国产嵩草属(莎草科)植物秆的解剖学研究

对嵩草属27种(亚种)植物秆的解剖学研究证明,嵩草属植物秆的解剖学性状具有系统学意义.在该属中,秆的横切面外形为三角形、圆三角形、圆形或扁圆形.在横切面上分为2个区域;外部区域包括绿色组织、外韧维管束和气腔,内部区域为薄壁组织或其碎裂形成空腔.秆表皮的横切面观和表面观均与叶的下表皮相似.以上特征与莎草科其它类群植物秆的解剖特征一致,不支持将嵩草属和其近缘属另立为嵩草科.同时,秆的解剖学特征可以做为某些在外部形态上难于区分的种之间的分类依据.     

Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae. Aphanopetalum Endl.

The floral and vegetative anatomy of the small Australian genus Aphanopetalum were studied. Wood is described for the first time and is characterized by predominantly solitary pores, scalariform vessel element perforation plates with low bar numbers, imperforate tracheary elements with distinctly bordered pits, sparse axial parenchyma, and a combination of homocellular and heterocellular rayS. Starch occurs in both axial and ray parenchyma of the wood. Stems possess unilacunar, one-trace nodes and the uncommon feature of an endodermis with well-defined Casparian stripS. Leaves have anomocytic stomata, a bifacial mesophyll and semicraspedodromous venation or a combination of semicraspedodromous and brochidodromous venation. The tetramerous flowers are apetalous or have minute petals. The compound, half-inferior gynoecium consists of essentially totally united carpels. The pattern of floral vascularization resembles different Saxifragaceae sensu lalo in that the compound sepal-plane and petal-plane traces give rise to staman bundles as well as sepal, petal, and carpel wall venation in their respective planes. The ventral ovarian bundles are fused into a single ventral complex that subdivides at the top of the ovary to form ventral bundles and to supply the one ovule in each locule. Vegetative and floral features provide compelling evidence to suggest that Aphanopetalum has its nearest relatives among the Saxifragaceae sensu lato rather than Cunoniaceae. The genus is probably best treated as forming its own subfamily (or family) among the saxifragaean alliance.     

Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae. Hydrangea*

A comparative account is given of the anatomy of 14 species of Hydrangea in addition to examples of morphological features drawn from herbarium specimens. On anatomical and morphological grounds there are strong reasons to support the separation of Hydrangea sensu lato into Hydrangea L. and Cornidia Ruiz & Pavón. The discussion follows the treatment in McClintock's monograph of Hydrangea.     

Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae. Deutzia*

A comparative account is given of the vegetative anatomy of 33 species and four hybrids of Deutzia. Anatomical evidence supports the retention of section Neodeutzia with Deutzia.     

Comparative anatomy of the heart of mammals

Hearts from 20 mammalian orders were examined according to a fixed protocol to determine if the gross differences of shape and internal anatomy could be explained. Three generalizations can be made: firstly differences are most closely related to taxonomic position, secondly some features, such as the prominence of the conus of the right ventricle in animals that leap, dig or sprint regularly as part of their defence mechanism and a long, narrow left ventricle in endurance performers may be more closely related to activity than ancestry, and lastly some characteristics may be pleiotropic effects of thoracic morphogenesis.     

An overview of Syntrichia ruralis complex (Pottiaceae: Musci) in the Mediterranean region and neighbouring areas

The Syntrichia ruralis complex is revised in the Mediterranean region and neighbouring areas. A critical study of six quantitative and eight qualitative gametophytic characters from a total of 232 samples has been carried out. On the basis of this survey five taxa have been recognized. An identification key is provided. S. ruralis var. subpapillosissima is elevated to the rank of species as S. subpapillosissima . A lectotype for S. calcicola is proposed. S. ruralis var. submamillosa and S. ruralis var. glacialis are regarded as synonymous with S. subpapillosissima and S. ruralis , respectively. Also, Tortula densa is included in the variability shown by S. calcicola . Syntrichia ruralis var. substereidosa ( Tortula ruralis var. substereidosa ) is excluded from the Syntrichia ruralis complex and is included in the synonymy of S. virescens . © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 138 , 209–224.     

The significance of the leaf epidermis in the taxonomy of the Combretaceae: conclusions

The classification of the Combretaceae in relation to the anatomy of the leaf epidermis (especially to trichomes) is surveyed, with particular reference to Combretum . The new combination Calopyxis grandidieri (Drake) Capuron ex Stace is made and the new section Calopyxis sect. Petalantha Stace is described. A sectional review of Combretum is presented. The 69 sections are reduced to 45, and full bibliographic details, typification and synonymy are set out.     

Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae)

Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae). The wood anatomy of nearly all genera of the Guettardeae (Rubiaceae, Guettardoideae) has been examined, and in this respect the tribe is heterogeneous. Suggestions are made for a delimitation of the tribe. Guettarda, Bobea, Antirhea, Malanea and Chomelia Jacq. are sufficiently similar in their wood anatomical characters to warrant retention in the same tribe. Machaonia, Timonius and Dichilanthe are anomalous. Suggestions are given for taxonomic revisions of some genera based on their wood anatomy.     

Taxonomic significance of leaf anatomy of Aniselytron (Poaceae) as an evidence to support its generic validity against Calamagrostis s. l.

A comparative study of leaf anatomy on Aniselytron Merr. and Calamagrostis Adans. s. l. was conducted to review the systematic status of Aniselytron Merr. Calamagrostis s. l. exhibits wide variation in many features, but basic leaf structures of the genus remain constant: absence of a midrib-keel; median and large vascular bundles are central, with double sheaths, accompanied by girders both adaxially and abaxially; prickles have a bulbous base and are not sunken; the abaxial epidermal cells are short and wide and relatively thick-walled. Aniselytron differs from Calamagrostis s. l. in: midrib-keel is present, consisting of a large central bundle with small ones on either side; all vascular bundles are abaxially situated, with abaxial girders only, parenchyma takes the place of the adaxial sclerenchyma; the bases of the prickles are sunken and are not bulbous; the abaxial epidermal cells are tall and thin-walled. These distinct anatomical features, in combination with the differences in spikelet structure and habitat, suggest that Aniselytron should be generically separated from and not merged with Calamagrostis s. l. Due to the adaxial parenchyma in the midrib which has never been found in Pooideae, Aniselytron might have a relationship with some other subfamily.     

Leaf anatomy of Camellia sect. Oleifera and sect. Paracamellia (Theaceae) with reference to their taxonomic significance

Leaf anatomy of 21 species representing sect. Oleifera H. T. Chang and sect. Paracamellia Sealy in the genus Camellia was investigated using light microscopy. All the shapes of leaf epidermal cells were polygo-nal, and the patterns of anticlinal walls were sinuolate or sinuous, which were important to the classification of these two sections. The stomata were cyclocytic type and only present on the abaxial epidermis in both sampled sections. Seventeen leaf anatomical and cytologic characters were selected and used for the cluster analysis and principle components analyses performed by PAST program. Congruent results were obtained, with sect. Oleifera and sect. Paracamellia consistently grouping in two different clades, and some related species nesting together. This study provided leaf anatomical evidence for the merge of C. lanceoleosa H. T. Chang & J. S. Chiu and C. fluviatilis Hand.-Mazz.; of C. brevistyla Coh. St., C. obtusifolia H. T. Chang, and C. puniceiflora H. T. Chang; and of C. grijsii Hance and C. shensiensis H. T. Chang. In addition, it was also proved that C. tenii Sealy should be segregated from sect. Paracamellia and placed in the sect. Corallina Sealy. For further interest, we suggested that C. phaeoclada H. T. Chang be recognized as a subspecies of C. microphylla (Merr.) Chien. Overall, the results presented provided new insights into the relationships within a number of Camellia plants and sug-gested directions for future studies.     

Leaf and twig anatomy of Eriope, a xeromorphic genus of Labiatae

The leaf and twig anatomy of 25 species of the genus Eriope were studied. The twig anatomy is very uniform apart from the level of formation of early layers of cork. Leaf anatomy shows considerable variation between the species, and this is correlated to some extent with the extreme habit range from trees to woody herbs. Characters of the lamina that show variation are: trichome type and frequency, cuticular markings, leaf dorsiventral or isobilateral, presence of adaxial stomata, presence of a hypodermis, number of layers of adaxial palisade mesophyll cells, occurrence of large bundles of phloem fibres at main veins, type of areolation and marginal venation. Petiole vasculature is simple and generally with either four distinct vascular bundles or two vascular arcs. The most xeromorphic species are usually woody herbs or sub-shrubs, and tend to have thick, isobilateral leaves with large bundles of phloem fibres and few hairs, or strongly dorsiventral leaves with a hypodermis and stomata in deep abaxial hair-lined depressions. The correlation of xeromorphic characters with environmental conditions is discussed. Leaf anatomy is of limited value in elucidating relationships within the genus.     

