Microtopography and distribution of canopy trees in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the northern part of Okinawa Island,Japan

The spatial distribution of trees in relation to topography was investigated using two topographic indices, slope steepness and slope configuration, in a 4-ha plot in a subtropical evergreen forest in the northern part of Okinawa Island, Japan. Most species showed an aggregated distribution and patch size was related to various microtopographical features, including small ridges and valleys. In a cluster analysis based on the dissimilarity of each species distribution, the species were divided into three major clusters. A significant correlation between the dissimilarity and the distance between each species on the axis of the two topographic indices indicated that species association was, in part, explained by the topographic indices. I suggest that species distributed on steep and concave slopes regenerate depending on disturbances such as landslides on unstable topography, whereas species distributed on ridges and upper slopes regenerate depending on the canopy gap. A number of species that were less abundant in the 4-ha plot occurred in the riparian area near a stream, where the density of more abundant species was low. The results of this study support the existence of habitat niche divergence related to topography in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest.     

Community composition and tree population structure in a sub-tropical broad-leaved forest along a disturbance gradient

Floristic composition, diversity, dominance and distribution pattern of species and tree population structure were studied in three stands of a sub-tropical wet hill broad-leaved forest of Meghalaya, India, along a disturbance gradient. Tree species diversity declined with increasing disturbance. Disturbed stands showed low equitability or high dominance and the undisturbed stand exhibited high equitability or low dominance. Contagious distribution among the tree species increased with increasing intensity of disturbance. Species showing regular distribution were restricted only to the undisturbed stand. Effect of disturbance on tree population structure was analysed using density-diameter curves. In the disturbed stands tree species showed reverse J-shaped and/or negative exponential curves, while those in the undisturbed stand exhibited sigmoid to bimodal mound shaped curves.     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林地上碳储量空间分布特征及其影响因素

旨在探讨南亚热带常绿阔叶林地上碳储量空间分布特征及其影响因素,为了解该区域森林的碳汇功能提供理论依据。通过对鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20 hm²固定森林样地调查数据,采用一元线性回归分析和主成分分析方法,划分优势种和非优势种,研究地上碳储量的空间分布和生物/非生物因素的影响,获取了以下结果:(1)优势种对鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林地上碳储量贡献更大(1533.85 Mg,74.72%),尤其是大径级物种(1389.68 Mg,67.69%)。优势种地上碳储量(CV=0.635)的空间分布较非优势种(CV=0.690)更加均匀。(2)物种多样性与优势种和总体地上碳储量负相关,而与非优势种正相关。(3)群落总体、优势种和非优势种的地上碳储量均与结构多样性显著正相关。然而,结构多样性对非优势种地上碳储量的影响程度高于优势种。(4)群落中的土壤营养度、凹凸度与地上碳储量正相关。综上所述,通过提升非优势种的物种多样性可以增加鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林地上碳储量。此外,改善土壤营养条件也有助于提升南亚热带森林的碳汇功能。     

冠层结构和光环境的时空变化对紫耳箭竹种群特征的影响

选择金佛山国家自然保护区内落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林3种典型群落类型,研究冠层结构和光环境特征,以及林下优势种--紫耳箭竹的种群特征.结果表明: 随着落叶阔叶林→常绿落叶阔叶混交林→常绿阔叶林的演替,Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou指数呈增加趋势,表明群落趋于稳定发展的状态;冠层结构特征也发生了显著改变,冠层开度和平均叶倾角减小,叶面积指数增加,冠层的消光能力增强,林下光照水平降低.上层林冠是造成林型郁闭的主要原因,其中冠层厚度和冠层面积是2个主要的影响因素.冠层结构与林下光照指标显著相关,对林下散射光的影响最大.冠层开度、林下光照条件均随着生长季的到来而下降,而叶面积指数呈现增长的趋势,峰值出现在6、7月;平均叶倾角在春季达到最大值,在夏季为最小值.紫耳箭竹的生长与冠层结构和光环境密切相关,其在光照适中的常绿落叶阔叶混交林中生长得最好,分株粗壮、密度大(29.69±1.68株·m^-2),地下茎拓展能力强;落叶阔叶林中的强光环境可能造成土壤水分缺失,从而对其生长产生影响;而在常绿阔叶林的低光环境下紫耳箭竹分株矮小,密度小(5.80±1.16株·m^-2),克隆扩展能力降低.在森林结构演变的过程中,冠层结构发生了明显的改变,显著影响林下光环境,过度的低光环境对紫耳箭竹种群的更新和发展有限制作用.     

