雌核发育银鲫的受精生物学研究——天然雌核发育银鲫繁殖方式的讨论

本文研究了同源雌核发育银鲫精子在4种类型的雌核发育银鲫卵中的发育特征。初步揭示了天然雌核发育银鲫根据精子的来源不同而分别具有二种不同的繁殖方式,对其在维持雌核发育银鲫种群生存,促使克隆分化等方面的独特的生物学意义进行了讨论。     

雌核发育银鲫和两性生殖彩鲫精子蛋白组份的比较研究

对雌核发育银鲫和两性融合彩鲫精子蛋白组份进行了比较分析。通过分级抽提得到精子的不同组份精浆、精头的膜、鞭毛和脱膜精头等,然后经不同的凝胶电泳系统,比较分析了银鲫精子和其两性亲缘种彩鲫精子相应组份可溶性蛋白成份的差异。研究表明,经分级抽提的银鲫精子和彩鲫精子的各个组份都含有其特定的蛋白谱带。精浆蛋白在两种鱼之间和两种鱼的不同个体之间都存在一定差异。精头膜、鞭毛和脱膜精头的可溶性蛋白在同种鱼不同个体间高度一致,但在两种鱼之间表现出差异。两种鱼精头膜的可溶性蛋白在SDS－PAGE电泳图谱上基本一致,而在非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱上则具有各自的特征性谱带。鞭毛可溶性蛋白的SDS－PAGE分析在雌核发育银鲫中揭示出一条特异的蛋白带。脱膜精头的可溶性蛋白在SDS－PAGE电泳图谱上差异明显,存在几条特征性蛋白带,并经Acid-Urea PAGE系统分析,证实这些特征性蛋白为碱性蛋白。这些发现为进一步鉴定雌核发育银鲫雄鱼精子的特异性蛋白和揭示其分子机制打下了基础。     

银鲫两个雌核发育克隆间两性生殖子代的遗传多样性分析

本研究在揭示银鲫两性生殖方式的基础上,对以一尾人工雌核发育克隆F的卵子与一尾天然雌核发育克隆D的精子授精所获得的18尾FD后代及其亲本进行RAPD分析.扩增结果表明,在18尾FD子代中可检测到丰富的DNA多态片段,这些多态片段来自于银鲫两性生殖的重组.FD子代的扩增图谱不仅与母本的扩增图谱不同,而且个体间的扩增图谱也存在着较大的差异.这些差异的DNA片段根据其来源可基本分为四类.与异精刺激雌核发育的子代的情况不同,两性生殖FD子代间平均遗传距离高达0.23±O.123,远远高于异精刺激雌核发育的子代间的平均遗传距离(约＜0.01).在FD的三类表型中,SD个体间的平均遗传距离最大,为0.235±0.097;其次是SF间的平均遗传距离,为0.148±0.073;而NL间的平均遗传距离最小,为0.094±0.083.银鲫的遗传多样性和两性生殖方式为银鲫种群提供了丰富的遗传变异,创造了更多的遗传多样性.在分析了2320条(平均每个个体116条)可分辨的扩增带的基础上,采用NJTREE构建了呈现FD个体间及其与亲本相似性的分支图.NL3与母本的相似度最高,SD3与父本的相似度最高.在FD三种类型中,SD与NL和SF的平均遗传距离较大(＞0.31),而NL和SF的平均遗传距离仅为0.124.母本与父本的遗传距离约为0.35,与以前的研究结果类似,而FD 18尾个体与父母本的平均遗传距离均约为O.32,基本一致.但将18尾个体按体型分别统计平均遗传距离,不同的体型与父母本的相似性存在着较大差别.母本与SF的相似率最高,约为71%;父本与SD的相似率最高,约为70%.这可能由于扩增出一些与表型相关的DNA片段,从而导致了FD三种类型与亲本的相似性与表型相关.银鲫具有两种生殖方式的揭示将为解决长期困惑进化遗传学家的难题寻找到一个新的突破口,也进一步确立了银鲫在单性脊椎动物和多倍体脊椎动物进化遗传学研究中的特殊意义.     

