柽柳泌盐腺结构、功能及分泌机制研究进展

柽柳属中多数种是典型的泌盐性盐生植物,泌盐腺在调节体内离子平衡,维持渗透压稳定,提高植物的耐盐性等方面发挥重要作用。系统总结了柽柳泌盐腺研究成果,对泌盐腺的结构、功能及泌盐机制进行了论述。     

开发柽柳资源 改良盐碱地生态环境

柽柳（Ｔａｍａｒｉｘ,ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）是落叶灌木或小乔木,属柽柳科植物。夏季开花,花小,淡红色,由细瘦总状花序合成圆锥花序,结蒴果。枝细长,叶磷片状,披针形或钻形,长１～３ｍｍ,蒸腾面积小,茎叶表面有盐腺,为泌盐植物。当气候干旱时,茎叶表面形成一层白色盐霜,可被风吹雨淋掉。当地人又叫荆条,是较常见的一种天然野生抗盐植物,含量１左右的重盐碱地中可形成大面积的自然林,是盐碱指示植物,往往在滨海盐碱地中形成难能可贵的风景林。一些企事业单位的庭院内可以看到成片的柽柳林,在公路两旁柽柳也成了保护路基…     

黄河三角洲滨海滩涂不同密度柽柳林的土壤盐碱与养分特征

为探讨黄河三角洲滨海滩涂不同密度柽柳林的土壤盐碱和养分特征,明确不同密度柽柳林的“盐谷”及“肥岛”效应,以黄河三角洲山东省滨州市北海新区滨海滩涂的低密度（1100 株/hm2）、中密度（4100 株/hm2）和高密度（7100 株/hm2）柽柳林为研究对象,测定分析不同密度柽柳林及柽柳植株周边不同位置的土壤pH、电导率、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机碳等指标。结果表明：（1）土壤电导率随林分密度增大表现为逐渐减小,在中、高密度柽柳林,土壤电导率分别比低密度降低28.39%、55.74%;随距离柽柳植株远近不同,中、高密度柽柳林土壤电导率表现为根部<冠幅中心<冠幅边缘<株间空地,即中、高密度柽柳林出现“盐谷”效应,而低密度林分未出现。（2）土壤速效氮、速效磷和有机碳含量随林分密度增大表现出先增大后减小,在中、高密度柽柳林,柽柳植株周边不同位置的速效氮、速效磷和有机碳含量存在显著差异（P<0.05）,表现为根部>冠幅中心>冠幅边缘>株间空地,而低密度柽柳林差异不显著（P>0.05）;即中、高密度柽柳林出现“肥岛”效应,而低密度林分未出现。（3）中密度柽柳林在养分含量、养分富集率方面高于高密度,在盐分富集率方面低于高密度,具有更强的“肥岛”、“盐谷”效应。（4）不同密度柽柳林以及柽柳植株周边不同位置的土壤pH差异均不显著（P>0.05）。林分密度显著影响土壤盐分及养分含量,中密度柽柳林具有显著提高土壤肥力的作用,高密度次之,而低密度较差。不同密度柽柳林的降盐作用表现为中、高密度较好,低密度较差。基于柽柳林改良土壤盐碱与养分的作用,建议黄河三角洲滨海滩涂柽柳合理的初植密度为4100 株/hm2。     

不同盐分水平对柽柳扦插苗根系生长及生理特性的影响

柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)作为黄河三角洲湿地的优势种之一,对盐渍化环境具有较好的适应性。根系作为植物直接感受盐分变化的器官,其对盐分条件的响应特征对研究植物生存、湿地恢复、土壤改良等具有重要意义。以一年生柽柳插穗为研究材料,采用水培法,设置6个盐分水平:CK(空白对照)、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、2.4%、3.6%进行试验,测定柽柳生根率、根寿命、根系生物量等生长指标及根中ATP合成酶和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及脱落酸(ABA)含量,研究柽柳根系生长及生理特性对不同盐分水平的响应。结果表明:(1)柽柳适合扦插繁殖的培养溶液含盐量低于0.8%;含盐量超过0.8%后,扦插生根率显著降低,根系寿命减短。(2)柽柳根长生长随含盐量升高呈下降趋势;主根数随含盐量升高先增加,至含盐量超过1.2%后逐渐减少。(3)柽柳可通过调整生物量的分配模式来适应盐环境,低盐时地上部生物量高于地下,高盐时根系生物量比例逐渐增加,但生物量仍低于地上部分。(4)ATP合成酶活性、CAT活性在含盐量低于0.8%时增加;含盐量超过0.8%时,活性降低;脱落酸(ABA)含量随含盐量增加先增加,含盐量超过1.2%时减少。     