论季雨林的水平地带性

季雨林是受制于湿度因子的经度地带性植被类型,它是随着湿度条件的下降由热带雨林向热带疏林过渡的居间类型,而不是受制于温度因子的纬度地带性植被类型,不是随着温度条件的下降由热带雨林向亚热带常绿阔叶林过渡的居间类型。我国南亚热带的榕树群系、黄桐群系,以及热带北缘的青皮群系均不应是季雨林,前二者是典型的南亚热带低地常绿阔叶林或南亚热带雨林,后者则是热带雨林的一分类群。     

浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林凋落叶养分含量的时空分布特征

植物凋落叶养分含量的时空分布格局在森林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥着关键作用,尤其是对森林土壤养分情况有重要的影响,而在群落结构复杂的亚热带森林中基于群落整体水平的凋落叶养分含量特征研究相对匮乏。在位于浙江天童国家森林公园中的20 hm²动态监测样地进行,收集凋落叶并测定其碳、氮、磷含量,结合不同生活型物种的凋落高峰,春季和初夏为常绿树种凋落高峰;秋季为落叶树种凋落高峰,以及地形特征对凋落叶养分含量的时空分布特征进行探究。结果表明：在时间尺度上,凋落叶养分含量表现为不同凋落高峰之间的差异,碳含量表现为秋季高峰 < 春季高峰 < 初夏季高峰,氮、磷含量为秋季高峰大于春季和初夏季高峰;在空间尺度上,凋落叶养分含量则表现为沟谷地形和山脊地形之间的差异性,在秋季凋落高峰时碳含量在沟谷地形显著低于山脊地形,氮、磷含量在山脊地形显著低于其他地形。研究结果表明群落物种组成及其生活型差异是造成森林群落水平凋落叶养分含量时空差异的主要原因。     

气候变化对亚热带常绿阔叶林优势类群樟属植物的影响及保护评估

常绿阔叶林的优势类群由于其个体数量多、盖度大、生物量高、生存能力强, 对维持相应生态系统的稳定起着主导作用。樟属(Cinnamomum)植物为亚热带常绿阔叶林的优势类群, 通过对其过去、当前和未来潜在分布区的研究可以了解该类群的变迁历史, 为理解亚热带常绿阔叶林动态变化提供帮助, 有助于亚热带常绿阔叶林保育策略的制定。本研究利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型模拟了我国樟属47种植物在5个时期(末次间冰期、末次盛冰期、全新世中期、当前和未来)的潜在分布区及物种丰富度热点区域。此外, 根据樟属植物的物种丰富度热点区域与自然保护区相叠加, 对当前自然保护区的保护状态进行了评估, 尤其是为保护亚热带常绿阔叶林而设立的自然保护区。结果表明: 樟属物种的潜在分布区在5个时期变化均不大, 仅在亚热带-温带交界处的各大山脉和平原之间出现局部收缩和扩张; 值得注意的是, 物种丰富度热点区域在5个时期变化明显, 末次盛冰期面积最大, 相较于末次间冰期、全新世中期和当前分别多96%、88%和37%; 未来(~2080年)两种不同温室气体排放典型浓度途径(representative concentration pathways, RCP) (RCP2.6和RCP8.5)下, 樟属物种丰富度热点区域面积将分别比当前收缩8.4%和10.0%, 并且随着温室气体排放的增加, 物种热点区域收缩趋势会更加明显。此外, 本研究发现樟属物种丰富度热点区域主要位于我国四川东南部、贵州南部、广西和广东, 然而仅7.5%位于现有自然保护区内, 未来自然保护区、国家公园等自然保护地的扩建、选址和规划应优先考虑四川东南部和华南地区。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本植物的多样性与空间分布

