白薯天蛾的复眼结构及形态特征

白薯天蛾Herse convolvuli L.复眼的外部形状与棉铃虫蛾Heliothis armigera Hübner眼虽较相似但其结构却明显不同,大小也不等,其长为4.28毫米,宽为3.78毫米,整个复眼大约有27,000个小眼组成。小眼密度为1177.9/毫米,约为棉铃虫蛾小眼密度的1/3。复眼不同部位上的小眼长度不等,侧部最短,背、后、前、腹依次递增。视杆长度占小眼总长的比例明显地短于棉铃虫,其侧部小眼的视杆约占小眼总长的23%,而腹部视杆仅占小眼总长的18%左右。屏蔽色素移动的幅度也较小,当充分光适应色素带最宽时才仅占屈光器加透明区总长的35%左右,同样条件下棉铃虫蛾眼的色素带可宽达80%以上。网膜细胞在透明区基部膨大,细胞核大多数在此集中。本文对小眼及小眼间16个不同水平的横切面进行了形态上的描述并根据小眼结构上的某些特征讨论了与其功能和蛾子趋光行为之间相关的一些问题。     

日行性朱红毛斑蛾和夜行性斜纹夜蛾成虫复眼结构及其对光暗条件反应的比较研究

【目的】本研究旨在比较日行性朱红毛斑蛾Phauda flammans与夜行性斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura复眼的外部形态和内部显微结构及自然光照和全黑暗条件下小眼结构和色素颗粒变化的异同,为进一步探索日行性和夜行性蛾类基于视觉的生存和繁殖机制奠定基础。【方法】采用扫描电子显微镜观察朱红毛斑蛾与斜纹夜蛾成虫复眼外部形态并测定其成虫复眼小眼数量与复眼长度等参数,运用石蜡切片技术观察其成虫复眼内部组织结构,通过超景深显微系统观察其成虫复眼在自然光照和全黑暗环境中的光暗适应状态。【结果】斜纹夜蛾成虫的复眼长度[(1.67±0.05) mm]和宽度[1.57±0.02) mm]及小眼数量(8 816.38±25.56)均显著大于朱红毛斑蛾成虫的复眼长度[(0.74±0.11) mm]和宽度[(0.66±0.01) mm]及小眼数量(820.55±23.69)。自然光照和全黑暗条件下,斜纹夜蛾成虫复眼发生了明显的明暗适应状态的转变,而朱红毛斑蛾成虫的复眼无明显变化。自然光照条件下,朱红毛斑蛾小眼中的色素颗粒均匀分布于感杆束和晶锥两侧,斜纹夜蛾的则分布在晶锥和透明带之间;全黑暗条件下,两...     

栖境不同的两种跳甲复眼结构比较

栖息于荫暗隐蔽处的蛇莓跳甲(Altica fragariae)和向阳开阔地的萎陵跳甲(A.Ampelophaga)的复眼外部形态及小眼微细结构有如下相同特征：两复眼均比较小,呈“八”字型排列在头部近背方的两侧;每个小眼含有一个双凸面的角膜锥体、4个森氏细胞和7个小网膜细胞;2个主色素细胞及11-12个附色素细胞围绕在小眼的外缘;小网膜细胞和色素细胞内均有丰富色素颗粒,当光照强度发生变化时,小网膜细胞内的色素颗粒发生位移;在视杆中段横切面上,视杆由7个微绒毛呈平行排列的矩形视小杆组成,其中的6个视小杆互相连成一个近似六边形的框架,将另一个视小杆围在中央。两种跳甲复眼结构的主要差异有：蛇莓跳甲每个复眼大约仅有150个小眼,而萎陵跳甲约有2印个;复眼曲率半径前者只有后者的一半;视杆中段横切面上,视杆占整个小网膜面积的比率两虫分别为37%和25%,蛇莓跳甲高于萎陵跳甲。对以上形态结构特征可能具有的功能意义进行了初步讨论。     