植物盐腺泌盐及发育研究进展

盐腺是泌盐盐生植物抵御盐胁迫的重要表皮结构，泌盐盐生植物可以通过盐腺将体内多余的盐离子排出体外，从而避免盐胁迫。盐腺作为泌盐盐生植物实现高效抗盐的重要结构，在逆境生理、发育和进化等领域都引起了关注和讨论，集中在盐腺的超微结构、生理功能、泌盐机制以及发育模式等不同层面已有广泛的研究报道。本文综述了盐腺结构、分泌机制、盐腺发育的研究进展，总结了盐腺泌盐的可能途径以及盐腺发育的调控方式和关键基因，对未来盐腺泌盐和发育的研究提出了相关见解，讨论了盐腺这一独特形态学结构对于植物耐盐性的作用，并对提高植物耐盐性、培育耐盐品种提出了理论依据和建议，有利于深入解析植物耐盐适应演化、培育抗盐作物和高效利用盐碱地。     

盐胁迫对中国柽柳幼苗生理特性的影响

以中国柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)插穗为研究材料,在装有不同土壤盐分梯度(0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%、2.0%、2.4%)的盆钵中进行扦插试验,测定柽柳扦插成活率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标,研究分析柽柳扦插成活率及幼苗生理特性对盐分胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:(1)柽柳扦插成活率随盐胁迫增强逐渐降低,适合扦插繁殖的土壤含盐量低于0.8%;土壤含盐量超过0.8%后,扦插成活率太低,不适合柽柳进行扦插繁殖。(2)柽柳可通过提高叶绿素含量来适应盐胁迫,随着盐胁迫增强,柽柳扦插幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量先升高后降低,但过高的盐胁迫会破坏叶绿素的合成。(3)柽柳扦插幼苗叶片SOD和POD活性随盐胁迫增强先升高后降低,通过提高SOD和POD活性来清除细胞内多余的活性氧自由基,但活性氧自由基积累过多时,膜脂过氧化作用会破坏细胞膜的稳定性,导致抗氧化酶活性降低。(4)柽柳扦插幼苗叶片MDA含量随盐胁迫的增强先升高后降低。在土壤含盐量0.4%—1.2%范围内,MDA含量虽高于CK,但各盐分处理之间差异不显著。在含盐量为1.6%时,叶片细胞受到膜脂过氧化作用加强,MDA含量显著升高,但含盐量为2.0%时,MDA含量降低。     

不同盐分水平对中国柽柳和甘蒙柽柳根系生长及生理特性的影响

柽柳作为黄河三角洲湿地的重要优势种,对盐渍化环境具有较好的适应性。根系作为植物直接感受盐分变化的器官,研究其生理生态特性对盐分条件的响应,对植物生存、土壤改良及植被恢复等具有重要意义。以一年生中国柽柳和甘蒙柽柳插穗为研究材料,采用水培法,设置6个盐分水平:CK(空白对照)、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、2.4%、3.6%进行试验,测定生根率、根寿命、根系生物量等生长指标及根中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、ATP合成酶活性和脱落酸(ABA)含量等生理指标,研究不同盐分水平对根系生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:中国柽柳和甘蒙柽柳适合扦插在含盐量低于0.8%的培养溶液中;含盐量超过0.8%后,扦插穗生根率显著降低,且含盐量3.6%时甘蒙柽柳不生根;含盐量超过1.2%时,中国柽柳及甘蒙柽柳根系生长受到显著抑制,且中国柽柳受抑制程度较大;中国柽柳和甘蒙柽柳在高盐条件下均会通过增加根系生物量分配比例来缓解盐分对根系的危害;中国柽柳ATP合成酶活性、CAT活性在含盐量低于0.8%时增加,含盐量超过0.8%时,活性降低;脱落酸含量随含盐量增加先增加,含盐量超过1.2%时减少;甘蒙柽柳则随含盐量升高一直保持减少趋势。     

南美白对虾淡化养殖对周边环境盐碱化的影响分析

为探讨淡化养殖南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)对养殖区周边环境盐碱化的影响,本研究对湖南澧县南美白对虾淡化养殖1年、3年、5年和7年的池塘及排水沟渠附近底泥样品进行了钾、钙、镁、钠、水溶性盐总量、氯离子等土壤盐碱化指标分析.结果显示,养殖池塘水溶性总盐含量均高于对照组.对比对照组,养殖池塘沉积物的氯离子浓...     

