斑点热群立克次体的PCR／SSCP分型技术研究

本文应用PCR／SSCP技术对斑点热群立克次体国际标准株、国内各参考株及黑龙江立克农作54株、36株进行了分型鉴定。结果显示各株之间SSCP图谱差异明显,国内各参考株的SSCP,图谱与西伯利亚立克次体的图谱完全一致,黑龙江立克次作的图谱与国内各株显著不同。分析表明,我国存在2种斑点热群立克次体,即西伯利亚立克农作种和斑点热群立克次体新种－黑龙江立克次体。同时证明应用PCP／SSCP技术分析斑点热群立克农作型别,具有方法简单、经济省时、结果准确等优点。该分型技术应用于立克次体分型国内外未见报道。     

黑龙江立克次体与黑龙江蜱传斑点热研究概况

黑龙江立克次体是近年发现的斑点热群立克次体新种,由其引起的疾病为黑龙江蜱传斑点热。综述了黑龙江立克次体的发现、分离鉴定、病原学和分子生物学特征,介绍了黑龙江蜱传斑点热的流行病学、临床表现及治疗与预防。     

免疫金银染色鉴定斑点热群立克次体方法的建立

本文将免疫金银染色技术应用于斑点热群立克次体的鉴定,建立了方法,对4株斑点热立克次体和1株Q热立克次体的鉴定获得了初步结果,并与免疫酶标染色法进行了比较。结果表明,免疫金银染色法的特异性同免疫酶标染色法,可将不同种斑点热立克次体区分开;而前者的效价一般高于后者2—8倍。文中还讨论了洗涤、显色、衬染等条件对结果的影响。     

黑龙江立克次体的血清学及分子生物学研究

本文应用血清学方法和分子生物学技术,从不同角度探讨与比较ＳＦＧ立克次体种间的差异,为黑龙江立克次体的分类鉴定提供依据。ｍｉｃｒｏ—ＩＦ、ＩＥ及ｍｉｃｒｏ－ＢＡＰＳ试验表明,黑龙江立克次体的血清反应模式和国际参考株及国内分离株不同,具有独特的抗原结构。进一步应用ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ和免疫印迹分析,该立克次体结构多肽的数量与分子量和其它立克次体有明显差别,并具有两种特有的主要抗原多肽（２１５ＫＤ与６６ＫＤ）,提示在抗原结构上的差异性。ＤＮＡ限制片段分析证明该立克次体的酶切图谱有明显的特征性,易与己知斑点热毒株相鉴别。研究结果表明,黑龙江立克次体可能是ＳＦＧ立克次体一新的血清型式种。对人的致病力需进一步研究。     

中朝边境地区林区鼠类几种重要蜱媒病原体感染的血清学调查

为了解东北林区啮齿动物蜱媒传染病感染状况,采用间接免疫荧光法对吉林省集安、辽宁省宽甸林区捕获的野鼠进行7种蜱媒病原体Ig G抗体检测,检测鼠血清75份,斑点热立克次体、粒细胞无形体、查菲埃立克体、伯氏疏螺旋体、蜱媒脑炎病毒、新布尼亚病毒、土拉弗菌抗体阳性率分别为13.33%、8.00%、14.67%、4.00%、1.33%、6.67%、1.33%,统计学处理差异非常显著(χ2=19.83,P=0.003)。不同鼠种对7种蜱媒病原体抗体检出阳性率各不相同,但差异无统计学意义。75份野鼠标本中,复合感染率为8%。调查地区野鼠中7种蜱媒病原体感染比较普遍,以斑点热立克次体和查菲埃立克体阳性率为高。     

胶体金渗滤法检测贝氏柯克斯体的研究

本文建立一种快速、敏感、适于基层应用的贝氏柯克斯体（俗称Ｑ热立克次体）的检测方法。将Ｑ热立克次体多克隆抗体点于硝酸膜上,用以捕获待检标本中的Ｑ热立克次体抗原,通过胶体金标记的鼠抗Ｑ热立克次体单克隆抗体直接显色,阳性者出现红色斑点。结果表明,用该法检测Ｑ热立克次休实验感染豚鼠血液,小鼠肝或脾,蜱血淋巴等标本取得了较满意的结果,整个过程仅需５－６分钟。与其他病原体无交叉反应,敏感度不低于５０ｎｇ立克次     

