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1.
This paper characterizes water body types harboring immature mosquitoes in a low-lying area of Haiti and investigates the relationship between immature Anopheles albimanus abundance and aquatic predator presence. Larval An. albimanus were found in permanent and semi-permanent groundwater habitats including (in order of greatest abundance) hoof/footprints, ditches, rice fields, and ground pools. High levels of species co-occurrence were observed in habitats. Among water bodies positive for immature Anopheles, 42.9% also contained immature Culex species. Significant association between An. albimanus abundance and the absence of fish predators was detected. Results from the multivariate negative binomial regression suggest that the interactive effect of increasing distance from the Artibonite River and elevation are positively associated with the abundance of immature An. albimanus. The presence of fish predators was not associated with the abundance of An. albimanus larvae in habitats while controlling for habitat distance and elevation. The results of this study provide baseline entomological information to inform vector control programs in the country. 相似文献
2.
The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of ongoing genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publications added to subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliographic data for such references to the SIGS editorial office.
Phylum Euryarchaeota
- Halococcus hamelinensis, sequence accession PRJNA80845 [1]
- “Methanocella conradii” HZ254, sequence accession CP003243 [2]
- Thermococcus litoralis NS-C, sequence accession AHVB00000000 [3]
Phylum Crenarchaeota
- Candidatus Nitrosopumilus salaria” BD31, sequence accession AEXL00000000 [4]
- Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum limnia, sequence accession AHJG00000000 [5]
Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
Phylum Proteobacteria
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strain ANH9381, sequence accession CP003099 [7]
- Alishewanella jeotgali, sequence accession AHTH00000000 [8]
- Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC 2190, sequence accession CP002824 [9]
- Escherichia coli O104:H4, sequence accession AFOB02000092 [10]
- Helicobacter pylori strains 17874, sequence accession PRJNA76569 [11]
- Helicobacter pylori strains P79, sequence accession PRJNA76567 [11]
- Janthinobacterium sp. Strain PAMC 25724, sequence accession AHHB00000000 [12]
- Klebsiella oxytoca KCTC 1686, sequence accession CP003218 [13]
- Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae HS11286, sequence accession CP003200 (chromosome), CP003223 (plasmid pKPHS1), CP003224 (plasmid pKPHS2), CP003225 (plasmid pKPHS3), CP003226 (plasmid pKPHS4), CP003227 (plasmid pKPHS5), CP003228 (plasmid pKPHS6) [14]
- Oceanimonas sp. GK1, sequence accession CP003171 [15]
- “Pseudogulbenkiania ferrooxidans” Strain 2002, sequence accession NZ_ACIS01000000 [16]
- Pseudomonas extremaustralis 14-3b, sequence accession AHIP00000000 [17]
- Pseudomonas sp. Strain PAMC 25886, sequence accession AHHC00000000 [18]
- Psychrobacter, sequence accession AHVZ00000000 [19]
- Rahnella sp. Strain Y9602, sequence accession CP002505 [20]
- Rhizobium sp. Strain PDO1-076, sequence accession AHZC00000000 [21]
- Rhodospirillum photometricum DSM122, sequence accession HE663493 [22]
- “Rickettsia sibirica sibirica”, sequence accession AHIZ00000000 [23]
- Rickettsia sibirica subsp. mongolitimonae strain HA-91, sequence accession AHZB00000000 [24]
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype Enteritidis Strain LA5, sequence accession [25]
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype Senftenberg Strain SS209, sequence accession CAGQ00000000 [26]
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhi P-stx-12, sequence accession CP003278 (chromosome) and CP003279 (plasmid) [27]
- Sphingomonas echinoides ATCC 14820, sequence accession AHIR00000000 [28]
- Strain HIMB55, sequence accession AGIF00000000 [29]
- Vibrio harveyi CAIM 1792, sequence accession AHHQ00000000 [30]
- Wolbachia Strain wAlbB, sequence accession CAGB01000001 to CAGB01000165 [31]
- Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae Strain LMG 859, sequence accession CAGJ01000001 to CAGJ01000217 [32]