木质藤本植物是热带、亚热带山地森林重要的组分之一, 在森林动态、生态系统过程和森林生物多样性形成与维持等方面具有重要作用。本文调查了哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本植物的多样性及其在垂直和水平空间上的分布规律。在20个20 m × 50 m的样地中共调查到DBH≥0.2 cm的木质藤本植物1,145株, 隶属于19科25属29种, 其中物种最丰富的科为菝葜科(4种)和蔷薇科(3种), 但多度最高的科为葡萄科(363株, 占总株数的31.7%)。研究发现林下木质藤本(通常DBH < 1 cm)拥有较高的物种丰富度和多度, 对木质藤本植物多样性具有较大的贡献。有55.7%的个体分布在林下层, 林冠层占28.8%, 亚冠层只有15.5%。木质藤本的垂直空间分布在不同径级、不同攀援类型之间具有明显的差异。 从水平空间分布来看, 地形是影响木质藤本的一个重要因素: 沟谷木质藤本的物种丰富度、多度和基面积分别是坡面的171%, 420%和606%; 有12个物种只分布在沟谷生境。这表明哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本植物对生境具有偏好性。     

中国亚热带4个森林动态监测样地无人机可见光遥感影像数据集

常绿阔叶林是我国亚热带地区的地带性植被类型。由于亚热带森林植物群落垂直结构复杂、林冠郁闭度高, 对常绿阔叶林冠层的研究尚缺乏高质量的监测数据。本数据集包含浙江天童山、浙江百山祖、广东车八岭、广东鼎湖山4个大于20 ha的森林动态监测样地2014年8月或2016年9月采集的无人机可见光遥感影像。本数据集是通过将无人机影像、地面控制点和地面调查数据相结合而获得的。每个样地的数据集包括4个文件: ~5 cm空间分辨率的正射影像图和数字表面模型、1 m空间分辨率的森林冠层高度数据和正射影像质量报告。本数据集可为常绿阔叶林的林冠生态学、生物多样性、生态系统功能等研究提供数据支撑。     

无量山半湿润常绿阔叶林的区系特征及保护生物学意义

无量山半湿润常绿阔叶林是其垂直带上重要的植被类型,目前面临被彻底毁灭的危险,从这类森林及相应地段的177种优势和常见植物的种类结构分析看,只有热带亚洲的成分,东亚中的中国－喜马拉雅成分和中国特有成分贯穿乔木A,B,C层,灌木层,草本和层外植物几大类中,而中国特有种的进一步分析表明了它的区系成分的亚热带性质,温带性质不是很显著,在无量半山湿润常绿阔叶林地段,还存在一些原生植被破坏后产生的次生落叶阔叶加以保护,因之有这么多的特点,加之其为重要特有类群和保护种类聚集的场所,该类植被明显具有不同层次的保护生物学意义。     

鼎湖山森林群落的总生产力

本文根据鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的垂直结构和成层现象,应用红外线CO_2气体分析等方法,分层测定了主要植物33种57株的光合速率,研究了两个群落的总初级生产力。结果表明:季风常绿阔叶林的总生产力(吨干物质·公顷~(-1),年~(-1))为146.695,针阔叶混交林为128.5597,前者比后者高,但后者叶面积指数适度,林内透光良好,树干生长粗壮,因而经济效益较高。     

