冬季小麦叶片光合作用对温度响应方式的变化

冬季田间生长的小麦离体叶片净光合速率（Ｐｎ）对温度的响应有两种方式。在１２月上旬可以观测到第一种方式。在离体叶片周围空气温度从１０℃逐步升到３０℃后的１ｈ内Ｐｂ逐渐升高,在随后气温逐步降低到１０℃的过程中,Ｐｎ都比先前升温过程中同样温度下的数值高。３０℃下叶片胞间ＣＯ２浓度（Ｃｉ）降低和叶片无机磷含量增高表明,这种响就态度苛能起因于一些光合碳同化酶活性的增高。在１２月中旬以后可以观测到第二种方式。     

水稻叶片光合作用对开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE)的响应与适应

利用便携式光合气体分析系统 (LI 6 4 0 0 ) ,比较测定了高CO2 浓度 (FACE ,free airCO2 enrich ment)和普通空气CO2 浓度下生长的水稻叶片的净光合速率、水分利用率、表观量子效率和RuBP羧化效率等光合参数 .在各自生长CO2 浓度 (380vs 5 80 μmol·mol-1)下测定时 ,高CO2 浓度 (5 80 μmol·mol-1)下生长的水稻叶片的净光合速率、碳同化的表观量子效率和水分利用率明显高于普通空气 (380 μmol·mol-1)下生长的水稻叶片 .但是 ,随着FACE处理时间的延长 ,高CO2 浓度对净光合速率的促进作用逐渐减小 .在相同CO2 浓度下测定时 ,FACE条件下生长的水稻叶片净光合速率和羧化效率明显比普通空气下生长的对照低 .尽管高CO2 浓度下生长的水稻叶片的气孔导度明显低于普通空气中生长的水稻叶片 ,但两者胞间CO2 浓度差异不显著 ,因此高CO2 浓度下生长的水稻叶片光合下调似乎不是由气孔导度降低造成的 .     

田间小麦叶片光合效率日变化与光合“午睡”的关系

小麦灌浆初期叶片(旗叶)晴天中午光合速率下降(“午睡”)伴随了气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度下降,而气孔限制值中午升高,进一步证实气孑L中午关闭是光合“午睡”的一个重要原因。叶片光合效率的中午下降并非都伴随着光合“午睡”现象。当两者同时发生时,胞间CO_2浓度降低,而光合速率与气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度之间的相关性高于光合速率与光合效率之间的相关性。这些事实表明。即使光合效率中午下降是光合“午睡”的部分原因,但较之气孔中午关闭只是一个次要原因。     

水稻叶片光合作用对开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE)的响应与适应

利用便携式光合气体分析系统(LI-6400),比较测定了高CO₂浓度(FACE,free-airCO₂enrichment)和普通空气CO₂浓度下生长的水稻叶片的净光合速率、水分利用率、表观量子效率和RuBP羧化效率等光合参数.在各自生长CO₂浓度(380vs580μmol·mol^-1)下测定时,高CO₂浓度(580μmol·mol^-1)下生长的水稻叶片的净光合速率、碳同化的表观量子效率和水分利用率明显高于普通空气(380μmol·mol^-1)下生长的水稻叶片.但是,随着FACE处理时间的延长,高CO₂浓度对净光合速率的促进作用逐渐减小.在相同CO₂浓度下测定时,FACE条件下生长的水稻叶片净光合速率和羧化效率明显比普通空气下生长的对照低.尽管高CO₂浓度下生长的水稻叶片的气孔导度明显低于普通空气中生长的水稻叶片,但两者胞间CO₂浓度差异不显著,因此高CO₂浓度下生长的水稻叶片光合下调似乎不是由气孔导度降低造成的.     

