corylopsis (Harms 1930; Chang 1979), Stachyurus (Chen 1981; Tang et al. 1983), Helwingia (Hara and Kurosawa 1975), Aucuba (Hara 1966;Soong 1982;X. W. Li 1987), Enkianthus and Cardiocrinum (Kanai 1966) with the typical eastern-Asiatic distribution pattern and with either the distribution center or the primitive group in Southwest China are also considered to have arised there. According to the fact that the distribution centers of the genera Elatostema (Wang 1980), Hemiboea (Z. Y. Li 1987), and Lysionotus (Wang 1983) are situated in southeastern Yunnan and western Guangxi, Elatostema involucratum, Hemiboea henryi, and Lysionotus pauciflorus might originate there and from there migrated northeastewards to East China or Japan respectively. On the basis of the 15 distribution patterns and the analyses just given, three migration routes may be recognized, i. e. (1) the route extending from Southwest China eastward along the Qinling Range and the Dabie Range in the north, which may be named as the Qinling-Dabie Corridor, along the Nanling Range in the south, which may be named as the Nanling Corridor, and along other mountain chains in Central China to East China or Taiwan province of China, and eventually to Japan, (2) the route running from Southwest China westwards to the Himalayas, which has been named as the Himalayan Corridor (Kitamura 1955), and (3) the route stretching from the Hengduan Mountains northeastwards through the Qinling Range, the eastern fringe of the Loess Plateau including the Taihang Range, the Yinshan Range, the Changbai Mountains and the Xiao Hinggan Mountains to Siberia or/and the adjacent regions. The last route may be named as the Chinese southwest-northeast Corridor, being the passage for various floristic elements migrating from Siberia or Northeast China southwestwards to Southwest China and vice versa during the Quaternary Ice Ages (Wang 1989). According to the geographical distribution of Hemiboea henryi and Lysionotus pauciflorus (Gesneriaceae, Wang Fig. 2, 1983), that of Chirita anachoreta and Aeschynanthus acuminatus (Gesneriaceae, Wang, Fig. 5, 1985), that of Chirita pumila, Lysionotus serratus, Aeschynanthus superbus, A. bracteatus, Rhynchotechum vestitum (Gesneriaceae, Wang, Fig. 2, 1983, 1985), Elatostema laevissimum, E. balansae, E. macintyrei (Urticaceae, Wang 1980), Tetrastigma serrulatum (vitaceae, Wang 1979), and Alcimandra cathcarthii (Magnoliaceae, Wu and Wang, Fig. 1, 1957), that of Euchresta (Leguminosae), Bennetiodendron (Flacourtiaceae), Rhopalocnemis phalloides (Balanophoraceae, Steenis, Fig. 4, 1935; Wu and Wang, Fig. 6, 1957), Thalictrum javanicum (Ranunculaceae), Elatostema backeri, Chamabainia cuspidata, and Droguetia pauciflora (Urticaceae, Wang 1989), and that of Caryodaphnopsis (Lauraceae, Wu and Wang, Fig. 5, 1957; H. W. Li 1979), distinguished may be additional five migration routes, i. e. (1) the route extending from southeastern Yunnan and western Guangxi northeastwards to East China and Japan, (2) the route running from the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau eastwards along the Nanling Corridor to Taiwan province of China, (3) the route stretching from the southern Yunnan Plateau and the northern Indo-China westwards along the southern and western margins of the Yunnan Plateau to southeastern Xizang (Tibet) or/and Assam, and along the Himalayan Corridor eventually to Nepal, (4) the route extending from the same regions just mentioned southwards through the Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra and Java, and (5) the route stretching from the same regions also southeastwards through Borneo to the Philippines. The analyses and the radiant pattern of the migration routes mentioned above lead me to agree with the important arguments that in Southwest China “the important parts of the original flora of China evolved”, and “the Sino-Himalayan region has the richest alpine flora of the world” (Li, 1944), that the Chinese flora without any doubt, is not only the foundation of the other floras of eastern Asia, but also the origin of many floristic elements of temperate regions (Wulff, 1944), and that the flora of South and Southwest China and the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, being most rich in archaic families and genera and being derived from the palaeotropical flora, has given rise not only to the temperate and subtropical floras of eastern Asia, but also to those of North America and Europe (Wu, 1965). The facts that in Yunnan Province occur about 2110 genera and 13900 species of the angiosperms (Wu et al. 1984; H. W. Li 1985) and in the Hengduan Mountains “no less than 1500 genera and perhaps more than 10 thousand species” (Wu 1988), and that located in Southwest China is the center of endemism of China (Ying and Zhang 1984; H. S. Wang 1985), and the palaeobotanical evidence that the temperate floras appear to have differentiated by the Middle Cretaceous (Berry 1937; Axelrod 1952; Takhtajan 1969), further lead me to speculate, though in the absence of fossil data, that the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau plus Sichuan Province might be an important center of development of the angiosperms in the Northern Hemisphere once by the Middle Cretaceous and a strong evolutionary radiation might have taken place there, which resulted in the formation of the migration routes described above from this center to various regions in various direc-tions.     

Mitochondrial DNA Distinction of Northeastern China Roe Deer, Siberian Roe Deer, and European Roe Deer, to Clarify the Taxonomic Status of Northeastern China Roe Deer

Partial sequences of the mitochondrial control region of northeastern China roe deer were analyzed to determine the degree of genetic diversity. Fourteen haplotypes were observed. The haplotype diversity was high (h = 0.872), nucleotide diversity was medium (p _i = 0.0108), and the average Tamura–Nei nucleotide distance among them was 1.9%, indicating that genetic diversity of roe deer from northeastern China was relatively high and that the effective population size was large historically. To clarify the northeastern China roe deer's taxonomic status, these 14 haplotypes were compared with 31 haplotypes published in Genbank from Europe, Siberia, and Korea. The average genetic distance between haplogroups of northeastern China and European roe deer (5.8%) was more than twice that between northeastern China and Siberian roe deer (2.7%), indicating sufficient variation to consider roe deer of northeastern China and Siberia as a single species (Capreolus pygargus), distinct from European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). This is the first presentation of mtDNA data for roe deer in northeastern China, which will be helpful in investigations of genetic diversity and clarifications of the taxonomic status of roe deer in the whole of China.