真菌联合稀碱预处理杜仲叶提取杜仲胶的工艺研究

以杜仲干叶为原料,经稀碱和绿色木霉联合处理以除去杜仲表面覆盖的角质层,同时洗脱一些可溶性杂质,并且破坏杜仲叶的细胞壁与纤维结构,再以石油醚作为提取溶剂,得到粗胶再经丙酮浸洗获得杜仲精胶。用0.45%NaOH在75℃下除去杜仲叶表面的角质层,并且同时脱除一些可溶性活性成分(如:多糖、黄酮类、京尼平苷等),之后得杜仲叶干燥,利用绿色木霉去破坏杜仲叶的细胞壁与纤维结构,在85℃条件下以石油醚作为提取溶剂提取杜仲胶。最后,经测得未处理前杜仲叶中的杜仲胶的含量为1.78%,0.45%NaOH稀碱预处理后含量为3.16%,绿色木霉发酵后含量为4.36%。预处理前,有机溶剂一次提取率为0.73%,纯度为83.7%。稀碱与真菌联合预处理后一次提取率为2.85%,纯度为96.6%。本工艺以稀碱与绿色木霉共同作用,减少了有机溶剂的用量,与传统工艺相比,更加的绿色环保,安全有效,为杜仲胶的提取提供了科学有效的依据。     

乙酸预处理杜仲果壳提取杜仲胶

以盐酸为催化剂的条件下,乙酸预处理杜仲果壳,石油醚为溶剂索氏提取杜仲胶。考察乙酸浓度、预处理温度、预处理时间及催化剂的量对杜仲胶提取率的影响,并用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、热重分析仪(TG)对提取的杜仲胶进行表征。结果表明:乙酸预处理杜仲果壳不会破坏杜仲胶的结构,能有效提高杜仲胶的提取率。乙酸预处理杜仲果壳工艺条件:在固液比1∶12.5(g/m L)、催化剂盐酸用量0.35%(体积分数)条件下,用80%(体积分数)乙酸溶液在100℃下预处理3 h,石油醚索氏提取杜仲胶,杜仲胶提取率为15.17%。     

不同温度条件下溶剂循环溶解-析出提取杜仲胶

在杜仲树中杜仲胶以晶体微粒的形式存在,必需用溶剂提取或机械破坏植物组织来获取。虽然溶剂法的效率更高,但溶剂的消耗量大,污染环境严重。我们的研究发现,杜仲胶在热的石油醚中（约80℃）有很高的溶解度,冷却到40℃时有胶丝析出,当温度降到-20℃以下,杜仲胶几乎能较完全从石油醚中析出,回收的溶剂可继续用于下一次杜仲胶的提取,溶剂可循环使用。由于其他杂质仍以溶解态保留在溶剂中,回收的杜仲胶纯度高。此外,整个实验方法的溶剂损失少,对环境的污染小,制备方法简便。     

聚焦微波助脱除纤维素提取杜仲籽壳中杜仲胶

本研究采用聚焦微波提取法先脱除杜仲籽壳中的纤维素,再用溶剂提取杜仲胶。用实验因子设计优化了聚焦微波提取条件,从三个水平考察了四个因子,即微波辐照时间、碱液浓度、溶剂用量及微波功率对纤维素脱除效率的影响。脱除纤维素后的杜仲材料用石油醚为溶剂提取杜仲胶。结果表明:聚焦微波辐照脱除杜仲籽壳纤维素的优化条件为:辐照时间:20 min;氢氧化钠浓度:12.5%;溶剂用量:17.5 m L/g;微波功率:70%。与常规法碱提法提取杜仲胶相比,聚焦微波助提法提取率高,单次提取率达64.18%,提取时间短,一次提取需时小于3 h,而常规法约需30 h。两种方法所获产品纯度相差不大,显示了聚焦微波助提法提取杜仲胶的高效能。     

采用滤袋技术快速测定杜仲叶片中杜仲胶含量

采用滤袋技术依据减重法原理测定了杜仲叶片中杜仲胶含量。通过正交设计比较了不同滤袋孔径、样品量和提取时间对提取效果的影响,并采用该方法比较了同一产地不同品种、同一品种不同产地的杜仲叶中胶含量的差异。结果表明,不同孔径的提取效果差异显著(F=3.685,p=0.043),样品量和提取时间对提取效果无显著影响。适宜的测定条件是样品量0.1 g、滤袋孔径25μm/10μm、提取时间60 min。滤袋法测得的‘华仲6号’胶含量为4.49%,传统碱煮法为3.64%。同一产地不同品种、同一品种不同产地的杜仲叶中胶含量差异极显著(F=92.689,P=0.001),其中郑州的‘华仲11号’含量最高,平均为7.00%,灵宝的‘华仲12号’含量最低,为4.28%。生产杜仲胶的原料应标明品种、产地以及树龄,这样有助于合理评估预期产量和生产成本。     

产角质酶酵母菌的发现与鉴定及产酶条件的优化

为得到有效水解杜仲角质层的角质酶,通过生物酶法提取杜仲中的活性成分。从病变的杜仲叶中分离出一株能高产角质酶的菌种,鉴定分析证实该菌株是胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa),这是首次从植物病原真菌以外发现产角质酶的酵母菌,并对该菌株发酵产角质酶的条件进行优化。这一发现意义重大,因为酵母菌比植物病原菌安全许多,更利于大规模生产。     

冻胶法提取杜仲胶的研究

采用物理方法暴露杜仲胶丝,用混合溶剂ML提取,滤液冷却后形成冻胶并与溶剂分离,成为提取杜仲胶的一种独特方法。本法无废液污染,提取效率高,操作简单。     

栽培方式对杜仲皮次生代谢物含量的影响

采用叶林和乔林两种栽培模式对杜仲定向培育,并分别对杜仲皮次生代谢物含量进行了测定.结果表明:在不同的栽培模式下,杜仲皮中次生代谢物的含量存在差异,杜仲醇和杜仲胶的含量,乔林皮高于叶林皮;京尼平甙酸、绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚甙的含量则是叶林皮高于乔林皮;总黄酮的含量随提取溶剂的不同而有高有低.对杜仲皮进行不同的预处理和选用不同的提取溶剂,能改变提取得率,但是,叶林皮与乔林皮次生代谢物含量变化趋势基本不变,说明栽培方式对杜仲皮次生代谢物有一定影响.     

酶法提取杜仲叶中绿原酸工艺研究

采用纤维素酶法提取杜仲叶中的主要药效成分———苯丙素类的绿原酸(CHA),通过单因素试验、正交试验和方差分析确定了纤维素酶法提取杜仲叶中绿原酸的最佳操作条件。结果表明,加入550 U/g纤维素酶0.50%,pH 4.5,温度40℃,提取率最高可达到51.84 mg/g。     

纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取黄芩总黄酮

以黄芩总黄酮的得率为指标,比较了乙醇回流提取、酶-缓冲水溶液提取、纤维素酶-乙醇提取等方法对黄芩总黄酮提取的影响,发现纤维素酶对细胞壁的水解和乙醇溶液对黄酮类物质的浸出产生了协同效应。采用单因素实验法,优化了纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取黄芩总黄酮的工艺条件。结果表明,乙醇体积分数50%,提取温度50℃,提取时间6 h,加酶量50U/g(干原料),液固比15时,纤维素酶-乙醇回流法提取黄芩总黄酮的得率达19.85%,较单一的乙醇回流法提取提高了1.38%。纤维素酶-乙醇回流法可用于黄芩总黄酮的提取。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism