Structural basis for substrate recognition and cleavage by the dimerization-dependent CRISPR–Cas12f nuclease

Cas12f, also known as Cas14, is an exceptionally small type V-F CRISPR–Cas nuclease that is roughly half the size of comparable nucleases of this type. To reveal the mechanisms underlying substrate recognition and cleavage, we determined the cryo-EM structures of the Cas12f-sgRNA-target DNA and Cas12f-sgRNA complexes at 3.1 and 3.9 Å, respectively. An asymmetric Cas12f dimer is bound to one sgRNA for recognition and cleavage of dsDNA substrate with a T-rich PAM sequence. Despite its dimerization, Cas12f adopts a conserved activation mechanism among the type V nucleases which requires coordinated conformational changes induced by the formation of the crRNA-target DNA heteroduplex, including the close-to-open transition in the lid motif of the RuvC domain. Only one RuvC domain in the Cas12f dimer is activated by substrate recognition, and the substrate bound to the activated RuvC domain is captured in the structure. Structure-assisted truncated sgRNA, which is less than half the length of the original sgRNA, is still active for target DNA cleavage. Our results expand our understanding of the diverse type V CRISPR–Cas nucleases and facilitate potential genome editing applications using the miniature Cas12f.     

新生儿短肠综合征的肠内营养研究进展

从喂养方式、喂养过程、营养成分、护理重点等多方面综述新生儿短肠综合征肠内营养的研究进展,并结合患儿的实际病情以及实验室检查结果等指标,提出对患儿进行持续性的肠内营养支持的具体做法：（1）在现实情况允许的条件下,保证用母乳喂养患儿,无法提供母乳的情况下合理配比奶粉,并根据实际需要添加一些纤维和脂类的补充剂,保障患儿健康发育;（2）在给予肠内营养的过程中全程无菌化处理,调节适宜的温度,合理选择药物;（3）应用大规模对照试验方式,通过大数据对比总结出持续肠内营养对短肠综合征患儿的影响,为儿科护理工作提供科学依据。     

Introducing gene deletions by mouse zygote electroporation of Cas12a/Cpf1

Transgenic Research - CRISPR-associated (Cas) nucleases are established tools for engineering of animal genomes. These programmable RNA-guided nucleases have been introduced into zygotes using...     

CRISPR/Cas9的应用及脱靶效应研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在生命科学领域掀起了一场全新的技术革命,该技术可以对基因组特定位点进行靶向编辑,包括缺失、插入、修复等。CRISPR/Cas9比锌指核酸酶 (ZFNs)和转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶(TALENs)技术更易于操作,而且更高效。CRISPR/Cas9系统中的向导RNA(Single guide RNA, sgRNA)是一段与目标DNA片段匹配的RNA序列,指导Cas9蛋白对基因组进行识别。研究发现,设计的sgRNA会与非靶点DNA序列错配,引入非预期的基因突变,即脱靶效应(Off-target effects)。脱靶效应严重制约了CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的广泛应用。为了避免脱靶效应,研究者对影响脱靶效应的因素进行了系统研究并提出了许多降低脱靶效应的方法。文章总结了CRISPR/Cas9系统的应用及脱靶效应研究进展,以期为相关领域的工作提供参考。     

CRISPR/Cas系统：RNA靶向的基因组定向编辑新技术

CRISPR/Cas系统广泛存在于细菌及古生菌中, 是机体长期进化形成的RNA指导的降解入侵病毒或噬菌体DNA的适应性免疫系统。对Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas系统的改造使其成为继锌指核酸酶(ZFNs)和TALE核酸酶(TALENs)以来的另一种对基因组进行高效定点修饰的新技术, 与ZFNs和TALENs相比, CRISPR/Cas系统更简单, 并且更容易操作。文章重点介绍了Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas系统的基本结构、作用原理及这一技术在基因组定点修饰中的应用, 剖析了该技术可能存在的问题, 展望了CRISPR/Cas系统的应用前景, 为开展这一领域的研究工作提供参考。     

The CRISPR-associated Cas4 protein Pcal_0546 from Pyrobaculum calidifontis contains a [2Fe-2S] cluster: crystal structure and nuclease activity

Cas4 nucleases constitute a core family of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) associated proteins, but little is known about their structure and activity. Here we report the crystal structure of the Cas4 protein Pcal_0546 from Pyrobaculum calidifontis, which revealed a monomeric protein with a RecB-like fold and one [2Fe-2S] cluster coordinated by four conserved Cys residues. Pcal_0546 exhibits metal-dependent 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity against ssDNA substrates, whereas the Cas4 protein SSO1391 from Sulfolobus solfataricus can cleave ssDNA in both the 5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′ directions. The active site of Pcal_0546 contains a bound metal ion coordinated by the side chains of Asp123, Glu136, His146, and the main chain carbonyl of Ile137. Site-directed mutagenesis of Pcal_0546 and SSO1391 revealed that the residues of RecB motifs II, III and QhXXY are critical for nuclease activity, whereas mutations of the conserved Cys residues resulted in a loss of the iron-sulfur cluster, but had no effect on DNA cleavage. Our results revealed the biochemical diversity of Cas4 nucleases, which can have different oligomeric states, contain [4Fe-4S] or [2Fe-2S] clusters, and cleave single stranded DNA in different directions producing single-stranded DNA overhangs, which are potential intermediates for the synthesis of new CRISPR spacers.     

A new family of CRISPR‐type V nucleases with C‐rich PAM recognition

Most CRISPR‐type V nucleases are stimulated to cleave double‐stranded (ds) DNA targets by a T‐rich PAM, which restricts their targeting range. Here, we identify and characterize a new family of type V RNA‐guided nuclease, Cas12l, that exclusively recognizes a C‐rich (5''‐CCY‐3′) PAM. The organization of genes within its CRISPR locus is similar to type II‐B CRISPR‐Cas9 systems, but both sequence analysis and functional studies establish it as a new family of type V effector. Biochemical experiments show that Cas12l nucleases function optimally between 37 and 52°C, depending on the ortholog, and preferentially cut supercoiled DNA. Like other type V nucleases, it exhibits collateral nonspecific ssDNA and ssRNA cleavage activity that is triggered by ssDNA or dsDNA target recognition. Finally, we show that one family member, Asp2Cas12l, functions in a heterologous cellular environment, altogether, suggesting that this new group of CRISPR‐associated nucleases may be harnessed as genome editing reagents.     

CRISPR/Cas9:基因编辑的新时代

基因编辑技术是通过核酸内切酶对基因组DNA进行定向改造的技术,可以实现对特定DNA碱基的缺失、替换等,常用的四种基因编辑工具分别是:巨型核酸酶、锌指核酸酶、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶以及CRISPR/Cas9系统.其中CRISPR/Cas9系统作为一种新型的基因组编辑技术具有组成简单、特异性好、切割效率高的优点.该文对...     

Activities and specificities of CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases for targeted mutagenesis in maize

CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas12a (Cpf1) nucleases are two of the most powerful genome editing tools in plants. In this work, we compared their activities by targeting maize glossy2 gene coding region that has overlapping sequences recognized by both nucleases. We introduced constructs carrying SpCas9‐guide RNA (gRNA) and LbCas12a‐CRISPR RNA (crRNA) into maize inbred B104 embryos using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. On‐target mutation analysis showed that 90%–100% of the Cas9‐edited T0 plants carried indel mutations and 63%–77% of them were homozygous or biallelic mutants. In contrast, 0%–60% of Cas12a‐edited T0 plants had on‐target mutations. We then conducted CIRCLE‐seq analysis to identify genome‐wide potential off‐target sites for Cas9. A total of 18 and 67 potential off‐targets were identified for the two gRNAs, respectively, with an average of five mismatches compared to the target sites. Sequencing analysis of a selected subset of the off‐target sites revealed no detectable level of mutations in the T1 plants, which constitutively express Cas9 nuclease and gRNAs. In conclusion, our results suggest that the CRISPR/Cas9 system used in this study is highly efficient and specific for genome editing in maize, while CRISPR/Cas12a needs further optimization for improved editing efficiency.     

CRISPR/Cas9介导的疾病模型构建与基因修复研究进展

近年来,可编程核酸酶介导的基因编辑技术迅猛发展。CRISPR/Cas9技术源于细菌和古生菌的适应性免疫系统,主要由Cas9内切酶和向导RNA（guide RNA,gRNA）组成。Cas9内切酶在gRNA的指导下造成DNA的双链断裂,从而使研究人员能够精准高效地操纵特定基因组位点。同时,该系统可以揭示基因在疾病进程中所扮演的未知角色,在临床治疗中有应用潜能。现总结了CRISPR/Cas9技术在疾病模型构建与基因修复领域应用的研究进展。