共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Benjamin C. McIlwain Robert J. Vandenberg Renae M. Ryan 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(15):9780-9788
The aspartate transporter from Pyrococcus horikoshii (GltPh) is a model for the structure of the SLC1 family of amino acid transporters. Crystal structures of GltPh provide insight into mechanisms of ion coupling and substrate transport; however, structures have been solved in the absence of a lipid bilayer so they provide limited information regarding interactions that occur between the protein and lipids of the membrane. Here, we investigated the effect of the lipid environment on aspartate transport by reconstituting GltPh into liposomes of defined lipid composition where the primary lipid is phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or its methyl derivatives. We showed that the rate of aspartate transport and the transmembrane orientation of GltPh were influenced by the primary lipid in the liposomes. In PE liposomes, we observed the highest transport rate and showed that 85% of the transporters were orientated right-side out, whereas in trimethyl PE liposomes, 50% of transporters were right-side out, and we observed a 4-fold reduction in transport rate. Differences in orientation can only partially explain the lipid composition effect on transport rate. Crystal structures of GltPh revealed a tyrosine residue (Tyr-33) that we propose interacts with lipid headgroups during the transport cycle. Based on site-directed mutagenesis, we propose that a cation-π interaction between Tyr-33 and the lipid headgroups can influence conformational flexibility of the trimerization domain and thus the rate of transport. These results provide a specific example of how interactions between membrane lipids and membrane-bound proteins can influence function and highlight the importance of the role of the membrane in transporter function. 相似文献
2.
Sodium-coupled neurotransmitter transporters play a key role in neuronal signaling by clearing excess transmitter from the synapse. Structural data on a trimeric archaeal aspartate transporter, GltPh, have provided valuable insights into structural features of human excitatory amino acid transporters. However, the time-resolved mechanisms of substrate binding and release, as well as that of coupling to sodium co-transport, remain largely unknown for this important family. We present here the results of the most extensive simulations performed to date for GltPh in both outward-facing and inward-facing states by taking advantage of significant advances made in recent years in molecular simulation technology. The generated multiple microsecond trajectories consistently show that the helical hairpin HP2, not HP1, serves as an intracellular gate (in addition to its extracellular gating role). In contrast to previous proposals, HP1 can neither initiate nor accommodate neurotransmitter release without prior opening of HP2 by at least 4.0 Å. Aspartate release invariably follows that of a sodium ion located near the HP2 gate entrance. Asp-394 on TM8 and Arg-276 on HP1 emerge as key residues that promote the reorientation and diffusion of substrate toward the cell interior. These findings underscore the significance of examining structural dynamics, as opposed to static structure(s), to make inferences on the mechanisms of transport and key interactions. 相似文献
3.
Amanda J. Scopelliti Renae M. Ryan Robert J. Vandenberg 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(12):8250-8257
The ASCTs (alanine, serine, and cysteine transporters) belong to the solute carrier family 1 (SLC1), which also includes the human glutamate transporters (excitatory amino acid transporters, EAATs) and the prokaryotic aspartate transporter GltPh. Despite the high degree of amino acid sequence identity between family members, ASCTs function quite differently from the EAATs and GltPh. The aim of this study was to mutate ASCT1 to generate a transporter with functional properties of the EAATs and GltPh, to further our understanding of the structural basis for the different transport mechanisms of the SLC1 family. We have identified three key residues involved in determining differences between ASCT1, the EAATs and GltPh. ASCT1 transporters containing the mutations A382T, T459R, and Q386E were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and their transport and anion channel functions were investigated. A382T and T459R altered the substrate selectivity of ASCT1 to allow the transport of acidic amino acids, particularly l-aspartate. The combination of A382T and T459R within ASCT1 generates a transporter with a similar profile to that of GltPh, with preference for l-aspartate over l-glutamate. Interestingly, the amplitude of the anion conductance activated by the acidic amino acids does not correlate with rates of transport, highlighting the distinction between these two processes. Q386E impaired the ability of ASCT1 to bind acidic amino acids at pH 5.5; however, this was reversed by the additional mutation A382T. We propose that these residues differences in TM7 and TM8 combine to determine differences in substrate selectivity between members of the SLC1 family. 相似文献
4.
