Grain and flour quality of wheat genotypes grown under heat stress

Heat stress during the grain-filling period is the main abiotic stress factor limiting grain yield and quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, 64 wheat genotypes were exposed to heat stress during reproduction caused by delayed sowing in two growing seasons. Grain yield, 1000 grain weight (GW), grain hardness (GH), and grain-quality related traits were investigated. Heat stress caused a significant decrease in GW through reducing starch content (SC) and a non-compensating rise in protein content (PC), and thereby resulted in lower yield. In addition, significant increases in flour water absorption (WA), Zeleny sedimentation volume (ZT), ash content (AC), lipid content (LC), loaf volume (LV), wet gluten content (WG), dry gluten content (DG), gluten index (GI), and amylopectin content (APC) were found following heat stress. In contrast, decreases in grain moisture content (MC) and amylose content (AMC) induced by heat stress were observed. The heat-tolerant genotypes were superior in grain yield, GW, SC, AMC, and MC. While the sensitive genotypes contained higher PC, LV, GI and AMP. A group of wheat genotypes characterized with a higher yield, AMC, GW, and SC as well as lower PC, WA, GH, ZT, and LV; and was found to be the most heat tolerant by principal component analysis. Lighter weight and smaller grains produce a smaller starchy endosperm with lower quality (less amylose) and higher grain protein content in heat stress compared to normal conditions. Heat stress caused by delayed sowing improves some of the baking-quality related traits.     

花后灌水次数对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

在防雨池栽培条件下,以2个优质强筋小麦品种（济麦20和藁城8901）为试验材料,研究了花后不同水分供应状况对籽粒产量、籽粒品质（粉质仪参数和面包体积）及其蛋白质组分的影响.结果表明：2个品种的籽粒产量、面粉的面团形成时间、面团稳定时间和制成面包体积均随花后灌水次数的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势;其中,花后灌1水（花后7 d）时藁城8901的籽粒产量最高,花后灌2水（花后7 d+花后14 d）时济麦20的籽粒产量最高;2个品种面粉的面团形成时间、面团稳定时间和制成面包体积均以花后灌1水时最优.单体蛋白含量、不溶性谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白总含量、蛋白质含量以及湿面筋含量也呈现类似的变化趋势.逐步回归分析表明,花后不同水分供应状况下,不溶性谷蛋白含量是影响面团稳定时间的关键因素,谷蛋白总含量与面包体积的变化密切相关.因此,为了保持优质强筋小麦品质的稳定性,水分管理应以改善籽粒蛋白质特别是谷蛋白组分的构成为目标.     

强筋与弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质组分与加工品质对灌浆期弱光的响应

选用强筋小麦品种济麦20和弱筋小麦品种山农1391,在大田试验条件下,分别于籽粒灌浆前期(花后6—9 d)、中期(花后16—19 d)和后期(花后26—29 d)对小麦进行弱光照处理,研究了籽粒产量、蛋白质组分及加工品质的变化。灌浆期弱光显著降低小麦籽粒产量,灌浆中期对济麦20和灌浆后期对山农1391的产量降幅最大。弱光处理后,籽粒氮素积累量及氮素收获指数减少。但弱光使籽粒蛋白质含量显著升高,其中灌浆中期弱光升幅最大,原因可能是由于其粒重降低造成的。弱光对可溶性谷蛋白无显著影响,但增加不溶性谷蛋白含量,使谷蛋白聚合指数显著升高,面团形成时间和稳定时间亦升高,籽粒灌浆中、后期弱光对上述指标的影响较前期大。灌浆期短暂的弱光照对改善强筋小麦粉质仪参数有利,但使弱筋小麦变劣;并均伴随籽粒产量的显著降低这一不利影响。     

春播小麦品质与生育进程和气候条件的关系

1998～2000年,用10个小麦品种在北京进行了3个年度的春播试验,以探讨生育进程和气候条件对品质的影响．结果表明,一些品质性状的品种间差异不显著,而年度间差异显著．播种．成熟天数和籽粒硬度呈极显著负相关．抽穗-成熟天数与籽粒湿面筋含量也呈极显著负相关．抽穗．成熟期间的昼夜温差与籽粒NIR蛋白含量呈显著负相关;总辐射量、昼夜温差与湿面筋含量呈极显著负相关,总日照与湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关;总辐射量、总日照、日均温、昼夜温差与沉降值呈显著负相关．在春播小麦优质栽培中,根据不同需要,既可使用生育期较短的品种,也可使用生育期较长的品种．种植生育期较长的品种时,可与间作、套种结合起来．     