银鲫两个雌核发育克隆间两性生殖子代的遗传多样性分析

Based on the discovery of gonochoristic reproductive mode in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), 18 individuals from the mated offspring between clone F and clone D and their parents were analyzed using 11 RAPD primers. The mated offspring differentiated into three phenotypes. One phenotype is similar to that of clone F (SF). The second is similar to that of clone D (SD). The third shows a novel longer and thinner body type (NL). Electrophoretogram results show abundant polymorhic DNA fragments among individuals in the FD mated offspring. Obviously, the polymorphic DNA fragments originate from the genome recombination owing to the gonochoristic reproductive mode. The FD mated offspring amplify different fingerprints from maternal, and their fingerprints are different from each other. These different DNA fragments can be divided into four groups according to their origin. The average genetic distance among individuals from the FD offspring (0.23 +/- 0.123) is much higher than that of allogynogenetic offspring, which is only about 0.01. Of the three phenotypes in the FD offspring, the average distances among SD is the highest (0.235 +/- 0.097). The next is SF phenotype, in which the average distances is 0.148 +/- 0.073. The average distances among NL is the lowest (0.094 +/- 0.083). The gonochoristic reproductive mode introduces high genotypic variability and underlines genetic diversity. A dendrogram was constructed by NJTREE cluster analysis based on a total of 2320 distinguishable fragments (116 per individual). NL3 and maternal are most closely related, and SD3 and paternal are most closely related. The average genetic distances between SD and SF or NL (> 0.31) is higher than that of between SF and NL (0.124). Consistent with previous study, the genetic distance between maternal and paternal is 0.35. The average genetic distances between FD offspring and parents are both about 0. 32. But the similarities among the three phenotypes in mated group FD offspring and parents are different. The similarity between SF and maternal (71%) is higher than similarities among other phenotypes and maternal. The similarity between SD and paternal (70%) is higher than similarities among other phenotypes and paternal. The results suggest the similarities among three phenotypes in the FD offspring and parents are related with their phenotypes because some DNA fragments specific for phenotypes were amplified in this study. The revelation about reproductive diversity will be able to open the door in which complicated mechanism has been locked in unisexual organisms for long time, and establish the important roles of silver crucian carp in the studies on evolutionary genetics in unisexual or polyploid vertebrates.     

银鲫不同雌核发育系的生物学特性比较研究

银鲫不同雌核发育系间,以D系银鲫体型最高,其相对体高平均为47％,A系为44.4％,C系为43.7％,B系为41.7％。在生长速度方面以D系生长最快,其次为A系,这两个系的银鲫在含肉量与肌肉蛋白质含量上均无明显差异,但D系银鲫对饵料的利用效率明显高于A系,因此生产上养殖以D系银鲫为母本,红鲤为父本人工繁殖而成的高体型异育银鲫,可提高经济效益10—20％。银鲫4个雌核发育系的卵巢发育进程不同,D系卵母细胞在2月份有个迅速发育期,因而最早进入成熟产卵期。A系成熟产卵期略晚,C系成熟产卵期较迟。银鲫染色体数目存在系间差异,D系染色体数目为162,A系和C系为156。     

雌核发育银鲫和两性融合彩鲫卵母细胞体外诱导成熟过程中周期蛋白 …

采用体外诱导卵母细胞成熟技术,比较研究了雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育彩鲫卵母细胞成熟过程中周期蛋白合成和ＭＰＦ活性变化情况。结果表明：１７α,２０β－二氢孕酮（简称ＤＰ）浓度为０．５μｇ／ｍｌ,温度为２４℃,光照时间２０小时为最适诱导条件。在相同条件下,两性生殖彩鲫卵母细胞体外诱导成熟速度明显快于银鲫。相应的细胞学研究表明,在体外诱导时,银鲫和彩鲫卵母细胞的发育成熟是正常的。银鲫卵母细胞生发泡破裂（     

雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育鱼（红鲫和彩鲫）卵壳结构及其组成的比…

作者以两性融合发育鱼为对照,对雌核发育银鲫卵壳的表面结构及其可溶性蛋白的组成进行了研究：（１）雌核发育银鲫卵壳表面比较平滑,没有明显的嵴和沟;（２）雌核发育银鲫卵壳可溶性蛋白的含量略高于两性融合发育鱼,并且在Ⅱ区段存在一条分子量为１０Ｄａｌｔｏｎ的特异蛋白区带。并对银鲫卵壳结构及组成的特殊性和银鲫卵初级控制作用间的关系进行了初步探讨。     

雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育鱼（红鲫和彩鲫）卵壳结构及其组成的比较研究

作者以两性融合发育鱼（红鲫、彩鲫）为对照,对雌核发育银鲫卵壳的表面结构及其可溶性蛋白的组成进行了研究：（１）雌核发育银鲫卵壳表面比较平滑,没有明显的嵴和沟;（２）雌核发育银鲫卵壳可溶性蛋白的含量略高于两性融合发育鱼（红鲫、彩鲫）,并且在ＩＩ区段存在一条分子量为１０万Ｄａｌｔｏｎ的特异蛋白区带。并对银鲫卵壳结构及组成的特殊性与银鲫卵初级控制作用间的关系进行了初步探讨。     