气相色谱-质谱法对斑点热群立克次体

本文报告应用气相色谱-质谱法分析了13株斑点热群立克欢体(7株中国分离株和6株国际标准株）泛影葡胺密度梯度离心纯化物的全细胞脂肪酸成分。结果表明,各被检测的立克次体株所含主要脂肪酸成分百分含量有区别,所得色谱图经多兀聚类法处埋的7株中国分离株与国际标准株中的西伯利亚立克次体相近,而与其它国际标准株则有明显区别。     

立氏立克次体外膜蛋白H 基因片段的克隆表达与免疫原性分析

目的:克隆表达立氏立克次体(Rickettsia rickettsii)外膜蛋白H基因(ompH)片段并对其进行免疫原性分析。方法:采用PCR技术从立氏立克次体基因组中扩增ompH基因片段,将该基因片段与原核表达载体pET32a连接,构建重组原核表达质粒pET32a/ompH;将pET32a/ompH转入大肠杆菌细胞内,用IPTG诱导转化大肠杆菌表达目的基因。结果:获得长为327bp的ompH基因片段,SDS-PAGE分析发现pET32a/ompH转化菌表达了大小约27kDa蛋白,该蛋白与立氏立克次体免疫豚鼠血清及斑点热患者血清在免疫印迹分析中呈阳性反应,经该重组蛋白免疫血清中和后的立氏立克次体感染VERO活力减低。结论:pET32a/ompH转化的大肠杆菌表达了ompH基因片段,所产生的重组蛋白具有良好的免疫反应性及保护性。     

立氏立克次体外膜蛋白H基因片段的克隆表达与免疫原性分析

目的：克隆表达立氏立克次体（Rickettsia rickettsii）外膜蛋白H基因（ompH）片段并对其进行免疫原性分析。方法：采用PCR技术从立氏立克次体基因组中扩增ompH基因片段,将该基因片段与原核表达载体pET32a连接,构建重组原核表达质粒pET32a/ompH;将pET32a/ompH转入大肠杆菌细胞内,用IPTG诱导转化大肠杆菌表达目的基因。结果：获得长为327bp的ompH基因片段,SDS-PAGE分析发现pET32a/ompH转化菌表达了大小约27kDa蛋白,该蛋白与立氏立克次体免疫豚鼠血清及斑点热患者血清在免疫印迹分析中呈阳性反应,经该重组蛋白免疫血清中和后的立氏立克次体感染VERO活力减低。结论：pET32a/ompH转化的大肠杆菌表达了ompH基因片段,所产生的重组蛋白具有良好的免疫反应性及保护性。     

黑龙江立克次体重组外膜蛋白B激活树突状细胞诱导C3H/HeN小鼠特异性免疫应答

专性胞内寄生的黑龙江立克次体是远东斑点热的病原体,外膜蛋白B(OmpB)是其最主要的表面蛋白抗原.本研究将黑龙江立克次体ompB基因分成4段插入原核表达载体,制备出4个重组OmpB抗原(OmpB-P1,OmpB-P2,OmpB-P3和OmpB-P4).将4个重组OmpB抗原分别刺激体外培养的C3H/HeN小鼠树突状细胞,再将这些抗原激活树突状细胞分别腹腔接种正常C3H/HeN小鼠.接种第14天用黑龙江立克次体攻击小鼠,7天后活杀小鼠并用实时定量PCR检测小鼠主要脏器的立克次体的载量.结果显示,OmpB-P2,OmpB-P3或OmpB-P4激活树突状细胞受体小鼠的立克次体载量显著低于OmpB-P1激活树突状细胞受体小鼠.将不同抗原激活小鼠树突状细胞分别与同源抗原激活小鼠树突状细胞受体小鼠的CD4+和CD8+T细胞体外共培养.用流式细胞仪分析共培养后CD4+和CD8+T细胞的表面分子和细胞因子表达,结果显示,OmpB-P2,OmpB-P3或OmpB-P4抗原激活树突状细胞共培养的CD4+或CD8+T细胞的CD69表达水平高于OmpB-P1激活树突状细胞共培养的T细胞.此外,OmpB-P2,OmpB-P3或OmpB-P4激活树突状细胞共培养的CD4+或CD8+T细胞的TNF-?和IFN-?水平均显著高于OmpB-P1激活树突状细胞共培养的T细胞.本研究结果表明,OmpB-P2,OmpB-P3或OmpB-P4为保护性抗原,其激活的树突状细胞可以有效地诱导T淋巴细胞活化,使CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞分别向Th1细胞和Tc1细胞分化,产生高水平TNF-?和IFN-?共同对抗立克次体感染.     

Characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae detected in dogs and ticks in Okinawa,Japan

Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsial DNAs were detected in 2.4% of 340 canine blood samples and a pool of 84 tick pool samples (229 ticks) collected in Okinawa, Japan by PCR using a citrate synthase and an SFG rickettsial 190-kDa surface antigen gene primer pair. The sequences of both genes from canine blood and tick samples showed high levels of similarity with those of Rickettsiajaponica and several SFG rickettsiae (R. aeschlimannii, R. massiliae, R. rhipicephali and Bar-29 strain). Phylogenesis of canine blood and tick samples was closely related to that of reference SFG rickettsiae. Serological evidence of SFG rickettsial infection in dogs and humans in Okinawa, where no clinical human cases have been reported, has been obtained. In this study, genetical characterization of SFG rickettsia in Okinawa was investigated phylogenetically.     

Detection of DNA of Causative Agent of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis in Japan from the Patient's Blood Sample by Polymerase Chain Reaction

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied for the etiological diagnosis of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiosis in Japan. Nucleotide primers derived from the 17-kDa antigen gene of Rickettsia rickettsii primed a rickettsia-specific 246-base-pair product for all of the Katayama, Abe, Misaka and Kojima strains, which we had isolated previously. Moreover, we were able to detect the same product by PCR amplification from the peripheral blood of a patient in the acute stage of the illness. The PCR method is considered to be useful for rapid etiological diagnosis of SFG rickettsiosis in Japan.     

Isolation of a spotted fever group Rickettsia, Rickettsia peacockii, in a Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, cell line

An embryonic cell line (DAE100) of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, was observed by microscopy to be chronically infected with a rickettsialike organism. The organism was identified as a spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia by PCR amplification and sequencing of portions of the 16S rRNA, citrate synthase, Rickettsia genus-specific 17-kDa antigen, and SFG-specific 190-kDa outer membrane protein A (rOmpA) genes. Sequence analysis of a partial rompA gene PCR fragment and indirect fluorescent antibody data for rOmpA and rOmpB indicated that this rickettsia was a strain (DaE100R) of Rickettsia peacockii, an SFG species presumed to be avirulent for both ticks and mammals. R. peacockii was successfully maintained in a continuous culture of DAE100 cells without apparent adverse effects on the host cells. Establishing cell lines from embryonic tissues of ticks offers an alternative technique for isolation of rickettsiae that are transovarially transmitted.     

Identification of the spotted fever group rickettsiae detected from Haemaphysalis longicornis in Korea

Seven Haemaphysalis ticks were found positive in PCR assay of gltA gene to detect the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae DNA from 100 ticks. The nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene was determined from 5 ticks and compared to those of other Rickettsia strains. The nucleotide sequence from 4 ticks showed high homologies (99.7 to 100%) with that of R. japonica YH, and that from 1 tick (tick no. 48) was identical with that of R. rickettsii R, suggesting that SFG rickettsiae exists in Korea. This is the first documentation of SFG rickettsiae in Korea.     

Isolation of a Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, Rickettsia peacockii, in a Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni, Cell Line

An embryonic cell line (DAE100) of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, was observed by microscopy to be chronically infected with a rickettsialike organism. The organism was identified as a spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia by PCR amplification and sequencing of portions of the 16S rRNA, citrate synthase, Rickettsia genus-specific 17-kDa antigen, and SFG-specific 190-kDa outer membrane protein A (rOmpA) genes. Sequence analysis of a partial rompA gene PCR fragment and indirect fluorescent antibody data for rOmpA and rOmpB indicated that this rickettsia was a strain (DaE100R) of Rickettsia peacockii, an SFG species presumed to be avirulent for both ticks and mammals. R. peacockii was successfully maintained in a continuous culture of DAE100 cells without apparent adverse effects on the host cells. Establishing cell lines from embryonic tissues of ticks offers an alternative technique for isolation of rickettsiae that are transovarially transmitted.     

Stabilized ferrous gluconate as iron source for food fortification: bioavailability and toxicity studies in rats

The iron bioavailability and acute oral toxicity in rats of a ferrous gluconate compound stabilized with glycine (SFG), designed for food fortification, was studied in this work by means of the prophylactic method and the Wilcoxon method, respectively. For the former studies, SFG was homogeneously added to a basal diet of low iron content, reaching a final iron concentration of 20.1 +/- 2.4 mg Fe/kg diet. A reference standard diet using ferrous sulfate as an iron-fortifying source (19.0 +/- 2.1 mg Fe/kg diet) and a control diet without iron additions (9.3 +/- 1.4 mg Fe/kg diet) were prepared in the laboratory in a similar way. These diets were administered to three different groups of weaning rats during 23 d as the only type of solid nourishment. The iron bioavailability of SFG was calculated as the relationship between the mass of iron incorporated into hemoglobin during the treatment and the total iron intake per animal. This parameter resulted in 36.6 +/- 6.2% for SFG, whereas a value of 35.4 +/- 8.0% was obtained for ferrous sulfate. The acute toxicological studies were performed in two groups of 70 female and 70 male Sprague-Dawley rats that were administered increasing doses of iron from SFG. The LD50 values of 1775 and 1831 mg SFG/kg body wt were obtained for female and male rats, respectively, evidencing that SFG can be considered as a safe compound from a toxicological point of view.     