暖温带地区3种森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态

以辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)为主的落叶阔叶林、华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林是暖温带林区具有代表性的森林群落类型。该研究应用国内外流行的半球图方法,通过对这3种森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的测定和综合比较,分析了叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态,揭示了暖温带地区不同类型森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的特征。研究结果表明,落叶阔叶林(优势种为辽东栎、棘皮桦(Betula dahurica)和五角枫(Acer mono))和华北落叶松林两种落叶森林群落的叶面积指数值均随生长季的到来而呈现增长的趋势,最大值出现在8月;林冠开阔度值随着生长季的到来而下降,最大值出现在11月。落叶阔叶林的叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态较之华北落叶松林明显。油松是常绿树种,其群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的变化程度均不明显,但林冠开阔度的变化趋势也是与叶面积指数的变化趋势相反。通过计算得出叶面积指数和林冠开阔度相关显著,并且呈现指数回归的关系。此研究结果为以遥感途径获取暖温带地区叶面积指数提供了地面校正依据,为研究该地区植被林冠的异质性及其造成的影响,以及进一步对该地区林分、景观和区域尺度上碳、水分和通量等方面的模拟提供了基础数据。     

Altitudinal distribution of evergreen broad-leaved trees and their leaf-size pattern on a humid subtropical mountain,Mt. Emei,Sichuan, China

Altitudinal distribution of evergreen broad-leaved trees and changes in their leaf sizes were studied on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt. Emei (3099 m a.s.l., 29°34.5 N, 103°21.5 E), Sichuan, China. Among the total woody flora of ca. 540 species, evergreen broad-leaved trees account for 88 species in 39 genera and 23 families, corresponding to the northern limit of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved trees. The number of evergreen broad-leaved tree species greatly decreased from the low-altitudinal, evergreen broad-leaved forest zone (600–1500 m) to the mid-altitudinal, mixed forest zone (1500–2500 m), and to the high-altitudinal, coniferous forest zone (2500–3099 m). The overall trend of reduced leaf size toward upper zones was analyzed and documented in detail. The 88 species were assigned to three leaf-size classes: notophylls (48%), microphylls (36%), and mesophylls (16%). The leaf size was relatively small and the specific leaf weight (SLW, mg cm^–2) was much larger in high altitude as compared to low altitude. No overall correlation was found between leaf size and SLW, but leaf size decreased as SLW increased toward high altitude for certain species having relatively wide altitudinal ranges. Moreover, leaf size varied with forest stratification: canopy trees were predominantly notophyllous species, while subcanopy and understorey trees were mainly microphyllous species. The tendency is compatible with the trend found in other mountains of East Asia.     

The Community Dynamics of the Forest Secondary Succession in Heishiding Natural Reserve of Guangdong Province

Studying on the community structure, species composition and species diversities of the secondary succession of lower subtropical forest in Heishiding Natural Reserve, Guangdong Province, the following results were obtained. In 2 ~4 years of restored stage the seedlings of pioneer species, heliophytes and mesophytes occur simultaneously. In 10 years of restored stage pioneer species are superior as heliophytes maintain stable and mesophytes are being decreased. In the stage of mixed forest pioneer species are on the decreasing and heliopytes are on the increasing trend. In the stage of evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by heliophytes pioneer species are being declined, heliophytes are dominant and mesophytes are being increased. In the stage of evergTeen broad-leaved forest dominated by mesophytes heliophytes are being declined and mesophytes are superior. The vertical structure, horizontal structure, the structure of species composition determine stability of communities in secondary succession process. The vertical structure of community is building up in the stage of restoration. The community is composed of the stands under the third class. The forest canopy is not stratified. The individual density is stable. From restored stage to mixed forest the vertical structure of community is diversified. There are the third and forth class stands in community. The tree layer is divided into three sub-layers. The individual density declines rapidly because of self-thinning. In the mixed forest the vertical stmcture is relatively stable. The abundance of the fifth class stands and area of breast height reach the first peak in the succession serial. The individual density increases rapidly. In stage of evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by heliophytes, the vertical structure changes largely. The abundance of the fifth class and area of breast height decline rapidly, but the individual density changes slowly. In the stage of evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by mesophytes, the vertical structure of community is stable and the composition of every stand class becomes more stable. The area of breast height is the biggest in the succession serial. When succession develops, the coverage of communities increases gradually but the turnover rate of species declines. The species composition tends to be stabilized. The diversity of species and community evenness increase gradually thus, the ecological dominance declines gradually.     