Genetic Diversity among Different Clones of the Gynogenetic Silver Crucian Carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, Revealed by Transferrin and Isozyme Markers

Genetic diversity among four clones (A, D, E, F) of gynogenetic silver crucian carp was studied using transferrin and isozymes in the blood as markers. Of the five proteins investigated, three (transferrin, esterase and superoxide dismutase) indicated polymorphism and eight polymorphic loci were detected. These loci were probably encoded by codominant alleles and their inheritance patterns were analyzed. Intraclonal homogeneity and interclonal heterogeneity were observed in these clones, which allowed us to infer the clonal nature and evolutionary relationship between them. Clonal diversity in this population of silver crucian carp in China was also compared with data reported from gynogenetic crucian carp in Germany.     

Screen for stage-specific expression genes between tail bud stage and heartbeat beginning stage in embryogenesis of gynogenetic silver crucian carp

A systemic study was initiated to identify stage-specific expression genes in fish embryogenesis by using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. In this study, we presented a preliminary result on screen for stage-specific expression genes between tail bud stage (TBS) and heartbeat beginning stage (HBS) in gynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Two SSH plasmid libraries specific for TBS embryos and HBS embryos were constructed, and stage-specific expression genes were screened between the two stages. 1963 TBS positive clones and 2466 HBS positive clones were sampled to PCR amplification, and 1373 TBS and 1809 HBS PCR positive clones were selected to carry out dot blots. 169 TBS dot blot positive clones and 272 HBS dot blot positive clones were sequenced. Searching GenBank by using these nucleotide sequences indicated that most of the TBS dot blot positive clones could not be found homologous sequences in the database, while known genes were mainly detected from HBS d     

Changes in chorion proteins induced by the exudate released from the egg cortex at the time of fertilization in the teleost, Oryzias latipes

The chorion of unfertilized medaka Oryzias latipes eggs consists of two major proteins (77–73 and 49 kDa) and a minor 150 kDa protein. Upon fertilization, these major chorion proteins are polymerized to insoluble high molecular weight proteins via the temporary formation of several new proteins (132, 114, 62 and 61 kDa). Increasing chorion toughness is closely related to the formation of high molecular weight proteins and the increasing insolubility of the chorion proteins. The changes in chorion proteins and hardening could be induced in vitro in isolated chorions by an egg exudate, which includes cortical alveolar contents. The effects of temperature and pH on the egg exudate-induced changes in chorion proteins were examined in the present study. The major proteins could be digested by proteolytic enzymes. The 49 kDa protein was PAS-positive. Analysis with polyclonal antibodies against the major proteins demonstrated that the temporarily formed 62 and 61 kDa proteins were derived from the 77–73 kDa protein and that higher molecular weight proteins, newly formed in the process of chorion hardening, contained the same epitopes as did the 77–73 and 49 kDa proteins. The results suggest that the changes in chorion proteins of the medaka egg at the time of fertilization can be induced by an enzyme(s) released from the egg cortex into the perivitelline space.     

雌核发育银鲫和两性融合彩鲫卵母细胞体外诱导成熟过程中周期蛋白合成和MPF活性变化的比较研究

采用体外诱导卵母细胞成熟技术 ,比较研究了雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育彩鲫卵母细胞成熟过程中周期蛋白合成和MPF活性变化情况。结果表明 :1 7α ,2 0 β 二氢孕酮(简称DP)浓度为 0 5μg/ml,温度为 2 4℃ ,光照时间 2 0小时为最适诱导条件。在相同条件下 ,两性生殖彩鲫卵母细胞体外诱导成熟速度明显快于银鲫。相应的细胞学研究表明 ,在体外诱导时 ,银鲫和彩鲫卵母细胞的发育成熟是正常的。银鲫卵母细胞生发泡破裂 (GVBD)时已有周期蛋白的合成 ,但生发泡破裂开始后则呈现合成速度下降直至没有合成的现象。尽管如此 ,卵母细胞中MPF活性却仍保持继续增强之势 ,至GVBD达1 0 0 %时 ,活性最强。而在两性融合发育彩鲫卵母细胞成熟过程中 ,周期蛋白的合成呈现出由较多到无 ,再逐渐到多的变化。GVBD开始时 ,周期蛋白合成较多 ,此后则急剧下降至几无周期蛋白的合成 ,以后随着成熟诱导的进行 ,周期蛋白的合成速度又缓慢回升至GVBD开始时的状态。与此相对应 ,MPF活性也出现从较强变无 ,再逐渐增至最强的变迁。这些结果初步揭示 ,鱼类卵母细胞中周期蛋白的合成和MPF活性的出现与卵母细胞的成熟分裂密切相关 ,雌核发育银鲫卵母细胞生发泡破裂开始以后 ,周期蛋白合成的消失可能与其特殊的三极纺锤体形成及其后的动力     