Phylum Tenericutes
Phylum Firmicutes
- Bacillus subtilis, sequence accession BGSCID 3A27 through BGSCID 28A4 [34]
- Clostridium difficile Strain CD37, sequence accession AHJJ00000000 [35]
- Clostridium perfringens, sequence accession AFES00000000 [36]
- Lactobacillus fructivorans KCTC 3543, sequence accession AEQY00000000 [37]
- Lactococcus lactis IO-1, sequence accession AP012281 [38]
- Lactobacillus plantarum strain NC8, sequence accession AGRI00000000 [39]
- Paenibacillus dendritiformis C454, sequence accession AHKH00000000 [40]
- Paenibacillus sp. Strain Aloe-11, sequence accession AGFI00000000 [41]
- “Peptoniphilus rhinitidis” 1-13T, sequence accession BAEW01000001 to BAEW01000056 [42]
- Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198, sequence accession HE613569 and HE613570 [43]
- Staphylococcus aureus VC40, sequence accession CP003033 [44]
- Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius Strain CJ18, sequence accession CP003295 (chromosome), CP003296 (plasmid) [45]
- Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198, sequence accession HE613569 (chromosome), HE613570 (plasmid pSMA198) [46]
Phylum Actinobacteria
- Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110, sequence accession CP003170 [47]
- Amycolatopsis sp. Strain ATCC 39116, sequence accession [48]
- Nocardia cyriacigeorgica GUH-2, sequence accession FO082843 [49]
- Salinibacterium sp., sequence accession AHWA00000000 [50]
- Streptomyces acidiscabies 84-104, sequence accession AHBF00000000 [51]
Non-Bacterial genomes
- Bluetongue Virus Serotype 2, sequence accession AJ783905 (Seg-6) and JQ681257 (Seg-1), JQ681257 (Seg-1), JQ681258 (Seg-2), JQ681259 (Seg-3), JQ681260 (Seg-4), JQ681261 (Seg-5), JQ681262 (Seg-7), JQ6812563 (Seg-8), JQ6812564 (Seg-9), to JQ681265 (Seg-10) [52]
- Virus Serotype 1, sequence accession AJ585111 (Seg-2), AJ586659 (Seg-6), JQ282770 (Seg-1), JQ282771 (Seg-3), JQ282772 (Seg-4), JQ282773 (Seg-5), JQ282774 (Seg-7), JQ282775 (Seg-8), JQ282776 (Seg-9), and JQ282777 (Seg-10) [52]
- Chloroplast genome of Erycina pusilla, sequence accession JF_746994 [53]
- Danio rerio, sequence accession JQ434101 [54]
- Enterococcal Bacteriophage SAP6, sequence accession JF731128 [55]
- Eubenangee virus, sequence accession JQ070376 through JQ070385 [56]
- Fujian/411-like viruses, sequence accession CY087969 to CY088568 [57]
- Hantavirus Variant of Rio Mamoré Virus, Maripa Virus, sequence accession JQ611712 (segment S), JQ611713 (segment M), and JQ611714 (segment L) [58]
- Pata virus, sequence accession JQ070386 through JQ070395 [59]
- Porcine Circovirus 2, sequence accession JQ413808 [60]
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, sequence accession JQ326271 [61]
- Streptococcus mutans Phage M102AD, sequence accession DQ386162 [62]
- Tilligery virus, sequence accession JQ070366 through JQ070375 [63]
3.
Ascaris and Escherichia coli Inactivation in an Ecological Sanitation System in Port-au-Prince,Haiti
The goal of this study was to evaluate the microbial die-off in a latrine waste composting system in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Temperature data and samples were collected from compost aged 0 – 12+ months. Samples collected from compost bin centers and corners at two depths were assessed for moisture content, E. coli concentration, and Ascaris spp. viability. Center temperatures in compost bins were all above 58 °C, while corner temperatures were 10 – 20 °C lower. Moisture content was 67 ± 10% in all except the oldest compost. A 4-log reduction in E. coli was observed over the first sixteen weeks of composting at both locations and depths, after which E. coli was undetectable (LOD: 142 MPN g-1 dry weight). In new compost, 10.4% and 8.3% of Ascaris eggs were viable and fully embryonated, respectively. Percent viability dropped to zero in samples older than six weeks. These findings indicate that the Haitian EcoSan composting process was effective in inactivating E. coli and Ascaris spp. in latrine waste within sixteen weeks. This study is one of the first to document efficacy of an ecological sanitation system under field conditions and provides insight into composting methods and monitoring for other international settings. 相似文献
4.