新引进意大利小麦品种农艺和品质性状的评价

对新引进的25份意大利小麦品种进行了主要农艺和品质性状的鉴定。结果表明这批材料在蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和植株高度、穗粒数等方面表现较优良,相关分析还表明较高的沉淀值、湿面筋含量和蛋白质含量与矮秆和较早熟存在一定的一致性。     

基因型与生态环境对小麦籽粒品质与蛋白质组分的影响

通过2年3点试验,研究了40个小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种(品系)籽粒品质性状和蛋白质组分含量的变异。结果表明,籽粒品质和蛋白质组分在基因型间存在较大的差异;根据小麦籽粒品质的综合性状,可将40个小麦品种(品系)分为6组不同的品质类型,在本试验点的生态环境条件下。基本以中筋及弱筋小麦为主;生态环境对小麦籽粒的容重、沉降值、湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量、赖氨酸含量与蛋白质组分含量均有极显著的影响,而面筋指数、淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量对环境反应不敏感,适宜的生态环境条件有利于形成合理的谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比。面粉面筋质量好,基因型与生态环境的互作对小麦籽粒品质。谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白及两者的比值有显著影响,对球蛋白影响不大,而面粉蛋白质含量、面筋含量、沉降值及千粒重主要受基因的表达和环境的独立影响,蛋白质组分含量在基因型间和环境间的变化与小麦籽粒烘烤品质密切相关。     

Photosynthetic characteristics and enzymatic antioxidant capacity of flag leaf and the grain yield in two cultivars of Triticum aestivum (L.) exposed to warmer growth conditions

Using late sowing practice, the reproductive growth (anthesis and kernel filling) phase of two wheat cultivars, HD 1553 and HD 2307 was exposed to warmer growth conditions, and the effect on grain yield was examined. The grain weight declined in late-sown plants of both cultivars, but the number of grains per spike decreased drastically in HD 1553 plants. In this cultivar exposure to warmer temperature during reproductive phase led to 67% fewer grains per spike. Examination of photosynthetic and enzymatic antioxidant capacity in flag leaves of late-sown plants revealed a marked reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoid pigmentation in addition to a decline in the activity of H2O2 metabolising enzymes in HD 1553 cultivar. The photo-oxidative pigment loss due to warmer growth conditions in late-shown HD 1553 plants could lead to a reduction in flag leaf photosynthesis and contribute to poor grain yield.     

灌溉对干旱区冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的影响

为探明灌溉对干旱区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、干物质积累及分配等的影响, 以甘肃河西走廊冬小麦适宜种植品种‘临抗2号’为材料进行了研究。在冬季灌水180 mm的条件下, 生育期以灌水量和灌水次数等共设置5个处理, 分别为: 拔节期灌水量165 mm (W1)、拔节期灌水量120 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm (W2)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm +灌浆期灌水量105 mm (W3)、拔节期灌水量75 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量75 mm (W4)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量45 mm (W5)。结果表明: 随着生育期的推进, 土壤有效含水量(AWC)受灌水次数及灌水量影响更加明显; W3、W4处理的土壤各层AWC在灌浆期均较高; 叶面积指数(LAI)下降慢, 延缓了生育后期的衰老; 生育后期干物质积累增加, 提高了穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量。籽粒产量以W3处理最高, 但W4具有最高的WUE, 且籽粒产量与W3无显著差异, 但W4较灌溉总量相同的W2和W5以及灌水量最少的W1具有明显的指标优势。W1、W2、W5处理灌浆期各层土壤AWC均较低, 花后LAI下降快, 干物质积累减少, 灌浆持续期缩短, 穗粒数和千粒重减少, 最终表现为籽粒产量和WUE下降。灌浆期水分胁迫可促进花前储存碳库向籽粒的再转运, 并随着干旱胁迫的加重而提高, 对籽粒产量起补偿作用; 水分胁迫提高了灌浆速率, 但缩短了灌浆持续期。相关性分析表明, 灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期、有效灌浆期粒重增加值和最大籽粒灌浆速率出现时间与千粒重和籽粒产量均呈正相关。综合考虑, 拔节、抽穗及灌浆期各灌溉75 mm是高产高WUE的最佳灌水方案。     

