细根分解研究及其存在的问题

细根分解是陆地生态系统C和养分循环的重要环节。主要包括淋溶和破碎等物理过程和以生物作用为主的化学过程。这些过程受复杂的细根化学成分及外部土壤因子的综合控制,如细根本身养分含量、木质素和纤维素含量、土壤温度、水分、养分的有效性以及土壤动物、真菌和细菌等。但是,细根分解发生在不能直接观测的地下部分,人为改变细根分解的自然环境是研究过程中存在的主要问题。埋袋法虽然应用最为普遍,但是它严重地干扰了细根分解环境,导致低估分解速率。最近提出的原状土芯法(intact-core)克服了埋袋法的主要缺陷,是目前细根分解研究中最接近自然分解过程的研究方法,但也存在一些问题。因此,如何设计有效且能够真实的反映细根自然分解过程的试验方法是今后该领域研究最重要和最具挑战性的课题。     

水曲柳和兴安落叶松人工林细根分解研究

  细根分解是陆地生态系统C和养分循环的重要环节。以往的细根分解研究以埋袋法的应用为主。然而, 由于埋袋法对分解材料的干扰以及对分解环境的改变使其很难揭示原位环境下根系的自然分解过程。该研究应用微根管(Minirhizotron)技术连续3年对水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)和兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)细根的分解过程进行原位监测, 运用Kaplan–Meier方法估算细根分解的保存率及分解期中位值(即50%细根完全分解的时间, Median root decomposition time), 做分解曲线, 用对数秩检验(Log-rank test)方法分析不同树种、直径、根序及土层对细根保存率的影响。结果表明, 伴随时间延长, 细根的保存率逐渐下降, 兴安落叶松细根保存率的下降显著快于水曲柳(p<0.001), 两树种分解期中位值分别为(82±7) d 和(317±28) d; 不同直径等级(≤0.3、0.3～0.6、＞0.6 mm)细根的分解速率不同, 两树种最长分解期中位值均出现在最细直径(≤0.3 mm)根中; 高级根分解速率显著低于一级根(p<0.05); 土壤上层分解速度快, 随着土壤深度增加细根分解速率减小。微根管技术为了解细根自然分解过程提供了有效途径。     

不同土壤深度落叶松细根分解及N动态变化

细根分解受根序和土壤深度的潜在影响。使用根序法分根,将落叶松Larix gmelini根系分为两类:一级根、二级根为一类(1—2级根),即低级根;三级根和四级跟为另一类(3—4级根),即高级根。采用埋袋法对落叶松低级根和高级根在不同土壤深度(0—10、10—20 cm和20—30 cm)进行了为期862 d的分解实验,探讨不同根序细根分解规律,养分释放及其影响。结果表明:1—2级根的分解速率比3—4级分解速率慢,这种规律同时存在于不同深度的土壤中。在空间上,低级根和高级根的分解速率均随土壤深度的增加而降低,高级根的降低趋势更明显。随着分解时间的进行,各个土层之间的分解率在低级根之间差异更大。细根分解过程中,落叶松不同根序养分的释放特征不同。N释放速率总体上随细根根序增加而增大,随土壤深度的增加而降低。     

水曲柳和落叶松人工林根系分解与养分释放

采用埋袋法对水曲柳和落叶松粗根(5～10 mm)、中根(2～5 mm)、细根(＜2 mm)的分解速率及其养分释放进行了为期2年的研究.结果表明,水曲柳粗根、中根和细根年分解系数分别为0.3649、0.4381和0.2720,落叶松依次分别为0.1967、0.1955和0.2464.通过养分分析发现,根系分解过程释放大量C和养分.分解150 d后,两树种所有级别根系的可溶性糖释放均超过90%.水曲柳粗根和中根K的释放均在40%左右,细根K的释放为71%,落叶松所有级别的根系K的释放均在95%以上.在根系分解第2年,两树种粗根和中根N的释放在50%左右波动,P在40%左右波动,两树种细根N和P的释放均达到60%.因此,根系分解在C和养分循环中起重要作用,如果将其忽略,土壤有机质和养分元素的循环将会被严重低估.     

亚热带米老排和杉木细根分解过程中养分与微生物群落组成的变化

对福建南平峡阳林场19年生米老排和杉木人工林的细根进行为期12个月的分解试验,研究不同树种分解过程中养分和微生物群落组成的动态变化,为理解亚热带不同人工林树种地下养分循环过程提供科学依据.结果表明: 米老排细根养分磷(P)、钾(K)初始含量显著高于杉木.分解过程中,两个树种细根P、K含量均显著降低,而细根氮(N)含量显著增加,且杉木细根N含量变化滞后于米老排.在分解过程中,杉木细根镁(Mg)含量无显著变化;米老排细根Mg含量变化显著,且在分解8个月时显著小于杉木.在分解过程中,真菌与细菌比值均显著表现为先升高后降低,且分解12个月时米老排细根真菌/细菌显著高于杉木.冗余分析表明,N(解释37.2%)、K(解释14.5%)含量和C/N(解释14.8%)是影响杉木细根分解过程中微生物群落组成变化的主要养分因子,而Mg(解释35.9%)和K(解释17.6%)含量则是米老排细根分解时影响微生物群落组成的主要养分因子.研究表明,在不同树种中,除了N之外,Mg等其他养分元素也可能是影响根系分解的重要因子.     