红灵山亚热带常绿阔叶林维管植物组成与群落结构特征

为了弄清四川天全县红灵山亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落类型及结构特征,在红灵山中山地段（海拔1700~2000 m）设置6个20 m×30 m的代表性样地,采用典型群落调查法,对其物种组成、群落结构、生物量和自然更新能力等进行研究。结果显示：（1）样地内调查到182个物种,属72科117属,显示出典型亚热带常绿阔叶林的植物区系组成特征;（2）以扁刺栲群系为主,可分为3个群丛组、5个群丛;（3）乔木层密度为2583~5383株/hm²,生物量为2.42×10⁵~4.26×10⁵ kg/hm²,冠层藤本植物地上生物量为1.01×10³ kg/hm²,死木质残体生物量为1.65×10⁵ kg/hm²,次生性特征明显;（4）幼苗丰富,其种类组成与乔木层的相似度为88.89%,说明其自然更新良好,群落结构正渐趋稳定。综合分析表明,红灵山的常绿阔叶林以扁刺栲群系为主,虽次生性明显,但目前保存较为完好,值得进一步强化生态保育。     

浙江海岛常绿阔叶林特征及其主要植物区系分析

我国东海的浙江沿海分布有星罗棋布的岛屿,其中较大的岛屿上分布有地带性的常绿阔叶林（如：樟木林、青冈林、石栎林和特殊的亮叶猴耳环林或以落叶成分占优的其他森林）,他们是标志性的植被类型或演替阶段,我们对这些植被类型中的优势植物种类进行了区系研究。结果显示,浙江海岛常绿阔叶林或类似森林中的优势和常见维管植物共有139种,只有热带亚洲成分、东亚成分中的中国-日本成分和中国特有成分贯穿于乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层外植物4大类中;进一步对15个木本中国特有种分析表明,其区系成分属亚热带性质,真正的温带性质不显著。在海岛这些植被出现的地段,还存在一些原生植被破坏后不同演替阶段的次生落叶阔叶林,其类型和面积都超过了地带性的常绿阔叶林,说明海岛除个别岛屿外曾经历了完全的破坏。目前,浙江海岛相应的演替阶段还不明确,它是研究特殊生境次生演替和恢复生态学的重要场所,这些常绿阔叶林和落叶林中富含重要的中国-日本海滨森林种类,对研究我国不同层次的常绿阔叶林具有重要的保护生物学意义。     

深圳梧桐山风景区昆虫资源调查及群落结构分析

2012年7月-2013年7月,对深圳梧桐山风景区昆虫资源进行系统调查,并对其群落结构进行分析。期间共采集昆虫标本2934号,鉴定出166种,隶属17目98科。通过对不同生境昆虫物种丰富度和多样性指数统计分析得出,亚热带常绿阔叶林昆虫物种多样性指数最高,为3.29;南亚热带常绿灌丛昆虫多样性指数最低,为1.88。各种生境昆虫物种多样性指数从大到小排列为:亚热带常绿阔叶林南亚热带针阔叶混交林南亚热带人工常绿阔叶林南亚热带常绿灌丛。不同生境昆虫群落相似性系数在0.0889-0.2690之间,随着植被构成和环境小气候的差别越大相似性系数越小,说明梧桐山风景区各个生境之间昆虫群落具有一定的独立性。通过对不同垂直地带昆虫物种多样性指数统计分析得出,海拔介于300-600 m地带昆虫物种多样性指数最高,为3.30,海拔900 m以上地带昆虫多样性指数最低,为1.06。不同垂直地带昆虫多样性指数从大到小排列顺序为:海拔300-600 m海拔600-900 m海拔100-300 m海拔900 m以上。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本对边缘效应的响应