Paul E. Brodwin 《Medical anthropology quarterly》1997,11(1):69-88
During the 1980s, an ambitious project for health development restructured medical services throughout rural Haiti. The "Rural Health Delivery System" (RHDS) pursued several goals of primary health care, including dispensary-based maternal and child health services and the provision of low–cost drugs. Based on fieldwork in a single village, this article examines how local residents pushed the project in unpredictable and ironic directions. People did not regard dispensary services—which were planned and financed by international health agencies—as essentially foreign elements in the local health–care system. They rather engaged with the dispensary according to long–standing local strategies for prestige and economic advance. Despite the dramatically new shape of biomedicine introduced by the RHDS, the dispensary remained for most people a recognizable arena to gain access to state resources or to contest state control over their lives. The "success" of clinic services, and the "failure" of the project to distribute essential drugs arose more from people's practical routes to symbolic and material power than from the formal plans of health planners or state bureaucrats. This practice-based analysis provides another dimension to both the liberal and neo-Marxist critiques of international health development, [primary health care, community participation, planned development, Haiti] 相似文献
5.
Background
The practice of sharing sanitation facilities does not meet the current World Health Organization/UNICEF definition for what is considered improved sanitation. Recommendations have been made to categorize shared sanitation as improved sanitation if security, user access, and other conditions can be assured, yet limited data exist on user preferences with respect to shared facilities.Objective
This study analyzed user perceptions of shared sanitation facilities in rural households in East Java, Indonesia, and Bangladesh.Methods
Cross-sectional studies of 2,087 households in East Java and 3,000 households in Bangladesh were conducted using questionnaires and observational methods. Relative risks were calculated to analyze associations between sanitation access and user perceptions of satisfaction, cleanliness, and safety.Results
In East Java, 82.4% of households with private improved sanitation facilities reported feeling satisfied with their place of defecation compared to 68.3% of households with shared improved facilities [RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09, 1.31]. In Bangladesh, 87.7% of households with private improved facilities reported feeling satisfied compared to 74.5% of households with shared improved facilities [RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.10, 1.20]. In East Java, 79.5% of households who reported a clean latrine also reported feeling satisfied with their place of defecation; only 38.9% of households who reported a dirty latrine also reported feeling satisfied [RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.45, 2.08].Conclusion
Simple distinctions between improved and unimproved sanitation facilities tend to misrepresent the variability observed among households sharing sanitation facilities. Our results suggest that private improved sanitation is consistently preferred over any other sanitation option. An increased number of users appeared to negatively affect toilet cleanliness, and lower levels of cleanliness were associated with lower levels of satisfaction. However, when sanitation facilities were clean and shared by a limited number of households, users of shared facilities often reported feeling both satisfied and safe. 相似文献6.
7.
Background
Climate change poses a major public health threat. A survey of U.S. local health department directors in 2008 found widespread recognition of the threat, but limited adaptive capacity, due to perceived lack of expertise and other resources.Methods
We assessed changes between 2008 and 2012 in local public health departments'' preparedness for the public health threats of climate change, in light of increasing national polarization on the issue, and widespread funding cutbacks for public health. A geographically representative online survey of directors of local public health departments was conducted in 2011–2012 (N = 174; response rate = 50%), and compared to the 2008 telephone survey results (N = 133; response rate = 61%).Results
Significant polarization had occurred: more respondents in 2012 were certain that the threat of local climate change impacts does/does not exist, and fewer were unsure. Roughly 10% said it is not a threat, compared to 1% in 2008. Adaptation capacity decreased in several areas: perceived departmental expertise in climate change risk assessment; departmental prioritization of adaptation; and the number of adaptation-related programs and services departments provided. In 2008, directors'' perceptions of local impacts predicted the number of adaptation-related programs and services their departments offered, but in 2012, funding predicted programming and directors'' impact perceptions did not. This suggests that budgets were constraining directors'' ability to respond to local climate change-related health threats. Results also suggest that departmental expertise may mitigate funding constraints. Strategies for overcoming these obstacles to local public health departments'' preparations for climate change are discussed. 相似文献8.