不同营林措施对马尾松细根分解与养分释放的影响

细根(直径≤2 mm)是森林生态系统重要的碳库之一,其寿命短、代谢活性高,对外界环境变化十分敏感.了解不同营林措施对细根分解和养分释放的影响,对于合理开展森林经营管理具有重要意义.以三峡库区马尾松(Pinus massoniana)飞播林为对象,设置未择伐(NC)、除灌(SC)、伐除非马尾松(NPMC)和伐除优势马尾松(DPMC)等营林措施,在处理3年后,利用分解袋法研究不同营林措施对相同初始基质质量的马尾松细根分解和养分释放的影响.经过1年的分解,不同营林措施明显改变了土壤温湿度、土壤养分以及土壤微生物量碳氮,而对马尾松细根分解速率的影响不显著(P>0.05),细根分解速率与各环境因子间均无显著相关性.在分解过程中,各营林措施的细根C残留率逐渐降低,表现为DPMC>SC>NC>NPMC.N呈现先逐渐累积后释放的状态,P呈现释放-累积-释放的状态,且抚育择伐显著降低了P释放速率.短期来看,不同营林措施造成的林内环境因素变化不足以成为影响马尾松细根分解的主导因素,细根初始基质质量仍是影响细根分解的决定性因素.抚育择伐提高了细根C释放速率,降低了N和P元素的释放速率.     

四个典型温带树种不同根序细根分解速率及其主要影响因素

细根分解是森林生态系统土壤碳和养分的主要输入途径, 但目前人们对于影响细根分解的主要因素和细根分解模式的了解仍然很少。该研究采用根序划分等级方法, 将红松(Pinus koraiensis)、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandschurica)和白桦(Betula platyphylla)细根组分前四级根划分为两个等级: 一级和二级根混合为低级根, 三级和四级根混合为高级根。利用埋袋法对东北地区4个树种不同根序细根进行连续4年的分解实验, 并对其分解速率以及影响因素进行研究。结果显示, 红松低级根和高级根分解系数分别为0.342和0.461, 落叶松依次分别为0.304和0.436, 水曲柳分别为0.450和0.555, 白桦为0.441和0.579。4个树种均显示低级根分解速率较慢, 而高级根分解速率较快。实验表明, 根系分解系数与酸不溶性物质(AUF)和非结构性碳水化合物(TNC)均具有显著相关性。出现上述结果的主要原因是低级根含有较多的AUF, 很难被分解, 以及含有较少的TNC, 为分解者提供能量较少。     

Decomposition of different root branch orders and its dominant controlling factors in four temperate tree species

细根分解是森林生态系统土壤碳和养分的主要输入途径, 但目前人们对于影响细根分解的主要因素和细根分解模式的了解仍然很少。该研究采用根序划分等级方法, 将红松(Pinus koraiensis)、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandschurica)和白桦(Betula platyphylla)细根组分前四级根划分为两个等级: 一级和二级根混合为低级根, 三级和四级根混合为高级根。利用埋袋法对东北地区4个树种不同根序细根进行连续4年的分解实验, 并对其分解速率以及影响因素进行研究。结果显示, 红松低级根和高级根分解系数分别为0.342和0.461, 落叶松依次分别为0.304和0.436, 水曲柳分别为0.450和0.555, 白桦为0.441和0.579。4个树种均显示低级根分解速率较慢, 而高级根分解速率较快。实验表明, 根系分解系数与酸不溶性物质(AUF)和非结构性碳水化合物(TNC)均具有显著相关性。出现上述结果的主要原因是低级根含有较多的AUF, 很难被分解, 以及含有较少的TNC, 为分解者提供能量较少。     

岩溶地区不同石漠化程度下草地细根对土壤养分的贡献

细根分解和周转是土壤有机质和养分的重要来源。为探明不同石漠化程度天然草地细根对土壤养分的贡献,于2017年3月至次年1月,采用土柱法和分解袋法,研究不同石漠化程度下天然草地的细根生物量、分解和养分释放动态及对石漠化的响应。结果表明:3种不同石漠化程度下草地的细根生物量随季节均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,随石漠化程度的加剧均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,潜在、中度和强度石漠化草地的细根生物量分别为3355.65、2944.02 g/m~2和1806.80 g/m~2。细根分解速率呈现先快后慢的趋势,分解300天后的残留率均低于50%。细根有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的释放过程具有显著不同,释放模式最终均表现为"释放",潜在、中度和强度石漠化草地细根的有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾的年归还量分别为32.46—161.08、0.24—3.88、0.08—0.32、0.15—2.78 g/m~2。随石漠化程度的加剧,细根生物量和分解率呈现逐渐降低趋势,土壤有机碳、全氮归还量呈现逐渐增加趋势。     

应用微根管法测定细根指标方法评述

树木细根(直径<2mm)在森林生态系统能量流动和物质循环中起着重要的作用。原有的细根生产周转研究中常采用的土钻法、内生长法、挖掘法、根室法和土柱法等,均不能直接观察到细根的动态变化。微根管法是一种非破坏性、可定点直接观察和研究植物根系的方法,为研究细根的生长、衰老、死亡、分解和再生长的过程提供了有效的工具,尤其适用于细根周转、寿命和分解等方面的研究。但该技术不能直接测定单位面积的细根生物量、细根化学组成及细根周转对土壤碳和养分循环的影响,需要与土钻法结合。本文就运用微根管法对细根生物量、生产、周转和寿命等指标的研究方法进行了评述。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.