棉铃虫蛾复眼的形态及显微结构

棉铃虫[Heliothis armigera(Hubner)]蛾复眼的外形约为椭球体绕长轴等切的2/5。最前和最后小眼之间的夹角约为150°,而最上和最下小眼之间的夹角约为180°,一个复眼大约包括8,900个小眼。每个小眼有一套由角膜、晶锥细胞及晶锥所组成的屈光器和分布在不同水平面上的7-9个小网膜细胞。其周围被6个次虹膜细胞所包围。两个明显可见的区域性差异为:1)复眼不同区域内小眼长度不等,背部区域最短,侧、后、腹和前各区域相继增加。2)背部区域视杆中段的横切面为矩形,其它区域的视杆为放射形。本文将小眼及其周围,从远端到基部分13个层次进行了结构上的描述。     

亲土苔蛾成虫复眼超微结构

【目的】重叠型眼在昆虫复眼演化中起着重要作用。本研究旨在阐明夜出型亲土苔蛾Manulea affineola复眼类型及结构特征,以期填补灯蛾亚科昆虫复眼研究的空白,扩充夜出型昆虫复眼的特征数据,为探讨重叠型眼的变异趋势及复眼演化提供依据。【方法】运用光学和透射电子显微技术观察亲土苔蛾成虫复眼的超微结构。【结果】亲土苔蛾成虫复眼具有一个透明区,由6个次级色素细胞的透明胞质构成。小眼具8个视网膜细胞,其中1个视网膜细胞较短,仅位于小眼基部。在透明区内,7个视网膜细胞聚集成一束,其远端与晶体束末端相接,但并不形成视杆。在透明区下方,这7个视网膜细胞形成一个中心融合的视杆。在复眼背缘区的小眼的视杆具有近似矩形的横截面,而其余小眼的视杆具多分支状截面。【结论】亲土苔蛾成虫复眼属于重叠型眼;复眼背缘区的矩形视杆很可能与昆虫的偏振敏感性有关。     

中国鞘蛾研究（鳞翅目：鞘蛾科）：脉鞘蛾组研究及三新种记述

报道了鞘蛾科 (Coleophoridae) 脉鞘蛾组 (Colephora follicularis group) ５个分布于中国的种, 其中有3个新种和2个中国新记录种：矛尖脉鞘蛾(新种)Coleophra jaculatoria sp. nov. 分布于陕西(周至);奇脉鞘蛾Coleophora frankii Schmidt新记录于新疆(巩留),国外分布奥地利,捷克,斯洛伐克,匈牙利,南斯拉夫,德国和意大利;隐脉鞘蛾 Coleophora pseudociconiella Toll 新记录于新疆(塔城),国外分布奥地利,意大利,捷克和土耳其;四叉脉鞘蛾(新种) Coleophora quadrifurca sp. nov.分布陕西(杨陵、澄城);榆中脉鞘蛾(新种)Coleophora yuzhongensis sp. Nov. 分布甘肃(榆中)。文中提供了分种检索表和新种的外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。     

红火蚁复眼的扫描电镜观察

了解红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren复眼形态结构及其与不同性别、品级的关系,为探索其基于视觉行为习性的、有效的非化学防控措施提供新思路和依据。采用扫描电镜技术,比较研究红火蚁工蚁、有翅雌蚁、雄蚁的复眼形态差异。结果表明:(1)工蚁复眼圆形,略外凸,小眼数约110个;雌蚁复眼长椭圆形,外凸,小眼数约510个;雄蚁复眼近半球形,小眼数约805个;(2)工、雌和雄蚁复眼中心区域小眼排列较紧密,多为较规则的五、六边形,边缘区域小眼排列不紧密,多为不规则的四至六边形,且少量相邻小眼的间距较大。工蚁、雌蚁和雄蚁复眼小眼面积大小依次为500,360,348.61μm2,同品级内小眼面大小相差不大;(3)雌、雄蚁复眼中心区域近背区小眼间着生少量感觉毛,感觉毛长度和直径依次为:雌蚁17.5~90.2,2.16~4.29μm,雄蚁17.5~27.9,1.41~2.52μm。表明雌蚁、雄蚁复眼及视力较发达,工蚁则较弱,不同性别或品级个体复眼的形状、小眼数目和形状、表面被物均有较大差异和区域性分化。     

棉铃虫蛾复眼光反应特性

用视网膜电位图(electroretinogram,ERG)技术研究了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera蛾暗适应过程中对单色光和白光刺激的光感受性变化。结果显示：(1)依ERG振幅大小(峰-峰值),在340～605 nm波谱内有3个大小不等的峰-主峰位于绿 黄光区562 nm,次峰在蓝光区483 nm,第3个峰在近紫外区400 nm,显示其至少有3种感受器;(2)性别、日龄及暗适应时间长短对其光谱敏感性有影响,低龄时雄蛾对单色光刺激较雌蛾敏感,高日龄时相反;1～5日龄内, 3日龄蛾的视网膜电位(ERP)值最高;随暗适应时间延长,其复眼对近紫外区400 nm敏感性明显增加;(3)一定光强度范围内,随单色光和白光光强度增强该蛾复眼的ERP值增大,初期增加较缓,中期较快,呈近似S型曲线,显示其复眼具有较强的光强度自调节和适应机制。     

中国胯舟蛾属分类研究 （鳞翅目：舟蛾科）

系统整理了中国胯舟蛾属（Syntypistis Turner）的全部种类共20种,包括1新种黑胯舟蛾Syntypistis melana Wu et Fang,sp. Nov. 和2中国新记录种：篱胯舟蛾 Syntypistis hercules (Schintlmeister) comb. Nov.与防胯舟蛾 Syntypistis defector (Schintlmeister) comb. Nov.,后2种均为新组合。文中提供了分种检索表,新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

横断山库蠓一新种(双翅目:蠓科)

1981年我所在横断山考察中,釆得库蠓属(Culicoides)一新种,记述于下。新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。 横断山库蠓 Culicoides hengduanshanensis,新种(图1) 雌蠓 头部:两复眼分离并有上横缝,复眼间距离约为1.5个小眼面直径,复眼小眼     

Ultrastructure of the eye of a euphausiid crustacean

The compound eye of the Antarctic euphausiid Euphausia superba is a spherical clear zone eye. The dioptric system consists of a hexagonally-faceted cornea, two corneagenous cells, two crystalline cone cells which form the bipartite crystalline cone, and two accessory cone cells. The dioptric system of each ommatidium is separated from that of adjacent ommatidia by six distal pigment cells and a basement membrane. The proximal tip of the crystalline cone is cupped by the distal ends of the seven retinula cells whose nuclei are arranged in a staggered array slightly distal to the middle of the clear zone. In the distal half of the clear zone, each narrow retinula cell column is surrounded by large proximal extensions of the six distal pigment cells. The pigment cells narrow more proximally and terminate at the proximal basement membrane. A specialized axial channel complex extends from the crystalline cone through the clear zone, and is continuous with a conical refractive element which caps the distal end of the rhabdom. The rhabdom is fused, and made up of alternating highly birefringent layers of orthogonally-oriented microvilli. It is surrounded by a narrow extra-cellular space which is continuous with the distal refractive element and a second conical refractive element at the proximal end of the rhabdom.     

The ultrastructure of the compound eye of Munida rugosa (Crustacea: Anomura) and pigment migration during light and dark adaptation

The galatheid squat lobster, Munida rugosa, has compound eyes of the reflecting superposition type in which a distal cone cell layer and a proximal rhabdom layer are separated by an extensive clear zone. The eye is shown to have certain unique features. In all other reflecting superposition eyes, the clear zone is traversed by crystalline tracts formed by the cone cells. In M. rugosa a thin distal rhabdom thread, formed by the eighth retinula cell, connects the cones to the proximal fusiform rhabdoms. The cytoplasm of the other retinula cells also crosses the clear zone in a complex pattern. Fully light-adapted ommatidia are optically isolated by limited migrations of distal shielding pigments. A reflecting pigment multilayer lines each cone to facilitate the formation of a superposition image. This also shows a light-induced change which may limit the acceptance angle of the eye during light adaptation.     