Wood anatomy of the endemic woody Asteraceae of St Helena I: phyletic and ecological aspects

Quantitative and qualitative data are given for samples of mature wood of all eight species of woody Asteraceae, representing three tribes, of St Helena I. The quantitative features of all except one species are clearly mesomorphic, corresponding to their mesic central ridge habitats. Commidendrum rugosum has more xeromorphic wood features and occurs in dry lowland sites. Commidendrum species are alike in their small vessel pits and abundant axial parenchyma. Melanodendrum agrees with Commidendrum in having fibre dimorphism and homogeneous type II rays. The short fibres in both genera are storied and transitional to axial parenchyma. Elongate crystals occur in ray cells of only two species of Commidendrum , suggesting that they are closely related. Wood of Commidendrum and Melanodendrum is similar to that of the shrubby genus Felicia , thought closely related to Commidendrum on molecular bases. Commidendrum and Melanodendrum have probably increased in woodiness on St Helena, but are derived from shrubby ancestors like today's species of Felicia. Petrobium wood is paedomorphic and indistinguishable from that of Bidens , from which Petrobium is likely derived. The two senecionid species (Senecio leucadendron = Pladaroxylon leucadendron; and Senecio redivivus = Lachanodes arborea , formerly Lachanodes prenanthiflord) also show paedomorphic wood. Wood of the various St Helena Asteraceae is consonant with relationship to African or South American ancestors that reached St Helena via long distance dispersal. Derivation from genera of Pacific islands or Austromalesian regions is considered less likely. However, DNA evidence is needed to clarify origins, times of colonization on St Helena and divergence from closest relatives, and the nature of evolutionary patterns.     

Leaf anatomy of the subtribe Hyptidinae (Labiatae)

The leaf anatomy of the subtribe Hyptidinae (Labiatae), which consists of four small genera and the largr genus Hyplis , is dercribed. The leaves may be dorsiventral or isobilateral. Variable characters of the lainina include: frequency and forms of trichomes, cuticular markings, presence of adaxial stoinata, thickness of leaf, thickness of adaxial epidermis, presence of a hypodermis, occurrence of sclcrified tissues (especially sclerified bundle sheath extensions, phloem and xylem fibres), mesophyll structure and venation pattern. Petiole vasculature varies from simple to complex, sometimes with medullary traces present. Most of the variable characters are related to xeromorphy and are tax-onomically useful within the framework of the present classification.     

Leaf morphology and anatomy of Camellia section Camellia (Theaceae)

The delimitations of species in Camellia section Camellia have been disputed for many years, resulting from uncertain relationships among species. Leaf morphological and anatomical characters for 54 species and three varieties in this section were investigated to reveal the relationships. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were conducted using the transformed data for quantitative and qualitative characters from leaf morphology and anatomy. Combining the results of statistical analysis with comparative leaf characters of morphology and anatomy, we discussed the taxonomic treatment of section Camellia by Chang compared with that of Ming and we conclude that section Camellia consists of c. 50 species. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 456–476.     

Stem anatomy and relative growth rate in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types

Stem traits were analysed in laboratory-grown seedlings of 80 European woody and semiwoody species of known potential relative growth rate (RGR) and of similar ontogenetic phase. The objectives were, firstly, to assess the relation between stem structure and plant growth potential and, secondly, to explore how stem structure varies among species differing in life form and leaf habit. Hydraulic conductance was represented by the mean diameter of the widest xylem conduits (Dmax), and structural strength by the percentage of xylem tissue occupied by cell wall material (CWx) or stem tissue density (SD). Across all species RGR showed a weak positive correlation with Dmax and weak negative ones with CWx and SD, with slow-growers showing great dispersion of stem trait values. In the RGR-Dmax relationship this dispersion disappeared when trees were removed from the analysis. None of the relationships were significant among tree species alone. It was suggested that fast-growers require a xylem with wide conduits (high Dmax) to achieve high hydraulic conductivity, and “cheaply” constructed stems (low CWx and SD) to maximise allocation to leaves. However, the possession of such traits does not guarantee fast growth, as other factors may constrain RGR elsewhere in the plant. Deciduous seedlings showed higher Dmax and lower CWx than evergreens. Higher Dmax could reflect an innate higher tolerance of conductivity loss by freeze-induced embolism in deciduous plants, which are not burdened by the maintenance of foliage in winter. In contrast, life forms were differentiated most clearly by SD. For instance, shrub seedlings had less dense stem tissues than tree seedlings, possibly because they need less investment in long-term strength and stature. Received: 3 January 1998 / Accepted: 9 April 1998     