不同盐度水平对柽柳扦插苗根系生长及生理特性的影响

柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)作为黄河三角洲湿地的优势种之一,对盐渍化环境具有较好的适应性。根系作为植物直接感受盐分变化的器官,其对盐分条件的响应特征对研究植物生存、湿地恢复、土壤改良等具有重要意义。以一年生柽柳插穗为研究材料,采用水培法,设置6个盐度水平:CK(空白对照)、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、2.4%、3.6%进行试验,测定柽柳生根率、根寿命、根系生物量等生长指标及根中ATP合成酶和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及脱落酸(ABA)含量,研究柽柳根系生长及生理特性对不同盐度水平的响应。结果表明:(1)柽柳适合扦插繁殖的培养溶液含盐量低于0.8%;含盐量超过0.8%后,扦插生根率显著降低,根系寿命减短。(2)柽柳根长生长随含盐量升高呈下降趋势;主根数随含盐量升高先增加,至含盐量超过1.2%后逐渐减少。(3)柽柳可通过调整生物量的分配模式来适应盐环境,低盐时地上部生物量高于地下,高盐时根系生物量比例逐渐增加,但生物量仍低于地上部分。(4)ATP合成酶活性、CAT活性在含盐量低于0.8%时增加;含盐量超过0.8%时,活性降低;脱落酸(ABA)含量随含盐量增加先增加,含盐量超过1.2%时减少。     

NaCl对中华补血草叶片盐腺发育及其泌盐速率的影响

以中华补血草(Limonium sinenseKuntze)为实验材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl处理对其生长、盐腺发育及泌盐速率的影响.结果显示:(1)随着NaCl浓度的升高,植株干重和鲜重均先显著升高后逐渐下降,当NaCl处理浓度为100 mmol/L时,植株干、鲜重达到最大;(2)与对照相比,300 mmol/L NaCl处理下盐腺的分泌细胞及平均直径差异不显著,而在1002、00 mmol/L的NaCl处理下显著增大;(3)随着NaCl浓度的升高,盐腺密度显著升高且叶片上表面盐腺总数明显高于对照,单个盐腺的泌盐速率和叶片整体泌盐速率均显著升高.结果表明,100~200 mmol/L NaCl处理可显著促进中华补血草盐腺的发育及泌盐能力,300 mmol/L以上NaCl处理对盐腺的直径影响不显著,但可显著促进盐腺的泌盐能力.     

Influence of NaCl, Cd(NO3)2 and air humidity on transpiration of Tamarix aphylla

Transpiration rates of young Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, plants grown in hydroponics were measured under NaCl- and Cd(NO₃)₂-stress. Transpiration rates were negatively correlated with the relative humidity of the ambient air at all NaCl concentrations investigated. Low and intermediate concentrations of Cd²⁺ (45 and 90 μ M , respectively) in the medium caused an increase in transpiration rates. This was particularly pronounced at low levels of relative humidity. At 180 μ M Cd²⁺, transpiration rates dropped, probably as a result of root damage due to Cd²⁺ toxicity. Since the transpiration rates differed by a factor of ca 3 between day and night, it is concluded that the stomata did not lose their ability to regulate transpiration under the influence of NaCl or of Cd(NO₃)₂. The transpiration behaviour of T. aphylla indicates that the effect of water vapour pressure (presented as relative humidity) on the degree of stomatal opening is small. Under conditions of ample water supply transpiration follows the evaporative demand of the ambient air and is influenced by the water uptake capacity of the root system as well as by other environmental factors, e.g. light.     

柽柳的水分生理特性研究进展

研究和了解柽柳的水分生理特性,是对柽柳合理利用和科学管理的重要前提。在对柽柳水分生理特性多年综合研究（P－V曲线、清晨水势及水势日变化和蒸腾速率）的基础上,对国内外研究柽柳水分生理特性的一些方法和手段进行了评述,以期尽快掌握柽柳的生态特性,为干旱、半干旱区域柽柳的恢复和保护提供一定的理论依据。     

Transpiration integrated model for root ion absorption under salinized condition

Salinization of crop fields is a pressing matter for sustainable agriculture under desertification and is largely attributed to root absorptive functions of the major crops such as maize. The rates of water and ion absorption of intact root system of maize plants were measured under the salinized condition, and the salt absorptive function of maize roots was analyzed by applying different two kinetic models of root ion absorption (i.e. the concentration dependent model and the transpiration integrated model). The absorption rates for salinization ions (Na⁺, Cl^?, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) were found to depend on ion mass flow through roots driven by the transpiration, and therefore the transpiration integrated model represented more accurately rates of root ion absorption. The root absorption of salinization ions was characterized quantitatively by two model parameters of Q′_max and K′_M involved in the transpiration integrated model, which are considered to relate to the potential absorbing power and the ion affinity of transport proteins on root cell membranes, respectively.     