In vitro initiation of adventitious structures in relation to the abscission zone in needle explants of Picea abies: anatomical considerations

A comparison of the regeneration potential of needles of different ages in Picea abies emphasized the importance of taking into account the manner of explantation as well as the state of differentiation of the abscission zone. Generally, response in terms of initiation of adventitious structures decreased progressively not only with needle age (5 to 10 to 15 mm long) but also with the distance from the abscission zone towards the tip, that is, distally. On a bud-induction medium adventitious shoot but primordia were produced proximally and distally (except for the very tip) of the weakly-developed abscission zone in needles ca. 5 mm and shorter. In needles between 5 and 10 mm long the various cell types of the abscission zone commenced differentiation, and adventitious structures (shoot bud and other primordia) were formed proximal and immediately distal to it. In needles ca. 15 mm long, in which the abscission zone's hyaline, separation and protective layers became well-developed and where senescence of the distal part commenced, response was limited to proximal tissues. Divisions giving rise to adventitious primordia distal to the abscission zone arose from epidermal cells proper and, in a more acropetal position, also from subsidiary cells of the stomata. Cells of the hypodermis contributed only in the near-distal region of the abscission zone in younger needles, and before commencing differentiation into fibres.
When excised carefully, the explant consists of a leaf plus a peg-like cushion of axillary, meristematic tissue proximal to the abscission zone and capable of ready regeneration. In view of the apparent relationship between age and the stage of development of the abscission zone, it was concluded that there exists a critical needle length which should not be exceeded when attempting in vitro induction of organ primordia.     

Native bare zone assemblage nucleates myosin filament assembly

Native myosin filaments from rabbit psoas muscle are always 1·5 μm long. The regulated assembly of these filaments is generally considered to occur by an initial antiparallel and subsequent parallel aggregation of identical myosin subunits. In this schema myosin filament length is controlled by either a self-assembly or a Vernier process. We present evidence which refines these ideas. Namely, that the intact myosin bare zone assemblage nucleates myosin filament assembly. This suggestion is based on the following experimental evidence. (1) A native bare zone assemblage about 0·3 μm long can be formed by dialysis of native myosin filaments to either a pH 8 or a 0·2 m-KCl solution. (2) Upon dialysis back to 0·1 m-KCl, bare zone assemblages and distal myosin molecules recombine to form 1·5 μm long bipolar filaments. (3) The bare zone assemblage can be separated from the distal myosin molecules by column chromatography in 0·2 m-KCl. Upon dialysis of the fractionated subsets back to 0.1 m-KCl, the bare zone assemblage retains its length of about 0·3 μm. However, the distal molecules reassemble to form filaments about 5 μm long. (4) Filaments are formed from mixes of the isolated subsets. The lengths of these filaments vary with the amount of distal myosin present. (5) When native filaments, isolated bare zone assemblages or distal myosin molecules are moved sequentially to 0·6 m-KCl and then to 0·1 m-KCl. the final filament lengths are all about 5 μm. The capacity of the bare zone assemblage to nucleate filament assembly may be due to the bare zone myosin molecules, the associated M band components or both.     

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AMELOBLASTS DURING MATRIX FORMATION AND THE MATURATION OF ENAMEL

Ameloblasts from different regions of upper incisors of rats were examined with the electron microscope. During matrix formation, the cells resemble secretory cells. They are extremely long, tightly packed, and show considerable polarity. Nuclei are at the basal end of the cell. Mitochondria are proximal and the Golgi apparatus distal to the nucleus. Ergastoplasm is found in all levels but mainly in the distal end. A terminal bar apparatus separates the distal end of the cell from Tomes's process. Next to this is soft enamel. The next incisal region is a transitional zone in which the ameloblasts separate easily from the enamel. Endoplasmic reticulum is dilated and very obviously in communication with the perinuclear space. Mitochondria are present not only proximal, but also distal, to the nucleus. The next incisal zone consists of cells related to the maturation of enamel. They no longer resemble secretory cells, but now have more characteristics of transporting cells. Processes from the distal end of the cell are present with mitochondria closely applied to the base of the processes. A considerable amount of intercellular space exists with microvilli projecting into the space. Iron granules appear in these cells, and the ergastoplasmic cisternae are dilated. In the incisal end of this zone, the iron granules form aggregates. The iron finally leaves the cells to enter the enamel. Free RNP particles and fibrils become more evident after the iron leaves the cells. In the most incisal region, the ameloblasts are further reduced in height. Distal processes are no longer present and fibrils are more conspicuous.     