大气CO2浓度和温度升高对水稻叶片及群体光合作用的影响

大气ＣＯ２浓度升高对植物光合作用的影响研究多集中在单叶水平,在高ＣＯ２及高温下对植物单叶及群体光合进行比较的研究少有报道,而群体水平的研究则是预测生态系统反应所不可缺少的。采用田间开顶式培养室研究了大气ＣＯ２浓度和温度升高对水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）叶片及群体光合作用的影响。发现ＣＯ２浓度和温度对水稻叶片光合作用有协同促进作用,而对群体光合作用的促进则随时间的推移而减弱;单叶光合受到的促进作用大于群体光合;叶面积指数只在营养生长期受到促进,冠层叶片含氮量受ＣＯ２影响降低。群体呼吸（包括茎杆）增加及冠层叶片早衰可能是后期ＣＯ２对群体光合促进作用下降的原因。     

光合作用对胞间和大气CO_2响应曲线的比较

利用Li-6400便携式光合作用系统测定华北平原冬小麦在温度为25℃和30℃、光合有效辐射为1500和2000 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)条件下处于抽穗时期旗叶的CO_2响应曲线,研究植物光合作用对胞间CO_2响应(A/C_i)和对大气CO_2响应(A/C_a)的直角双曲线修正模型所给拟合结果的合理性.结果表明:由A/C_i和A/C_a修正模型所给的光合能力和CO_2补偿点几乎相同,但得到的光呼吸速率和初始羧化效率则完全不等;产生这种差异的原因是利用叶片气体交换测定的数据所计算的胞间CO_2浓度并不是植物叶片本身的胞间CO_2浓度;A/C_a修正模型比A/C_i修正模型更为合理是因为A/C_a所估算的光呼吸速率接近测量值.

Abstract：

By using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system, the photosynthetic parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) during its heading stage in North China Plain were measured at air temperature 25℃ and 30℃ and at photosynthetically available radiation 1500 and 2000 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1). The measured data were fitted with the modified rectangular hyperbola models of the photosynthetic responses to flag leaf intercellular CO_2 concentration (A/C_i) and air CO_2 concentration (A/C_a), aimed to approach the reasonability of the fitted results obtained from the models. The photosynthetic capacity and CO_2 compensation point estimated by the modified A/C_i curve and A/C_a curve were nearly the same, but the photorespiration and initial earboxylation ef-ficiency estimated by them were completely different. The difference between the two modified curves came from the calculated but not the real intercellular CO_2 concentration. Modified A/C_a curve was more reasonable than the modified A/C_i curve, because the photorespiration rate esti-mated by the former was close to the measured value.     

新疆杂交榛良种光合作用对生态因子的响应

在夏季田间条件下,研究了4种新疆平欧杂交榛的光合特性。结果表明:4个品种的光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、CO2饱和点(CSP)、CO2补偿点(CCP)分别位于1195.27～1620.63μmol·m-2·s-1、34.03～87.80μmol·m-2·s-1、1188.50～1617.05μmol·mol-1和64.88～99.15μmol·mol-1;新榛1号和新榛4号表现出低光合低蒸腾的特点,新榛2号具有较低的LCP和较高的LSP,表现出对光能利用范围较大、光合潜力高的特点,新榛3号的LCP和LSP均较大,同时具有低的CCP和高的CSP及表观羧化效率(CE),其最大净光合速率(Pmax)(31.55μmol·m-2·s-1)明显高于其他品种(24.63～25.45μmol·m-2·s-1);此外,与常温(25℃)相比,新榛1号的净光合速率(Pn)受40℃高温的影响较其他品种显著,新榛3号的气孔导度(Gs)比其他品种受影响的程度轻。     

砂仁光合作用的CO2扩散限制与气孔限制分析

目前常用从气体交换参数计算的胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)来计算气孔限制值(L_s),但由于胁迫情况下计算的C_i偏高常导致结果不准确。该文引入扩散限制分析概念,以砂仁为例介绍了一种不需 C_i的计算扩散限制值(L_d)的新方法。同时通过叶绿素荧光参数间接估算受干旱胁迫植株的C_i(用C_i'表示)计算气孔限制值(L_s')。采用这3种方法分析了生长在100%和40%土壤相对湿度(RSM)下的砂仁(Amomum villosum)净光合速率的限制因素。结果表明两种水分状况下砂仁午后净光合速率的限制因素不同。100%RSM下,午后砂仁L_s没有升高,说明光合作用气孔限制并未增强;午后其L_d升高表明光合作用的CO₂扩散限制增强,这主要是由叶肉阻力相对增大所致。40%RSM下,午后砂仁L_s'升高比L_d升高明显,说明气孔阻力在所有扩散阻力中占主导作用,是限制净光合速率的主要原因;而其 L_s午后并未升高,暗示传统的气孔限制分析会得出非气孔限制的错误结论。C_i'低于C_i,说明干旱胁迫时传统的气体交换方法高估了C_i。上述结果都证明水分胁迫情况下传统方法不可靠,该文介绍的两种新方法比较准确可靠,同时使用两种新方法还可定性推测叶肉阻力的变化方向。     