根部喷施FeSO_4对春小麦籽粒组分和面粉品质的影响

以4个春小麦品种为材料,在温室条件下研究了根部喷施不同量FeSO4对小麦籽粒硫含量、铁含量、蛋白质含量、淀粉组成、SDS沉淀值、面筋品质和面团流变学特性的影响.结果表明:喷施FeSO4后4个品种的硫含量、铁含量、蛋白含量、SDS沉淀值、湿面筋含量和面筋指数均显著高于对照,但各处理间干面筋含量无显著变化,且不同品种、不同品质参数达到最高值的FeSO4喷施量并不一致;2个品种的直链淀粉含量、直支比和总淀粉含量比对照显著降低,另2个品种直链淀粉含量和直支比却无显著变化;各品种的面团形成时间、稳定时间和断裂时间随着FeSO4喷施量的增加呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,并均在15 g/m2或22.5 g/m2 FeSO4喷施量水平达到最佳,但均与FeSO4喷施量无显著相关性.研究发现,根部喷施适宜浓度的FeSO4可在一定程度上改善春小麦籽粒组分和面粉品质,但改善的效果因品种和品质参数而异.     

AlA对冬小麦不同粒位籽粒灌浆影响的动态模拟及特征分析

以百农矮抗58为材料,采用大田试验的方法,研究了在始穗期喷施不同浓度(10mg/L、30 mg、50 mg/L)的5-氨基乙酰戊酸(5-Aminolevulinic acid,ALA)对冬小麦不同粒位籽粒灌浆特性的影响.应用Richards方程对10～50 mg/L ALA处理下冬小麦3个粒位(第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ粒位)的籽粒灌浆过程进行了模拟.建立在Richards方程基础上的籽粒生长分析显示:与对照相比,10～50 mg/L ALA处理使第Ⅰ和第Ⅲ粒位的千粒重分别增加了1.3～2.4g、3.4～4.7,较对照差异显著,第Ⅱ粒位的粒重与对照差异不显著;10～50 mg/L ALA处理使冬小麦3个粒位籽粒的平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率增大,灌浆活跃持续期延长,到达最大灌浆速率的时间提前.阶段灌浆特征参数的比较表明,在籽粒灌浆的渐增期,10～50 mg/L ALA处理使冬小麦3个粒位籽粒的平均灌浆速率增加,灌浆持续期缩短;在籽粒灌浆的快增期,使3个粒位籽粒的平均灌浆速率增加,灌浆持续期延长.在籽粒灌浆的缓增期,使强势粒(第Ⅰ、第Ⅱ粒位)的平均灌浆速率减小,灌浆持续期延长,但使弱势粒(第Ⅲ粒位)的平均灌浆速率增加,灌浆持续期延长.表明在灌浆的前期和中期,10～50 mg/L ALA处理可促进各粒位籽粒提早启动灌浆,并提高其灌浆速率,在灌浆后期减弱了强势粒对弱势粒籽粒灌浆充实的优势,从而有利于弱势粒的灌浆充实.从总体上讲,10～50 mg/L ALA对弱势粒(第Ⅲ粒位)粒重的影响程度大于强势粒(第Ⅰ和第Ⅱ粒位),其中30 mg/L ALA促进籽粒增重的效果最明显.     

Protein markers of traits of plants in breeding spring wheat for grain productivity and quality

A comparative study of the composition of gliadin proteins contained in grains of different-quality wheat cultivars Rollo and Drott and four forms of hybrids F9 and F10, obtained by crossing these cultivars, has been performed. The traits of grain productivity of ears, quality of flour, dough, and gluten were analyzed. Groups of genetically linked gliadin components, controlled by chromosomes 1 and 6 of homoeologous groups, have been identified as protein markers of selectively valuable traits of plants.     