Achene anatomy and stomatal characteristics of eighteen Crepis L. (Asteraceae) taxa from Turkey with notes on their systematic significance

Achene anatomy and stomatal characteristics of eighteen Crepis taxa from Turkey are here described for the first time. In all taxa examined the pericarp is composed of several layers of sclerenchymatous and parenchymatous cells. As for the achene, differences among taxa mainly concern the pericarp structure and its thickness and width. Stomata are present on both surface of the leaf in all studied taxa and all taxa have anomocytic type stomata. However, the dimensions (length and width) and density of the stomata differ significantly among the studied taxa. In addition, the dimensions of stomata are negatively correlated with stomata density. It is concluded that achene anatomy and stomatal characteristics are useful for delimitation of Crepis taxa and a key to taxa based on these characters is provided. However, based on achene anatomy and stomatal characteristics, we found no argument for an exclusion of the Lagoseris group from Crepis as has previously been proposed.     

广义锦葵科火绳树属4个种的枝条木材解剖及其分类学意义

研究了广义锦葵科火绳树属4个种枝条的木材解剖。火绳树属枝条为散孔至半环孔材,管孔主要为单管孔和2～3个管孔组成的径列复管孔;导管间纹孔式和射线导管间纹孔式互列、小;侵填体和螺纹加厚缺如。射线主要为单列射线,2～3列射线较多;射线细胞多为方形,射线组织主要为异型,边缘直立细胞常1行;射线组织稀为同型;鞘细胞和瓦形细胞缺如。轴向薄壁组织傍管和离管型,主要为带状。晶体丰富,主要在射线、纤维和薄壁组织中。研究的4个种可以通过枝条木材解剖特征加以区分。     

Phytoliths of Indian grasses and their potential use in identification

Phytoliths are amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO₂.nH₂O) inclusions abundant in leaves, in-ternodes and glumes in members of Poaceae. They may occur as inclusions filling the entire lumen of the silica cells, bulliform cells and trichomes or may be part of the outer epidermal cell walls. Since phytoliths are resistant to fungal or animal digestive juices, a large quantity of phytoliths accumulate in the soil where grasses grow. Compared with the pollen grains of grasses which tend to be uniform, phytoliths vary in sue and morphology and can be of value in identification at different taxonomic levels and in the dating of past vegetation. The size and shape of phytoliths of about 100 species of grasses from Tamil Nadu, India, have been determined. Silica bodies were observed either after isolation or in cleared leaf blades. Size and shape of phytoliths were determined under a microscope or from micrographs of the specimens. Size and shape can be used to assign the phytoliths to their respective subfamilies and to distinguish some of the grasses at the generic level. Drawings of silica cells and an identification key are provided for 80 species.     

Testing four candidate barcoding markers in temperate woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)

Abstract Bambusoideae is an important subfamily of the grass family Poaceae that has considerable economic, ecologic and cultural value. In addition, Bambusoideae species are important constituents of the forest vegetation in China. Because of the paucity of flower‐bearing specimens and homoplasies of morphological characters, it is difficult to identify species of Bambusoideae using morphology alone, especially in the case of temperate woody bamboos (i.e. Arundinarieae). To this end, DNA barcoding has shown great potential in identifying species. The present study is the first attempt to test the feasibility of four proposed DNA barcoding markers (matK, rbcL, trnH–psbA, and internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) in identifying 27 species of the temperate woody bamboos. Three plastid markers showed high levels of universality, whereas the universality of ITS was comparatively low. A single plastid marker provided low levels of discrimination success at both the genus and species levels (<12%). Among the combinations of plastid markers, the highest discriminatory power was obtained using the combination of rbcL+matK (14.8%). Using a combination of three markers did not increase species discrimination. The nuclear region ITS alone could identify 66.7% of species, although fewer taxa were included in the ITS analyses than in the plastid analyses. When ITS was integrated with a single or combination of plastid markers, the species discriminatory power was significantly improved. We suggest that a combination of rbcL+ ITS, which exhibited the highest species identification power of all combinations in the present study, could be used as a potential DNA barcode for temperate woody bamboos.