全球范围内森林片断化现象日益严重。与其他木本植物(乔木和灌木)相比, 木质藤本更趋向于分布在片断化森林的边缘, 因而了解木质藤本对边缘效应的响应对于进一步了解其对森林动态的影响极其必要。本文对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林林缘到林内环境梯度上木质藤本的变化进行了调查。在形成年龄分别为13年、35年和53年的3种类型的林缘, 设置从林缘向林内连续延伸的长方形样地(20 m × 50 m)各10个(总面积3 ha), 每个样地再划分为5个20 m × 10 m的样方。在每个样方内对胸径≥ 0.2 cm且长度≥ 2.0 m的木质藤本进行了每木调查。在3 ha的林缘样地中共记录到木质藤本植物2,426株, 隶属于14科19属31种。木质藤本的物种丰富度和多度均随距林缘距离的增加而降低, 边缘效应深度在35年林缘的边缘为30 m, 13和53年林缘的边缘则为20 m; 它们的胸高断面积在53年林缘的边缘效应深度为20 m, 但在13和35年林缘的不同距离上差异不显著。木质藤本对边缘效应的响应在物种水平上存在显著差异, 主要呈现正向和中性的响应格局, 包括只分布于林缘的物种, 和从林缘到林内环境梯度上密度逐渐降低的物种; 也有对边缘效应不敏感的物种。典范对应分析(CCA)表明, 林冠开度、边缘形成年龄和土壤水分是决定木质藤本在片断化森林边缘分布的重要影响因子。     

Foliage-canopy structure and height distribution of woody species in climax forests

The correlation between foliage-canopy structure and vertical woody species distribution was examined in seven climax forests ranging from alpine tree limit to tropical rain forest. Foliage density was measured by two-dimensional canopy tomography using photographs. Both foliage density and the vertical species density (the number of woody species having a maximum height within a vertical 1 m) were high in the upper canopy of warm-temperate and subtropical forests, but they were high at lower stratums in the tropical rain forest. Two variables correlated significantly despite the differences in foliage-canopy structures. In contrast to evergreen broad-leaved forests, a clear correlation could not be detected in northern cool-temperate and sub-alpine forests. A possible reason for species convergence in the foliage dense stratum is that species with maximum height in that stratum may be able to survive in the stratum due to symmetrical crown-to-crown interaction. If the maximum height of dwarf species is less than the foliage dense stratum, it may be difficult to survive in the community. The lack of correlation in northern forests may be due to poor canopy tree flora and a mixture of different life forms (non-sprouting trees and sprouting shrubs).     

古田山24 ha森林动态监测样地常绿阔叶林群落结构和组成动态: 探讨2008年冰雪灾害的影响

常绿阔叶林是我国亚热带地区的地带性植被, 其中最为典型而且分布最广泛的是中亚热带常绿阔叶林。为探讨2008年初我国南方发生的冰雪灾害对中亚热带常绿阔叶林的影响, 以浙江省古田山国家级自然保护区24 ha森林动态监测样地内的中亚热带常绿阔叶林为例, 研究了该森林在冰雪灾害前后(2005-2010年)的群落结构及物种组成动态。结果表明, 群落径级结构变化较小, 但群落整体补员不足且死亡率较高; 多个粒度上的群落动态显示出一致的衰退特征, 但不同生境间的群落动态存在差异; 物种多度和胸高截面积多呈减小趋势, 但频度和重要值变化不明显。同时, 物种的多度、胸高截面积、频度和重要值等次序均无明显变化。这说明2008年发生的冰雪灾害对古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落的短期动态产生了较大的负面影响, 且其影响程度与植物胸径和地形等因素密切相关; 同时也反映了古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落结构对冰雪灾害干扰具有一定的抵抗力。