Nechama Silverstein David Ewers Lucy R. Forrest Christoph Fahlke Baruch I. Kanner 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(48):28988-28996
Crystal structures of the archaeal homologue GltPh have provided important insights into the molecular mechanism of transport of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Whereas mammalian glutamate transporters can translocate both glutamate and aspartate, GltPh is only one capable of aspartate transport. Most of the amino acid residues that surround the aspartate substrate in the binding pocket of GltPh are highly conserved. However, in the brain transporters, Thr-352 and Met-362 of the reentrant hairpin loop 2 are replaced by the smaller Ala and Thr, respectively. Therefore, we have studied the effects of T352A and M362T on binding and transport of aspartate and glutamate by GltPh. Substrate-dependent intrinsic fluorescence changes were monitored in transporter constructs containing the L130W mutation. GltPh-L130W/T352A exhibited an ∼15-fold higher apparent affinity for l-glutamate than the wild type transporter, and the M362T mutation resulted in an increased affinity of ∼40-fold. An even larger increase of the apparent affinity for l-glutamate, around 130-fold higher than that of wild type, was observed with the T352A/M362T double mutant. Radioactive uptake experiments show that GltPh-T352A not only transports aspartate but also l-glutamate. Remarkably, GltPh-M362T exhibited l-aspartate but not l-glutamate transport. The double mutant retained the ability to transport l-glutamate, but its kinetic parameters were very similar to those of GltPh-T352A alone. The differential impact of mutation on binding and transport of glutamate suggests that hairpin loop 2 not only plays a role in the selection of the substrate but also in its translocation. 相似文献
5.
Krishna D. Reddy Didar Ciftci Amanda J. Scopelliti Olga Boudker 《The Journal of general physiology》2022,154(5)
Integral membrane glutamate transporters couple the concentrative substrate transport to ion gradients. There is a wealth of structural and mechanistic information about this protein family. Recent studies of an archaeal homologue, GltPh, revealed transport rate heterogeneity, which is inconsistent with simple kinetic models; however, its structural and mechanistic determinants remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that in a mutant GltPh, which exclusively populates the outward-facing state, at least two substates coexist in slow equilibrium, binding the substrate with different apparent affinities. Wild type GltPh shows similar binding properties, and modulation of the substate equilibrium correlates with transport rates. The low-affinity substate of the mutant is transient following substrate binding. Consistently, cryo-EM on samples frozen within seconds after substrate addition reveals the presence of structural classes with perturbed helical packing of the extracellular half of the transport domain in regions adjacent to the binding site. By contrast, an equilibrated structure does not show such classes. The structure at 2.2-Å resolution details a pattern of waters in the intracellular half of the domain and resolves classes with subtle differences in the substrate-binding site. We hypothesize that the rigid cytoplasmic half of the domain mediates substrate and ion recognition and coupling, whereas the extracellular labile half sets the affinity and dynamic properties. 相似文献
6.
Gerard H M Huysmans Didar Ciftci Xiaoyu Wang Scott C Blanchard Olga Boudker 《The EMBO journal》2021,40(1)
Membrane transporters mediate cellular uptake of nutrients, signaling molecules, and drugs. Their overall mechanisms are often well understood, but the structural features setting their rates are mostly unknown. Earlier single‐molecule fluorescence imaging of the archaeal model glutamate transporter homologue GltPh from Pyrococcus horikoshii suggested that the slow conformational transition from the outward‐ to the inward‐facing state, when the bound substrate is translocated from the extracellular to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, is rate limiting to transport. Here, we provide insight into the structure of the high‐energy transition state of GltPh that limits the rate of the substrate translocation process. Using bioinformatics, we identified GltPh gain‐of‐function mutations in the flexible helical hairpin domain HP2 and applied linear free energy relationship analysis to infer that the transition state structurally resembles the inward‐facing conformation. Based on these analyses, we propose an approach to search for allosteric modulators for transporters. 相似文献
7.
Zhou Y Madej MG Guan L Nie Y Kaback HR 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2011,286(35):30415-30422
Helix V in LacY, which abuts and crosses helix I in the N-terminal helix bundle of LacY, contains Arg144 and Trp151, two residues that play direct roles in sugar recognition and binding, as well as Cys154, which is important for conformational flexibility. In this study, paired Cys replacement mutants in helices V and I were strategically constructed with tandem factor Xa protease cleavage sites in the loop between the two helices to test cross-linking. None of the mutants form disulfides spontaneously; however, three mutants (Pro28 → Cys/Cys154, Pro28 → Cys/Val158 → Cys, and Phe29 → Cys/Val158 → Cys) exhibit cross-linking after treatment with copper/1,10-phenanthroline (Cu/Ph) or 1,1-methanediyl bismethanethiosulfonate ((MTS)2-1), 3–4 Å), and cross-linking is quantitative in the presence of ligand. Remarkably, with one mutant, complete cross-linking with (MTS)2-1 has no effect on lactose transport, whereas quantitative disulfide cross-linking catalyzed by Cu/Ph markedly inhibits transport activity. The findings are consistant with a number of previous conclusions suggesting that sugar binding to LacY causes a localized scissors-like movement between helices V and I near the point where the two helices cross in the middle of the membrane. This ligand-induced movement may act to initiate the global conformational change resulting from sugar binding. 相似文献
8.
Renae M. Ryan Emma L. R. Compton Joseph A. Mindell 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(26):17540-17548
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are crucial in maintaining extracellular levels of glutamate, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter, below toxic levels. The recent three-dimensional crystal structure of GltPh, an archaeal homolog of the EAATs, provides elegant structural details of this family of proteins, yet we know little about the mechanism of the bacterial transporter. Conflicting reports in the literature have described GltPh as an aspartate transporter driven by Na+ or a glutamate transporter driven by either Na+ or H+. Here we use purified protein reconstituted into liposomes to thoroughly characterize the ion and substrate dependence of the GltPh transport. We confirm that GltPh is a Na+-dependent transporter that is highly selective for aspartate over other amino acids, and we show that transport is coupled to at least two Na+ ions. In contrast to the EAATs, transport via GltPh is independent of H+ and K+. We propose a kinetic model of transport in which at least two Na+ ions are coupled to the cotransport of each aspartate molecule by GltPh, and where an ion- and substrate-free transporter reorients to complete the transport cycle. 相似文献
9.
Glutamate transporters located in the brain maintain low synaptic concentrations of the neurotransmitter by coupling its flux to that of sodium and other cations. In the binding pocket of the archeal homologue GltPh, a conserved methionine residue has been implicated in the binding of the benzyl moiety of the nontransportable substrate analogue threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate. To determine whether the corresponding methionine residue of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1, Met-367, fulfills a similar role, M367L, M367C, and M367S mutants were expressed in HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes to monitor radioactive transport and transport currents, respectively. The apparent affinity of the Met-367 mutants for d-aspartate and l-glutamate, but not for l-aspartate, was 10–20-fold reduced as compared with wild type. Unlike wild type, the magnitude of Imax was different for each of the three substrates. d-Glutamate, which is also a transportable substrate of EAAC1, did not elicit any detectable response with M367C and M367S but acted as a nontransportable substrate analogue in M367L. In the mutants, substrates inhibited the anion conductance as opposed to the stimulation observed with wild type. Remarkably, the apparent affinity of the blocker d,l-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate in the mutants was similar to that of wild type EAAC1. Our results are consistent with the idea that the side chain of Met-367 fulfills a steric role in the positioning of the substrate in the binding pocket in a step subsequent to its initial binding. 相似文献
10.
Sepan T. Amadi Hanane A. Koteiche Sanjay Mishra Hassane S. Mchaourab 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(34):26710-26718
EmrE, a member of the small multidrug transporters superfamily, extrudes positively charged hydrophobic compounds out of Escherichia coli cytoplasm in exchange for inward movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient. Although its transport mechanism has been thoroughly characterized, the structural basis of energy coupling and the conformational cycle mediating transport have yet to be elucidated. In this study, EmrE structure in liposomes and the substrate-induced conformational changes were investigated by systematic spin labeling and EPR analysis. Spin label mobilities and accessibilities describe a highly dynamic ligand-free (apo) conformation. Dipolar coupling between spin labels across the dimer reveals at least two spin label populations arising from different packing interfaces of the EmrE dimer. One population is consistent with antiparallel arrangement of the monomers, although the EPR parameters suggest deviations from the crystal structure of substrate-bound EmrE. Resolving these discrepancies requires an unusual disposition of TM3 relative to the membrane-water interface and a kink in its backbone that enables bending of its C-terminal part. Binding of the substrate tetraphenylphosphonium changes the environment of spin labels and their proximity in three transmembrane helices. The underlying conformational transition involves repacking of TM1, tilting of TM2, and changes in the backbone configurations of TM3 and the adjacent loop connecting it to TM4. A dynamic apo conformation is necessary for the polyspecificity of EmrE allowing the binding of structurally diverse substrates. The flexibility of TM3 may play a critical role in movement of substrates across the membrane. 相似文献
11.