温度变化对烟草光合作用光响应特征的影响

通过Li-6400光合测定系统控温,研究了大田条件下,烟草脚叶采烤期腰叶在17、20、25、30和35℃下的光合作用光响应特征。结果表明:随温度升高,净光合速率(Pn)、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、初始斜率(α)和气孔导度(Gs)先上升后下降,在20℃下达最大值,35℃下净光合速率受强光的抑制作用明显;光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)随温度升高而上升,但35℃下二者较30℃时有所下降;光饱和点(LSP)随温度升高而呈下降-上升-下降的变化,30℃和17℃时LSP较高;蒸腾速率(Tr)随温度上升而增强,水分利用效率(WUE)则随温度升高而下降,但20℃时水分利用效率在强光下明显较其他温度下的高。结果说明,20℃最适合烟草光合作用,此温度下气孔的水、气调节能力最强,温度高于30℃则对烟草光合作用不利。     

钾营养对扬花期小麦旗叶光合速率日变化的影响

在田间栽培条件下,小麦旗叶的气孔导度、净光合速率与钾之间呈显著的正相关.钾可减少由于光合“午睡“造成的26.5%～37%的光合产量损失.     

Modelling Net Photosynthetic Rate of Winter Wheat in Elevated Air CO2 Concentrations

Winter wheat plants were grown in open top chambers either at 365 µmol mol^–1 (AC) or at 700 µmol mol^–1 (EC) air CO₂ concentrations. The photosynthetic response of flag leaves at the beginning of flowering and on four vertical leaf levels at the beginning of grain filling were measured. Net photosynthetic rates (P _N) were higher at both developmental phases in plants grown at EC coupled with larger leaf area and photosynthetic pigment contents. The widely accepted Farquhar net photosynthesis model was parameterised and tested using several observed data. After parameterisation the test results corresponded satisfactorily with observed values under several environmental conditions.     

植物光合作用对CO2浓度增高的适应机制

长期在高浓度CO2环境下生长的植物往往会发生光合适应或下调,即在相同CO2浓度下的光合速率明显低于普通空气中生长的对照。虽然关于这种现象已经有许多研究报告和综述文章,但是它的机理还不很清楚。本文结合作者所在研究组的工作,概述了关于植物光合适应机理研究的新进展,提出除了呼吸作用增强和光合产物超常积累的可能作用以外,二磷酸核酮糖（RuBP）羧化限制和RuBP再生限制可能是导致植物光合适应的主要因素。     

冬小麦光合作用对开放式空气CO2 浓度增高(FACE)的非气孔适应

在同样CO2浓度下测定时,开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE,580 μmol CO2 /mol)条件下生长的冬小麦叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和羧化效率都显著低于普通空气(380 μmol CO2 /mol)中生长的对照叶片.与此相一致,FACE叶片的可溶性蛋白、二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)和Rubisco活化酶含量也都显著低于对照叶片.这些结果表明,在根系生长不受限制的田间条件下,冬小麦叶片的光合作用对高浓度CO2产生了适应现象,其主要原因可能是碳同化的关键酶Rubisco等含量的降低.     

灌浆期热胁迫对小麦不同绿色器官光合性能的影响

以4个冬小麦（Triticum aestivem L.）品种（“JD8”、“Jing411”、“Centurk”和“Tam202”）为材料,研究灌浆期热胁迫对旗叶叶片、旗叶鞘、穗下节间、护颖、外疑和芒的光合性能和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：灌浆期对泪科进行热锻炼也能增加其耐热性且各绿色器官间耐热性差异显。耐热性较强的器官为穗下节间、旗叶鞘和护颖;热敏感器官为旗叶叶片、外颖和芒。热胁迫条件下,穗下节间1旗叶鞘和护颖的细胞膜热稳定性强,光系统Ⅱ原初光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）下降速率以及叶绿素和类胡萝卜素降解速率均低于旗叶叶片、外颖和瓦,穗的净光合速率下降幅度小于旗叶。热胁迫过程中,相对耐热品种“JD8”各器官上述光合参数的下降速度均显低于其他3个热敏感品种。     