烯效唑干拌种对小麦氮素积累和运转及籽粒蛋白质品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同烯效唑干拌种剂量对3个不同筋力小麦品种植株氮素积累、运转和籽粒蛋白质品质的影响,结果表明,基因型、环境及烯效唑处理对小麦品质的影响效应依次减小,且均达到了极显著水平,但三者的互作效应较小。烯效唑处理后提高了不同生态点下不同小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量和产量,处理后的面筋含量和沉淀值增加,面团形成时间和稳定时间延长;干拌种增加了开花期各营养器官中的氮素含量和单株氮素积累量,花后氮素总转移量、总转移率及其对籽粒氮的贡献率极显著提高,且处理后旗叶中可溶性蛋白质含量在花后15 d内均显著高于对照;对籽粒中氮含量而言,烯效唑处理后提高了灌浆初期籽粒中的非蛋白氮含量,花后5—20 d内均高于对照,灌浆期间籽粒蛋白氮含量均高于对照,因而处理后的粗蛋白质含量变化动态特点为谷底高、回升快。研究认为,烯效唑处理如同基因、环境一样独立影响小麦籽粒品质,而烯效唑处理后提高了开花初期旗叶中的可溶性蛋白质含量和花前营养器官中氮素含量及花后氮素转运量,可能是其提高籽粒非蛋白氮含量、促进籽粒蛋白质含量增加和蛋白质质量提高的重要原因之一,烯效唑干拌种对小麦籽粒蛋白质品质的改善具有广适性。     

温度对小麦碳氮代谢、产量及品质影响

 摘 要 环境温度的变化影响植物的碳氮代谢过程,从而改变植物的生长发育。综述了小麦光合产物形成、叶片蔗糖合成、茎鞘中非结构碳水化合物合成与降解、籽粒淀粉合成的一般规律及其在不同温度条件下所发生的变化,指出了小麦灌浆期温度超过30 ℃后粒重和产量将会降低。小麦品质主要由胚乳中面筋蛋白的特性决定,从小麦籽粒蛋白质形成、含量、组分等方面分析了其与灌浆期温度的关系,根据面筋蛋白特性的变化,认为高温胁迫对小麦烘烤品质会产生不利影响。同时全球气候变暖可能加重小麦灌浆期的高温危害,提出了今后相关研究中将要出现的3个热点问题：1）CO2浓度升高和温度升高协同作用对小麦产量和品质的影响,2）小麦耐热性的生理机制及其栽培调控措施,3）筛选小麦耐热基因及选育耐热新品种。     

西藏和北京异地种植小麦的品质变化

1998～2001年在林芝、日喀则、拉萨、北京布点,开展了多品种异地种植的春播和秋播田间联合试验,统一检测了籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、降落值、籽粒硬度5项指标,以探讨异地种植的品质变化,为西藏发展优质专用小麦提供试验依据。结果表明,不同小麦品种之间以及相同品种不同地点之间,品质性状都有差异,但地点间差异更大,经相关分析,蛋白质含量分别与湿面筋含量、沉降值、降落值、籽粒硬度呈正相关,籽粒蛋白质含量可作为小麦品质性状中的一项核心指标,在相同地点种植,内地品种的品质性状参数比西藏品种高,西藏品种表现弱筋或中筋小麦特性;相同品种在北京种植,品质性状参数高于西藏3试点,内地品种在西藏种植,品质性状参数降低,在西藏3试点之间,相同品种的品质性状也有差异,生态高度(纬度×海拔)与品种的生育天数呈正相关,生育天数与蛋白质含量呈负相关,生态高度又与蛋白质含量呈负相关,在西藏小麦生产中,应以发展中筋小麦为主,还可引入一些优良的内地品种,并且按照品质区划种植。     

Physicochemical properties of proteins from wheat grown under high-contrast climatic conditions

Studies using electrophoresis, gel chromatography, viscometry, and calorimetry revealed an interrelation of several physicochemical properties of proteins of soft wheat grown under conditions of cool and wet weather with rheological characteristics of gluten and dough and bread quality. The ratio of gliadin and albumin-globulin polypeptides in flour with short-tearing gluten was much lower compared to that in flour with normal gluten. Proteins from flour with short-tearing gluten, including the water-soluble and salt-soluble fraction, had a loose spatial structure. Gluten fractions of this gluten (gliadin and glutenin) were characterized by a more compact and elongated structure compared to normal gluten. As distinct from normal gluten, the conformation of protein particles in short-tearing gluten depended little on hydrophobic interactions. The results suggest that the main components of grain determine the rheological properties of short-tearing gluten.     