B Egenberger V Gorboulev T Keller D Gorbunov N Gottlieb D Geiger TD Mueller H Koepsell 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(37):31561-31573
Organic cation transporters are membrane potential-dependent facilitative diffusion systems. Functional studies, extensive mutagenesis, and homology modeling indicate the following mechanism. A transporter conformation with a large outward-open cleft binds extracellular substrate, passes a state in which the substrate is occluded, turns to a conformation with an inward-open cleft, releases substrate, and subsequently turns back to the outward-open state. In the rat organic cation transporter (rOct1), voltage- and ligand-dependent movements of fluorescence-labeled cysteines were measured by voltage clamp fluorometry. For fluorescence detection, cysteine residues were introduced in extracellular parts of cleft-forming transmembrane α-helices (TMHs) 5, 8, and 11. Following expression of the mutants in Xenopus laevis oocytes, cysteines were labeled with tetramethylrhodamine-6-maleimide, and voltage-dependent conformational changes were monitored by voltage clamp fluorometry. One cysteine was introduced in the central domain of TMH 11 replacing glycine 478. This domain contains two amino acids that are involved in substrate binding and two glycine residues (Gly-477 and Gly-478) allowing for helix bending. Cys-478 could be modified with the transported substrate analog [2-(trimethylammonium)-ethyl]methanethiosulfonate but was inaccessible to tetramethylrhodamine-6-maleimide. Voltage-dependent movements at the indicator positions of TMHs 5, 8, and 11 were altered by substrate applications indicating large conformational changes during transport. The G478C exchange decreased transporter turnover and blocked voltage-dependent movements of TMHs 5 and 11. [2-(Trimethylammonium)-ethyl]methanethiosulfonate modification of Cys-478 blocked substrate binding, transport activity, and movement of TMH 8. The data suggest that Gly-478 is located within a mechanistically important hinge domain of TMH 11 in which substrate binding induces transport-related structural changes. 相似文献
12.
Glutamate transporters facilitate the removal of this excitatory neurotransmitter from the synapse. Increasing evidence indicates that this process is linked to intrinsic chloride channel activity that is thermodynamically uncoupled from substrate transport. A recent cryo-EM structure of GltPh – an archaeal homolog of the glutamate transporters – in an open channel state has shed light on the structural basis for channel opening formed at the interface of two domains within the transporter which is gated by two clusters of hydrophobic residues. These transporters cycle through several conformational states during the transport process, including the chloride conducting state, which appears to be stabilised by protein–membrane interactions and membrane deformation. Several point mutations that perturb the chloride conductance can have detrimental effects and are linked to the pathogenesis of the neurological disorder, episodic ataxia type 6. 相似文献
13.
Volodymyr Shnitsar Jing Li Xuyao Li Charles Calmettes Arghya Basu Joseph R. Casey Trevor F. Moraes Reinhart A. F. Reithmeier 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(47):33848-33860
Anion exchanger 1 (AE1; Band 3; SLC4A1) is the founding member of the solute carrier 4 (SLC4) family of bicarbonate transporters that includes chloride/bicarbonate AEs and Na+-bicarbonate co-transporters (NBCs). These membrane proteins consist of an amino-terminal cytosolic domain involved in protein interactions and a carboxyl-terminal membrane domain that carries out the transport function. Mutation of a conserved arginine residue (R298S) in the cytosolic domain of NBCe1 (SLC4A4) is linked to proximal renal tubular acidosis and results in impaired transport function, suggesting that the cytosolic domain plays a role in substrate permeation. Introduction of single and double mutations at the equivalent arginine (Arg283) and at an interacting glutamate (Glu85) in the cytosolic domain of human AE1 (cdAE1) had no effect on the cell surface expression or the transport activity of AE1 expressed in HEK-293 cells. In addition, the membrane domain of AE1 (mdAE1) efficiently mediated anion transport. A 2.1-Å resolution crystal structure of cdΔ54AE1 (residues 55–356 of cdAE1) lacking the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal disordered regions, produced at physiological pH, revealed an extensive hydrogen-bonded network involving Arg283 and Glu85. Mutations at these residues affected the pH-dependent conformational changes and stability of cdΔ54AE1. As these structural alterations did not impair functional expression of AE1, the cytosolic and membrane domains operate independently. A substrate access tunnel within the cytosolic domain is not present in AE1 and therefore is not an essential feature of the SLC4 family of bicarbonate transporters. 相似文献
14.