SFG studies on interactions between antimicrobial peptides and supported lipid bilayers

The mode of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in disrupting cell membrane bilayers is of fundamental importance in understanding the efficiency of different AMPs, which is crucial to design antibiotics with improved properties. Recent developments in the field of sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy have made it a powerful and unique biophysical technique in investigating the interactions between AMPs and a single substrate supported planar lipid bilayer. We will review some of the recent progress in applying SFG to study membrane lipid bilayers and discuss how SFG can provide novel information such as real-time bilayer structure change and AMP orientation during AMP-lipid bilayer interactions in a very biologically relevant manner. Several examples of applying SFG to monitor such interactions between AMPs and a dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) bilayer are presented. Different modes of actions are observed for melittin, tachyplesin I, d-magainin 2, MSI-843, and a synthetic antibacterial oligomer, demonstrating that SFG is very effective in the study of AMPs and AMP-lipid bilayer interactions.     

In situ molecular level studies on membrane related peptides and proteins in real time using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be a powerful technique to study the molecular structures of surfaces and interfaces in different chemical environments. This review summarizes recent SFG studies on hybrid bilayer membranes and substrate-supported lipid monolayers and bilayers, the interaction between peptides/proteins and lipid monolayers/bilayers, and bilayer perturbation induced by peptides/proteins. To demonstrate the ability of SFG to determine the orientations of various secondary structures, studies on the interactions between different peptides/proteins (melittin, G proteins, alamethicin, and tachyplesin I) and lipid bilayers are discussed. Molecular level details revealed by SFG in these studies show that SFG can provide a unique understanding on the interactions between a lipid monolayer/bilayer and peptides/proteins in real time, in situ and without any exogenous labeling.     

SFG studies on interactions between antimicrobial peptides and supported lipid bilayers

The mode of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in disrupting cell membrane bilayers is of fundamental importance in understanding the efficiency of different AMPs, which is crucial to design antibiotics with improved properties. Recent developments in the field of sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy have made it a powerful and unique biophysical technique in investigating the interactions between AMPs and a single substrate supported planar lipid bilayer. We will review some of the recent progress in applying SFG to study membrane lipid bilayers and discuss how SFG can provide novel information such as real-time bilayer structure change and AMP orientation during AMP-lipid bilayer interactions in a very biologically relevant manner. Several examples of applying SFG to monitor such interactions between AMPs and a dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) bilayer are presented. Different modes of actions are observed for melittin, tachyplesin I, d-magainin 2, MSI-843, and a synthetic antibacterial oligomer, demonstrating that SFG is very effective in the study of AMPs and AMP-lipid bilayer interactions.     

Stabilized ferrous gluconate as iron source for food fortification

The iron bioavailability and acute oral toxicity in rats of a ferrous gluconate compound stabilized with glycine (SFG), designed for food fortification, was studied in this work by means of the prophylactic method and the Wilcoxon method, respectively. For the former studies, SFG was homogenously added to a basal diet of low iron content, reaching a final iron concentration of 20.1±2.4 mg Fe/kg diet. A reference standard diet using ferrous sulfate as an iron-fortifying source (19.0±2.1 mg Fe/kg diet) and a control diet without iron additions (9.3±1.4 mg Fe/kg diet) were prepared in the laboratory in a similar way. These diets were administered to three different groups of weaning rats during 23 d as the only type of solid nourishment. The iron bioavailability of SFG was calculated as the relationship between the mass of iron incorporated into hemoglobin during the treatment and the total iron intake per animal. This parameter resulted in 36.6±6.2% SFG, whereas a value of 35.4±8.0% was obtained for ferrous sulfate. The acute toxicological studies were performed in two groups of 70 female and 70 male Sprague-Dawley rats that were administered increasing doses of iron from SFG. The LD₅₀ values of 1775 and 1831 mg SFG/kg body wt were obtained for female and male rats, respectively, evidencing that SFG can be considered as a safe compound from a toxicological point of view.