Physicochemical properties of proteins from wheat grown under high-contrast climatic conditions

Studies using electrophoresis, gel chromatography, viscometry, and calorimetry revealed an interrelation of several physicochemical properties of proteins of soft wheat grown under conditions of cool and wet weather with rheological characteristics of gluten and dough and bread quality. The ratio of gliadin and albumin-globulin polypeptides in flour with short-tearing gluten was much lower compared to that in flour with normal gluten. Proteins from flour with short-tearing gluten, including the water-soluble and salt-soluble fraction, had a loose spatial structure. Gluten fractions of this gluten (gliadin and glutenin) were characterized by a more compact and elongated structure compared to normal gluten. As distinct from normal gluten, the conformation of protein particles in short-tearing gluten depended little on hydrophobic interactions. The results suggest that the main components of grain determine the rheological properties of short-tearing gluten.     

Impact of Eurygaster maura (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) feeding on quality of bread wheat in relation to attack period

Sunn pest (or cereal bug) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae) infestations of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in the grain filling stage have the potential to adversely affect the quality of harvested grain for bread making. In the absence of resistant wheat cultivars, producers must rely on chemical control to protect their crop from sunn pest infestations. To implement an efficient environment friendly control strategy, there is a need to pinpoint the relationships between the timing of the bug attack and gluten degradation. Recent outbreaks of Eurygaster maura (L.) in northwestern Italy have increased the local concern toward this problem. A 3-yr study was carried out by caging plants of two bread wheat cultivars, characterized by different seed texture and bread-making quality, and introducing adults of E. maura in four periods corresponding to different grain filling stages: heading, early milk-ripe, milk-ripe, and late milk-ripe. The degree of bread-making quality depletion was assessed by analytical and biochemical methods and related to the attack period. Using analysis of variance, significant differences were found in the quality traits of kernels attacked by E. maura in different grain filling stages, the maximum damage occurring with bug feeding at the late milk-ripe stage. Biochemical investigations on gluten confirmed analytical results; in grain samples infested at the late milk-ripe stage, SDS gel electrophoresis revealed the degradation of some components of the high-molecular-weight glutenins, and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses showed a breakdown of the first peak of the insoluble fraction, mainly containing polymeric proteins highly related to dough strength.     

花后干旱和渍水对不同品质类型小麦籽粒品质形成的影响

 防雨池栽条件下研究了花后干旱和渍水胁迫对两个不同品质类型小麦（Triticum aestivum）品种籽粒产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明,花后渍水和干旱处理明显降低了小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。在整个灌浆期内干旱处理明显提高了籽粒蛋白质和醇溶蛋白含量,而渍水处理降低了籽粒蛋白质及其组分的积累量。籽粒总淀粉和直链淀粉含量以渍水处理最高,而支链淀粉以对照最高。干旱处理提高了籽粒干、湿面筋含量、沉降值和降落值,而渍水处理降低了上述品质指标。试验表明干旱和渍水胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质与淀粉的含量和组分及面粉品质等均有不同程度的影响,从而改变了不同品质类型小麦的籽粒品质。     

小麦产量和品质对灌浆期不同阶段低光照强度的响应

在田间池栽条件下,分别于小麦(品种:'济南17' 和 '鲁麦21')(Triticum aestivum cv. 'Jinan17' and 'Lumai21') 灌浆的前期(开花后1~10 d), 中期(11~20 d)和后期(21~30 d)进行了遮去50%光合有效辐射的试验,研究了产量和品质的变化及其生理原因。主要结论如下:1)弱光条件下,光合物质生产均受到严重抑制,产量下降,容重降低;植株的氮素积累量减少、向子粒分配的比例低,但子粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量升高,其中,子粒灌浆前期遮光升高的幅度最大。2)遮光后小麦子粒麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均升高,但麦谷蛋白升高的幅度大于醇溶蛋白,使麦谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白的比例升高,麦谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)含量也升高,粉质仪参数也显著提高;子粒灌浆前期或中期遮光对上述指标的影响则较小,子粒品质的形成与灌浆后期的光照条件关系更为密切。3)灌浆期相对较弱的光照强度对改善品质有利,但以降低产量为代价,两个品种的小麦所表现出的趋势基本一致。