Hemantkumar Chavan Mohiuddin Md. Taimur Khan George Tegos Partha Krishnamurthy 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(31):22658-22669
The mitochondrial ATP binding cassette transporter ABCB6 has been associated with a broad range of physiological functions, including growth and development, therapy-related drug resistance, and the new blood group system Langereis. ABCB6 has been proposed to regulate heme synthesis by shuttling coproporphyrinogen III from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria. However, direct functional information of the transport complex is not known. To understand the role of ABCB6 in mitochondrial transport, we developed an in vitro system with pure and active protein. ABCB6 overexpressed in HEK293 cells was solubilized from mitochondrial membranes and purified to homogeneity. Purified ABCB6 showed a high binding affinity for MgATP (Kd = 0.18 μm) and an ATPase activity with a Km of 0.99 mm. Reconstitution of ABCB6 into liposomes allowed biochemical characterization of the ATPase including (i) substrate-stimulated ATPase activity, (ii) transport kinetics of its proposed endogenous substrate coproporphyrinogen III, and (iii) transport kinetics of substrates identified using a high throughput screening assay. Mutagenesis of the conserved lysine to alanine (K629A) in the Walker A motif abolished ATP hydrolysis and substrate transport. These results suggest a direct interaction between mitochondrial ABCB6 and its transport substrates that is critical for the activity of the transporter. Furthermore, the simple immunoaffinity purification of ABCB6 to near homogeneity and efficient reconstitution of ABCB6 into liposomes might provide the basis for future studies on the structure/function of ABCB6. 相似文献
15.
Emma A. Morrison Katherine A. Henzler-Wildman 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2014,289(10):6825-6836
EmrE, a small multidrug resistance transporter, serves as an ideal model to study coupling between multidrug recognition and protein function. EmrE has a single small binding pocket that must accommodate the full range of diverse substrates recognized by this transporter. We have studied a series of tetrahedral compounds, as well as several planar substrates, to examine multidrug recognition and transport by EmrE. Here we show that even within this limited series, the rate of interconversion between the inward- and outward-facing states of EmrE varies over 3 orders of magnitude. Thus, the identity of the bound substrate controls the rate of this critical step in the transport process. The binding affinity also varies over a similar range and is correlated with substrate hydrophobicity within the tetrahedral substrate series. Substrate identity influences both the ground-state and transition-state energies for the conformational exchange process, highlighting the coupling between substrate binding and transport required for alternating access antiport. 相似文献
16.
Glutamate/Aspartate transporters cotransport three Na+ and one H+ ions with the substrate and countertransport one K+ ion. The binding sites for the substrate and two Na+ ions have been observed in the crystal structure of the archeal homolog GltPh, while the binding site for the third Na+ ion has been proposed from computational studies and confirmed by experiments. Here we perform detailed free energy simulations of GltPh, giving a comprehensive characterization of the substrate and ion binding sites, and calculating their binding free energies in various configurations. Our results show unequivocally that the substrate binds after the binding of two Na+ ions. They also shed light into Asp/Glu selectivity of GltPh, which is not observed in eukaryotic glutamate transporters. 相似文献
17.