Zubieta Caroline Lichtl Alex Trautman Karen Mentor Stefka Cagliero Diana Mensa-Kwao Augustina Paige Olivia McCarthy Schatzi Walmer David K. Kaiser Bonnie N. 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2020,44(1):110-134
Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry - Mental healthcare is largely unavailable throughout Haiti, particularly in rural areas. The aim of the current study is to explore perceived feasibility,... 相似文献
9.
Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld Grietje Zeeman 《Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology》2006,5(1):115-139
Anaerobic digestion of wastewater should be a core technology employed in decentralised sanitation systems especially when
their objective is also resource conservation and reuse. The most efficient system involves separate collection and anaerobic
digestion of the most concentrated domestic wastewater streams: black or brown water and solid fraction of kitchen waste.
Separate collection using minimal amount of transport water besides saving this resource allows to apply a targeted treatment.
A relatively small volume of digested effluent can be directly reused for fertilisation or processed when a high quality product
is required. Clean nutrient production requires advanced multi-step treatment but the quality of products is risk-free. The
issue of organic micro-pollutants and their accumulation in the environment is recently often addressed. Anaerobic treatment
of total domestic wastewater stream can be applied as well. Treated in this way wastewater can be discharged or used for irrigation
or fertilisation. The post-treatment will be usually required and its rate of complexity depends on the anaerobic effluent
quality and local requirements for final effluent quality. A variety of technological solutions for treatment of domestic
wastewater streams and reuse of resources is discussed in this paper. 相似文献
10.
11.
Vivi Maketa Mimy Vuna Sylvain Baloji Symphorien Lubanza David Hendrickx Raquel Andrea Inocêncio da Luz Marleen Boelaert Pascal Lutumba 《PloS one》2013,8(12)
In Democratic Republic of Congo access to health care is limited because of many geographical and financial barriers, while quality of care is often low. Global health donors assist the country with a number of community-oriented interventions such as free distribution of bednets, antihelminthic drugs, vitamin A supplementation and vaccination campaigns, but uptake of these interventions is not always optimal. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of poor urban communities of the capital Kinshasa with regard to health issues in general as well as their experiences and expectations concerning facility-based health services and community-oriented health interventions. Applying an approach rooted in the grounded theory framework, focus group discussions were conducted in eight neighborhoods of poor urban areas in the city of Kinshasa in July 2011. Study participants were easily able to evoke the city’s major health problems, with the notable exceptions of malnutrition and HIV/AIDS. They perceive the high out-of-pocket cost of health services as the major obstacle when seeking access to quality care. Knowledge of ongoing community-oriented health interventions seems good. Still, while the study participants agree that those interventions are beneficial; their acceptability seems to be problematic. This is chiefly put down to a lack of information and government communication about the programs and their interventions. Furthermore, the study participants referred to rumors and the deterring effect of stories about alleged harmful consequences of those interventions. Along with improving the provision and quality of general health care, the government and international actors must improve their efforts in informing the communities about disease control programs, their rationale and benefit/risk ratio. Directly engaging community members in a dialogue might be beneficial in terms of improving acceptability and overall access to health services and interventions. Novel ways of reducing the high out-of-pocket expenditure should also be explored. 相似文献
12.