An endogenous circadian rhythm of transpiration in Tamarix aphylla

An endogenous circadian rhythm in the transpiration of Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. was found for plants grown in continuous light under laboratory conditions. The mean period (±SD) was 21.7±2.3 h (n = 121). No such rhythm was observed in continuous darkness, except for one small hump at the time of the first cycle. The influence of NaCl, Cd(NO₃)₂ and LiCi on the rhythmic behaviour of young T. aphylla plants was investigated. NaCl concentrations of up to 150 m M reduced the overall transpiration rates of the plants, but did not change the period of the rhythm. The amplitude and the mesor of the oscillations were inversely correlated with the NaCl concentration. A similar influence was found for Cd(NO₃)₂, but with concentrations that were approximately three orders of magnitude smaller than those of the NaCl treatments. The rhythmic behaviour of the plants was not altered by 10 m M LiCl. It is suggested that the described rhythm of transpiration may have a dual effect: (a) it might cause a partial closure of the stomates during midday hours and (b) it might serve as a possible synchronizer ("master clock") for other rhythmic phenomena in the plants.     

拟单性木兰不同季节断根和剪枝后蒸腾和光合特性的变化

在2005年春季、夏季和秋季,对10a生拟单性木兰(Parakmeriaomeiensis)进行断根和剪枝处理,模拟移栽,用LICOR-6400测定了植株叶片的蒸腾速率、光合速率等生理指标,探讨这些生理指标对不同季节移栽成活率的影响。结果表明,春季处理后叶片能迅速关闭部分气孔,蒸腾速率和光合速率都减小,两者最低时约为对照的60%,生理机能的减弱有利于维持地上、地下部分的平衡,因而最有利于植株成活。夏季处理后叶片气孔导度显著增加,光合速率和蒸腾速率也随之增大,最高时约为对照的2倍左右,此时,若主要依靠剪枝来降低水分消耗,很难保证水分代谢平衡,移栽成活率低。秋季处理后植株叶片气孔导度高于对照,光合速率和蒸腾速率也增加,但增加幅度相对夏季较小,前期最高约增加40%,此时移栽可以通过适当的剪枝和增加土壤水分含量等措施提高成活率。可见,与水分相关的生理机能的调节机制,决定了移栽后的成活水平,即处理后能迅速调节自身生理机能、减少水分消耗的植株,成活率就高,反之就低。     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛3种灌木光合生理特征研究

以黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛5年生的酸枣、杠柳及柽柳为材料,采用CIRAS-2型光合测定系统测定它们叶片的光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率等生理参数及其光响应过程,探讨3种灌木在当地自然生境下的光合生理特征.结果表明:柽柳和酸枣的光响应曲线符合非直角双曲线模型(R2>0.98),杠柳光响应曲线符合二次多项式模型(R2=0.95); 3种灌木的净光合速率、表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率、羧化效率、光饱和点、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率在树种间差异显著(P<0.05);酸枣的净光合速率分别是柽柳和杠柳的1.30和1.23倍,柽柳和酸枣弱光下羧化效率要高于杠柳,柽柳暗呼吸速率最大且生理活性最高; 3种灌木的蒸腾耗水能力表现为柽柳>酸枣>杠柳,且在高光强下均具有通过降低蒸腾作用来提高水分利用效率的生理特性,杠柳的水分利用效率分别是酸枣、柽柳的1.26和1.71倍;3种灌木具有较强的向阳喜光特性,但酸枣对弱光的利用能力要好于杠柳和柽柳.研究发现,3种灌木在贝壳堤岛相同自然生境下表现出不同的光合行为, 而酸枣和杠柳具有高光合、低蒸腾及高水分利用效率的生理特性,酸枣具有较宽的光照生态幅,它们适宜于该区域大面积人工栽植.     