Inga H?nelt Sonja Jensen Dorith Wunnicke Dirk Jan Slotboom 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(26):15962-15972
GltPh from Pyrococcus horikoshii is a homotrimeric Na+-coupled aspartate transporter. It belongs to the widespread family of glutamate transporters, which also includes the mammalian excitatory amino acid transporters that take up the neurotransmitter glutamate. Each protomer in GltPh consists of a trimerization domain involved in subunit interactions and a transport domain containing the substrate binding site. Here, we have studied the dynamics of Na+ and aspartate binding to GltPh. Tryptophan fluorescence measurements on the fully active single tryptophan mutant F273W revealed that Na+ binds with low affinity to the apoprotein (Kd 120 mm), with a particularly low kon value (5.1 m−1s−1). At least two sodium ions bind before aspartate. The binding of Na+ requires a very high activation energy (Ea 106.8 kJ mol−1) and consequently has a large Q10 value of 4.5, indicative of substantial conformational changes before or after the initial binding event. The apparent affinity for aspartate binding depended on the Na+ concentration present. Binding of aspartate was not observed in the absence of Na+, whereas in the presence of high Na+ concentrations (above the Kd for Na+) the dissociation constants for aspartate were in the nanomolar range, and the aspartate binding was fast (kon of 1.4 × 105
m−1s−1), with low Ea and Q10 values (42.6 kJ mol−1 and 1.8, respectively). We conclude that Na+ binding is most likely the rate-limiting step for substrate binding. 相似文献
18.
Hairat Sabit Sairam S. Mallajosyula Alexander D. MacKerell Jr. Peter W. Swaan 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(45):32394-32404
Human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT, SLC10A2) is responsible for intestinal reabsorption of bile acids and plays a key role in cholesterol homeostasis. We used a targeted and systematic approach to delineate the role of highly conserved transmembrane helix 2 on the expression and function of hASBT. Cysteine mutation significantly depressed transport activity for >60% of mutants without affecting cell surface localization of the transporter. All mutants were inaccessible toward chemical modification by membrane-impermeant MTSET reagent, strongly suggesting that transmembrane 2 (TM2) plays an indirect role in bile acid substrate translocation. Both bile acid uptake and sodium dependence of TM2 mutants revealed a distinct α-helical periodicity. Kinetic studies with conservative and non-conservative mutants of sodium sensitive residues further underscored the importance of Gln75, Phe76, Met79, Gly83, Leu86, Phe90, and Asp91 in hASBT function. Computational analysis indicated that Asp91 may coordinate with sodium during the transport cycle. Combined, our data propose that a consortium of sodium-sensitive residues along with previously reported residues (Thr134, Leu138, and Thr149) from TM3 may form the sodium binding and translocation pathway. Notably, residues Gln75, Met79, Thr82, and Leu86 from TM2 are highly conserved in TM3 of a putative remote bacterial homologue (ASBTNM), suggesting a universal mechanism for the SLC10A transporter family. 相似文献
19.
Schicker K Uzelac Z Gesmonde J Bulling S Stockner T Freissmuth M Boehm S Rudnick G Sitte HH Sandtner W 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(1):438-445
Serotonin (5-HT) uptake by the human serotonin transporter (hSERT) is driven by ion gradients. The stoichiometry of transported 5-HT and ions is predicted to result in electroneutral charge movement. However, hSERT mediates a current when challenged with 5-HT. This discrepancy can be accounted for by an uncoupled ion flux. Here, we investigated the mechanistic basis of the uncoupled currents and its relation to the conformational cycle of hSERT. Our observations support the conclusion that the conducting state underlying the uncoupled ion flux is in equilibrium with an inward facing state of the transporter with K+ bound. We identified conditions associated with accumulation of the transporter in inward facing conformations. Manipulations that increased the abundance of inward facing states resulted in enhanced steady-state currents. We present a comprehensive kinetic model of the transport cycle, which recapitulates salient features of the recorded currents. This study provides a framework for exploring transporter-associated currents. 相似文献
20.
The class 1 equilibrative glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4 are structurally similar but catalyze distinct modes of transport. GLUT1 exhibits trans-acceleration, in which the presence of intracellular sugar stimulates the rate of unidirectional sugar uptake. GLUT4-mediated uptake is unaffected by intracellular sugar. Using homology-scanning mutagenesis in which domains of GLUT1 are substituted with equivalent domains from GLUT4 and vice versa, we show that GLUT1 transmembrane domain 6 is both necessary and sufficient for trans-acceleration. This region is not directly involved in GLUT1 binding of substrate or inhibitors. Rather, transmembrane domain 6 is part of two putative scaffold domains, which coordinate membrane-spanning amphipathic helices that form the sugar translocation pore. We propose that GLUT1 transmembrane domain 6 restrains import when intracellular sugar is absent by slowing transport-associated conformational changes. 相似文献