Jack E. T. Grimes Gemechu Tadesse Kalkidan Mekete Yonas Wuletaw Abeba Gebretsadik Michael D. French Wendy E. Harrison Lesley J. Drake Iain A. Gardiner Elodie Yard Michael R. Templeton 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2016,10(3)
BackgroundIt is thought that improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) might reduce the transmission of schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths, owing to their life cycles. However, few large-scale studies have yet assessed the real extent of associations between WASH and these parasites.Conclusions/SignificanceImproving school WASH may reduce transmission of these parasites. However, different forms of WASH appear to have different effects on infection with the various parasites, with our analysis finding the strongest associations between water and S. mansoni, sanitation and A. lumbricoides, and hygiene and hookworm. 相似文献
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15.
Eric C. Strunz David G. Addiss Meredith E. Stocks Stephanie Ogden Jürg Utzinger Matthew C. Freeman 《PLoS medicine》2014,11(3)
Background
Preventive chemotherapy represents a powerful but short-term control strategy for soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Since humans are often re-infected rapidly, long-term solutions require improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). The purpose of this study was to quantitatively summarize the relationship between WASH access or practices and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection.Methods and Findings
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the associations of improved WASH on infection with STH (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm [Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus], and Strongyloides stercoralis). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and LILACS were searched from inception to October 28, 2013 with no language restrictions. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they provided an estimate for the effect of WASH access or practices on STH infection. We assessed the quality of published studies with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. A total of 94 studies met our eligibility criteria; five were randomized controlled trials, whilst most others were cross-sectional studies. We used random-effects meta-analyses and analyzed only adjusted estimates to help account for heterogeneity and potential confounding respectively.Use of treated water was associated with lower odds of STH infection (odds ratio [OR] 0.46, 95% CI 0.36–0.60). Piped water access was associated with lower odds of A. lumbricoides (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.39–0.41) and T. trichiura infection (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.45–0.72), but not any STH infection (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.28–3.11). Access to sanitation was associated with decreased likelihood of infection with any STH (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.57–0.76), T. trichiura (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.50–0.74), and A. lumbricoides (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44–0.88), but not with hookworm infection (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.61–1.06). Wearing shoes was associated with reduced odds of hookworm infection (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.18–0.47) and infection with any STH (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.11–0.83). Handwashing, both before eating (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.26–0.55) and after defecating (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.35–0.58), was associated with lower odds of A. lumbricoides infection. Soap use or availability was significantly associated with lower infection with any STH (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29–0.98), as was handwashing after defecation (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.24–0.90).Observational evidence constituted the majority of included literature, which limits any attempt to make causal inferences. Due to underlying heterogeneity across observational studies, the meta-analysis results reflect an average of many potentially distinct effects, not an average of one specific exposure-outcome relationship.Conclusions
WASH access and practices are generally associated with reduced odds of STH infection. Pooled estimates from all meta-analyses, except for two, indicated at least a 33% reduction in odds of infection associated with individual WASH practices or access. Although most WASH interventions for STH have focused on sanitation, access to water and hygiene also appear to significantly reduce odds of infection. Overall quality of evidence was low due to the preponderance of observational studies, though recent randomized controlled trials have further underscored the benefit of handwashing interventions. Limited use of the Joint Monitoring Program''s standardized water and sanitation definitions in the literature restricted efforts to generalize across studies. While further research is warranted to determine the magnitude of benefit from WASH interventions for STH control, these results call for multi-sectoral, integrated intervention packages that are tailored to social-ecological contexts. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary 相似文献16.