Wide-Area Estimates of Stand Structure and Water Use of Tamarix spp. on the Lower Colorado River: Implications for Restoration and Water Management Projects

Tamarix spp. removal has been proposed to salvage water and allow native vegetation to recolonize western U.S. riparian corridors. We conducted wide‐area studies on the Lower Colorado River to answer some of the scientific questions about Tamarix water use and the consequences of removal, combining ground surveys with remote sensing methods. Tamarix stands had moderate rates of evapotranspiration (ET), based on remote sensing estimates, averaging 1.1 m/yr, similar to rates determined for other locations on the river and other rivers. Leaf area index values were also moderate, and stands were relatively open, with areas of bare soil interspersed within stands. At three Tamarix sites in the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, groundwater salinity at the site nearest to the river (200 m) was relatively low (circa 2,250 mg/L) and was within 3 m of the surface. However, 750 and 1,500 m from the river, the groundwater salinity was 5,000–10,000 mg/L due to removal of water by the Tamarix stands. Despite the high groundwater salinity, the sites away from the river did not have saline surface soils. Only 1% of the mean annual river flow is lost to Tamarix ET on the Lower Colorado River in the United States, and the opportunities for water salvage through Tamarix removal are constrained by its modest ET rates. A possible alternative to Tamarix removal is to intersperse native plants among the stands to improve the habitat value of the riparian zone.     

Salt stress aggravates boron toxicity symptoms in banana leaves by impairing guttation

Boron (B) is known to accumulate in the leaf margins of different plant species, arguably a passive consequence of enhanced transpiration at the ends of the vascular system. However, transpiration rate is not the only factor affecting ion distribution. We examine an alternative hypothesis, suggesting the participation of the leaf bundle sheath in controlling radial water and solute transport from the xylem to the mesophyll in analogy to the root endodermis. In banana, excess B that remains confined to the vascular system is effectively disposed of via dissolution in the guttation fluid; therefore, impairing guttation should aggravate B damage to the leaf margins. Banana plants were subjected to increasing B concentrations. Guttation rates were manipulated by imposing a moderate osmotic stress. Guttation fluid was collected and analysed continuously. The distribution of ions across the lamina was determined. Impairing guttation indeed led to increased B damage to the leaf margins. The kinetics of ion concentration in guttation samples revealed major differences between ion species, corresponding to their distribution in the lamina dry matter. We provide evidence that the distribution pattern of B and other ions across banana leaves depends on active filtration of the transpiration stream and on guttation.     

Effects of NaCl on the carboxylating activity of Rubisco from Tamarix jordanis in the presence and absence of proline-related compatible solutes

The effects of NaCl on the carboxylating activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) were investigated in the presence of two proline-related analogues found in Tamarix jordanis . N-methyl-L-proline ameliorated the inhibition of the activity of Rubisco by NaCl. Full amelioration was reached at 200 m M of this protectant. Protection by N-methyl- trans -4-hydroxy-L-proline was less effective. Significant differences in the Rubisco protein content from different populations of Tamarix jordanis were observed. Moreover, higher carboxylation rates were obtained for Rubisco preparations from plants that had been grown in saline media. These results are discussed with respect to the adaptation strategies of Tamarix jordanis to saline conditions.     

Ion Transport and the Transpiration Stream

In a long-term experiment with maize grown at different humidities, Tanner and Beevers (1990) demonstrated that the amount of water lost by the plants in transpiration (plus guttation) could be reduced by a factor of three without any adverse effect on growth. As a consequence, the authors questioned the importance of the transpiration stream in supplying the shoot with minerals, arguing that there are other causes of mass flow in the xylem (such as Münch counterflow from phloem to xylem, and water consumed by growing sink tissues) that may, in the limit, be capable on their own of providing the shoot with minerals. This hypothesis is discussed here in the light of recent work on xylem water relations. It is shown to involve the incorrect premise that, if transpiration were required for long-distance ion transport, plants should grow less well at high humidity. Instead, solute flux to the shoot can be demonstrated by experiment to remain constant over a wide range of transpiration rates, since the concentration of solutes in the xylem sap varies inversely with transpiration rate. Independent evidence suggests that the non-transpirational component of mass flow in the xylem is small and is unlikely to be able to provide the shoot adequately with minerals in the absence of transpiration. A simple corollary of this view is that plant growth should be reduced at very low transpiration rates, a prediction that should be testable at sufficiently high humidities under carefully controlled conditions.