FORMATION OF CALLOSE AND LIGNIN DURING LEAF ABSCISSION

Deblading of bean leaves promoted the formation of callose and lignin in the abscission zone. The abscission layer became evident three days after deblading. The greatest increase in callose occurred in about two layers of cells during the development of the abscission layer. Four days after deblading, only a few layers of cells on the distal side of the abscission layer showed an increase in lignin. Lignification continued to expand to 8–10 layers of cells at the time of separation. After separation, the lignified cells remained with the petiole. Sieve elements in the abscission zone were covered with callose plugs and the vessels were occluded with tyloses.     

An apposition‐like compound eye with a layered rhabdom in the small diving beetle Agabus japonicus (Coleoptera,Dytiscidae)

The fine structure of the compound eyes of the adult diving beetle Agabus japonicus is described with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The eye of A. japonicus is mango‐shaped and consists of about 985 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of a corneal facet lens, an eucone type of crystalline cone, a fused layered rhabdom with a basal rhabdomere, seven retinula cells (including six distal cells and one basal cell), two primary pigment cells and an undetermined number of secondary pigment cells that are restricted to the distalmost region of the eye. A clear‐zone, separating dioptric apparatus from photoreceptive structures, is not developed and the eye thus resembles an apposition eye. The cross‐sectional areas of the rhabdoms are relatively large indicative of enhanced light‐sensitivity. The distal and central region of the rhabdom is layered with interdigitating microvilli suggesting polarization sensitivity. According to the features mentioned above, we suggest that 1) the eye, seemingly of the apposition type, occurs in a taxon for which the clear‐zone (superposition) eye is characteristic; 2) the eye possesses adaptations to function in a dim‐light environment; 3) the eye may be sensitive to underwater polarized light or linearly water‐reflected polarized light. J. Morphol. 275:1273–1283, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

PHOTOTROPISM OF SELAGINELLA: THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO LIGHT

Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun has a plagiotropic dorsiventral stem with two rows of small leaves on the dorsal surface and two rows of large leaves inserted laterally. Stem tips exhibit a differential phototropic response. When stem tips are placed in their normal horizontal orientation and the dorsal surfaces are illumianted, the tips bend only 20” below the horizon and away from light. Stem curvature is limited to a zone 450 μm long located 1.5 mm behind the shoot apex. The dorsal cortical cells within this zone of curvature are about 1.44 times longer than the ventral cortical cells. Illumination of the ventral surface of the stem tips elicits a strong phototropic response. The stems bend from 123–158° below the horizon and toward light, and the zone of curvature increases in length to 10 mm of the explant. The curvature is large enough so that the previously shaded dorsal leaves of the stem tips become redirected toward the light. This phototropic response is promoted by white and blue light, whereas red or far-red light has no effect. When stem tips are cultured in total darkness, the length of the zone of curvature is 8.0 mm but the stems bend only 50–67°. Treatment of the small dorsal leaves with phenylacetic acid inhibits phototropic curvature, and the phototropic response is unaffected by gravity.     

RETROGRADE AXONAL TRANSPORT OF RAPIDLY MIGRATING PROTEINS IN THE VAGUS AND HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES OF THE RABBIT

—The redistribution of rapidly migrating [³H]leucine-labelled proteins was studied using double ligatures applied to the vagus nerve and single ligatures, applied to the hypoglossal nerves. Rapidly migrating proteins accumulating for 16 h proximal to a distal ligature of the cervical vagus redistributed to give a retrograde accumulation distal to a second ligature. Within 6 h a substantial redistribution occurred indicating a rapid retrograde transport. After 21 h there was a further accumulation with 70 per cent of the labelled material accumulating at the distal end of the isolated nerve segment and 16 per cent accumulating at the proximal end. It was shown that about a half of the retrograde accumulation was dependent on the distal accumulation zone. Rapidly migrating proteins accumulated distal to a ligature applied to the hypoglossal nerve 16 h after labelling of the nerve cell bodies indicating that a rapid retrograde transport of labelled macromolecules occurs from the peripheral parts of the nerve in the tongue. Labelled proteins accumulated proximal to ligatures and transections of both the hypoglossal and vagus nerve when applied 16 h after labelling of the nerve cell bodies, indicating the presence of axonal proteins, migrating at a rate of transport intermediate to that of rapidly and slowly migrating proteins.