Germ-line chimera by lower-part blastoderm transplantation between diploid goldfish and triploid crucian carp

Germ-line chimerism was successfully induced by blastoderm transplantation from donor triploid crucian carp, which reproduces gynogenetically, to recipient diploid goldfish, which reproduces bisexually. Lower part of donor blastoderm including primordial germ cells (PGCs) was sandwiched between recipient blastoderm at the mid- to late-blastula stage. When donor grafts were prepared from intact embryos or ventralized ones by removing vegetal yolk hemisphere at the 1- to 2-cell stage, malformations including double axes were observed in the resultant chimeras transplanted with grafts from intact embryos at the hatching stage, while a few malformations in those from ventralized embryos. PGCs originated from donor grafts were observed around the gonadal anlage at 10 days post-fertilization in chimeras. When ploidy of erythrocytes and epidermal cells in chimeric fish was examined by flow-cytometry, no triploid cells were detected at 1- and 5-year-old chimeras. Three-year-old chimeric fish (n=5) laid eggs originated from the donor together with those from the recipient. The frequency of eggs from the donor crucian carp blastoderm varied from 3.1 to 89.3% between chimeras.     

Identification of cystatin as a component of carp chorion

An ovary-specific cystatin is immunocytochemically demonstrated to be localized in the chorions, cortical granules, and yolk granules of carp oocytes, as well as in the follicle cells surrounding oocytes. During cortical reaction, cystatin is exocytosed from cortical granules into the perivitelline space. In situ hybridization confirms that cystatin is synthesized by oocytes and follicle cells. Western blotting reveals that chorion cystatin appears in multiple bands of high molecular weight (from 65 kDa to larger than 200 kDa). No cystatin monomer of 14 kDa is found. These results indicate that chorion cystatin is conjugated with other chorion components. Two forms of conjugates are found. In one form, cystatin, ZP2, fibroin-like substance (FLS), and cathepsin-like substance (CLS) are conjugated, which is extracted by sodium dodecyl sulfate. In the other form, cystatin, FLS, and CLS are conjugated, which is extracted by guanidine thiocyanate (GTC). Most chorion cystatin of oocytes and ovulated eggs is solubilized by GTC, while a large amount of cystatin remains in the fertilization envelope of cortical reacted eggs after extraction by GTC. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 51:430–435, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

雌核发育银鲫卵抑制异源精子原核化的作用模式初探

雌核发育银鲫卵能抑制异源精子原核化,其个体发育完全由雌核控制。本实验通过去核、卵质转移和去除卵膜等手段,初步揭示了银鲫卵抑制异源精子原核化的作用,提出了双重控制的假说,即银鲫卵对异源精子具有初级控制和次级控制功能。初级控制可能是由于在精子进入卵子深部的通道上存在着某种特殊的抑制物的缘故,而次级控制的产生则可能是因为银鲫卵质中缺少某种两性融合生殖鱼类卵质所具有的促精子核化物质。     

三种鲫鱼品系同工酶比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳技术,对彭泽鲫、银鲫D系以及野鲫三种鲫鱼品系的心、肝和肾脏组织的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、苹果酸酶(ME)、酯酶(EST)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶表型进行了比较研究.结果表明彭泽鲫乳酸脱氢酶同工酶比银鲫D系在肝组织多出二条酶带(LDH7'和LDH8');超氧化物歧化酶在心和肾组织中分别多出一条酶带(SOD12'),表明彭泽鲫和银鲫已在生化水平产生明显的分化,推测它们可能起源于不同的地区,由不同的祖先,独立演化而形成.此外,彭泽鲫和银鲫D系的同工酶电泳图谱都包含野鲫的基本酶带,而彭泽鲫和野鲫的酯酶同工酶电泳图谱尤为相似,推测彭泽鲫和银鲫可能起源于野鲫,而彭泽鲫和野鲫的关系较近,银鲫和野鲫的关系较远.