Improving Environmental Sanitation, Health, and Well-Being: A Conceptual Framework for Integral Interventions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hung Nguyen-Viet Jakob Zinsstag Roland Schertenleib Chris Zurbrügg Brigit Obrist Agnès Montangero Narong Surkinkul Doulaye Koné Antoine Morel Guéladio Cissé Thammarat Koottatep Bassirou Bonfoh Marcel Tanner 《EcoHealth》2009,6(2):180-191
We introduce a conceptual framework for improving health and environmental sanitation in urban and peri-urban areas using an approach combining health, ecological, and socioeconomic and cultural assessments. The framework takes into account the three main components: i) health status, ii) physical environment, and iii) socioeconomic and cultural environment. Information on each of these three components can be obtained by using standard disciplinary methods and an innovative combination of these methods. In this way, analyses lead to extended characterization of health, ecological, and social risks while allowing the comprehensive identification of critical control points (CCPs) in relation to biomedical, epidemiological, ecological, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. The proposed concept complements the conventional CCP approach by including an actor perspective that considers vulnerability to risk and patterns of resilience. Interventions deriving from the comprehensive analysis consider biomedical, engineering, and social science perspectives, or a combination of them. By this way, the proposed framework jointly addresses health and environmental sanitation improvements, and recovery and reuse of natural resources. Moreover, interventions encompass not only technical solutions but also behavioral, social, and institutional changes which are derived from the identified resilience patterns. The interventions are assessed with regards to their potential to eliminate or reduce specific risk factors and vulnerability, enhance health status, and assure equity. The framework is conceptualized and validated for the context of urban and peri-urban settings in developing countries focusing on waste, such as excreta, wastewater, and solid waste, their influence on food quality, and their related pathogens, nutrients, and chemical pollutants. 相似文献
17.
Alexander Kirpich Thomas A. Weppelmann Yang Yang Afsar Ali J. Glenn Morris Jr. Ira M. Longini 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2015,9(10)
In the current study, a comprehensive, data driven, mathematical model for cholera transmission in Haiti is presented. Along with the inclusion of short cycle human-to-human transmission and long cycle human-to-environment and environment-to-human transmission, this novel dynamic model incorporates both the reported cholera incidence and remote sensing data from the Ouest Department of Haiti between 2010 to 2014. The model has separate compartments for infectious individuals that include different levels of infectivity to reflect the distribution of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases in the population. The environmental compartment, which serves as a source of exposure to toxigenic V. cholerae, is also modeled separately based on the biology of causative bacterium, the shedding of V. cholerae O1 by humans into the environment, as well as the effects of precipitation and water temperature on the concentration and survival of V. cholerae in aquatic reservoirs. Although the number of reported cholera cases has declined compared to the initial outbreak in 2010, the increase in the number of susceptible population members and the presence of toxigenic V. cholerae in the environment estimated by the model indicate that without further improvements to drinking water and sanitation infrastructures, intermittent cholera outbreaks are likely to continue in Haiti. 相似文献
18.
The Relationship between Water,Sanitation and Schistosomiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Jack E. T. Grimes David Croll Wendy E. Harrison Jürg Utzinger Matthew C. Freeman Michael R. Templeton 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2014,8(12)
Background
Access to “safe” water and “adequate” sanitation are emphasized as important measures for schistosomiasis control. Indeed, the schistosomes'' lifecycles suggest that their transmission may be reduced through safe water and adequate sanitation. However, the evidence has not previously been compiled in a systematic review.Methodology
We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting schistosome infection rates in people who do or do not have access to safe water and adequate sanitation. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 31 December 2013, without restrictions on year of publication or language. Studies'' titles and abstracts were screened by two independent assessors. Papers deemed of interest were read in full and appropriate studies included in the meta-analysis. Publication bias was assessed through the visual inspection of funnel plots and through Egger''s test. Heterogeneity of datasets within the meta-analysis was quantified using Higgins'' I2.Principal Findings
Safe water supplies were associated with significantly lower odds of schistosomiasis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47–0.61). Adequate sanitation was associated with lower odds of Schistosoma mansoni, (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.47–0.73) and Schistosoma haematobium (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.57–0.84). Included studies were mainly cross-sectional and quality was largely poor.Conclusions/Significance
Our systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that increasing access to safe water and adequate sanitation are important measures to reduce the odds of schistosome infection. However, most of the studies were observational and quality was poor. Hence, there is a pressing need for adequately powered cluster randomized trials comparing schistosome infection risk with access to safe water and adequate sanitation, more studies which rigorously define water and sanitation, and new research on the relationships between water, sanitation, hygiene, human behavior, and schistosome transmission. 相似文献19.