抗旱性不同品种的小麦叶片中光合电子传递和分配对氮素水平的响应

在大田控制条件下,以植物叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光测定相结合的方法,研究抗旱性不同品种冬小麦拔节期叶片的光合电子传递及激发能利用分配对氮素响应的结果表明,施氮可提高抗旱性不同品种小麦叶片天线色素吸收光能的能力,虽然氮素不能改变激发能在光合碳还原（PCR）和光合碳氧化（PCO）之间的分配比例,但可提高PSⅡ总电子传递速率（JF）和Pn。低氮下不同品种小麦叶片的热耗散比例有差异,但中高氛下叶片之间无显著差异。旱地品种的鼻值随氮素水平的提高而先增加后下降,而水地品种则表现为持续升高：2个小麦品种的叶片J0值随氮素水平的提高而呈持续升高的变化趋势。氮素对叶片PSⅡ反应中心活性有影响．而不同抗旱性品种之间亦有差别,说明施氮可改善小麦叶片热耗散和光化学反应对激发能的竞争关系,从而增强光合机构的自我保护能力。     

Analysis of the gas exchange components in chilled tomato plants

A positive linear relationship between the net CO₂ exchange rate (P _N) and the leaf stomatal conductance (g_s) under an optimal temperature, and even more distinct one after a short-term chilling (CH, 15-17 h, 2 °C in darkness), that was found in two tomato cultivars (sensitive to a low temperature cv. Robin and tolerant cv. New Yorker) suggested a partial stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. The CH treatment of cv. Robin resulted in an intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) increase because of which a negative correlation between C _i and P _N was observed. In cv. New Yorker a positive correlation was observed. Detrimental effect of the low temperature in cv. Robin was more evident in plants with a relatively small root system (SR), but drought-hardening positively affected the response to CH only in the plants with bigger roots (BR). On the contrary, in cv. New Yorker the favourable effect of such pre-treatment was more evident in SR than in BR plants. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同发育时期追施氮肥对冬小麦旗叶中光合酶活性的影响

小麦开花后,随着旗叶的衰老,旗叶中1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（RuBPC）、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）和乙醇酸氧化酶（GO）活性呈下降趋势。随着追施氮肥时期的推迟,光合酶活性呈增加趋势,这意味着氮肥追施时间后移有利于提高小麦光合速率。在旗叶衰老后期,大穗型品种小麦旗叶中光合酶活性略高于多穗型品种小麦。     

Leaf gas exchange capacity in relation to leaf position on the stem in field grown teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)

Leaf gas exchange patterns in relation to leaf positions on stems were studied in field grown forest tree, teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) during first year growth under intensive culture plantation. Net photosynthetic rates (PN) were low in immature leaves (1-2 from shoot apices), increased basipetally on shoot, peaked in leaves (3rd or 4th leaves from shoot apices) which had recently reached full expansion, and thereafter declined in lower crown leaves. High PN found in fully expanded young leaves was associated with increased dark respiration rate (RD) and high radiation saturation as well as compensating irradiance for PN when compared to those of aged leaves. Intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) determined at ambient CO2 concentration and saturating irradiance were apparently low for leaves exhibiting high PN when compared to those of aged leaves. Differences in stomatal conductance (gs) and the rate of transpiration (E) were not apparent between leaves after full expansion. The relationship of PN with Ci recorded for leaves at different positions on stems and under natural ambient CO2 concentrations showed a linear decrease in PN with marked increasing Ci and suggested that increase in mesophyll limitations could cause decline in PN during aging of teak leaves after full expansion. Highly significant positive linear correlation was found between PN and Ci determined at below ambient CO2 concentrations and saturating irradiance for both fully expanded young and aged leaves. The estimate of linear relationship between PN and Ci, often considered as carboxylation efficiency, was higher for fully expanded young leaves characterised by high PN than for aged leaves exhibiting low PN. Hence, the increase in mesophyll limitations or decrease in carboxylation efficiency could explain gradual reduction in photosynthetic potential with leaf age after maturation in teak. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.