西双版纳傣族与柬埔寨高棉族药用植物传统利用知识的初步比较

滇南西双版纳与柬埔寨同处国际河流澜沧江/湄公河流域,前者在上游地处东南亚热带北缘气候区,后者在下游地处东南亚热带气候区,两地相距在1 000 km以上.傣族和高棉族都是其所在国家或地区的主体民族,在历史的发展过程中,他们都利用了上千种的药用植物,积累了丰富的传统医药知识.通过有关著作的资料收集和作者的野外考察,比较了这两个主体民族利用的药用植物及其传统医药知识的一些异同.研究的结果表明,在常用的药用植物种类中,两地的相似系数只有0.15,而且这两个民族利用的多是草、灌植物;他们对药用植物的利用部位、利用方式和主治疾病等所积累的知识有较大的差异,各有所长.这与两地/国的生态环境、历史发展、生产生活方式和外来文化的影响等密切相关.     

BVDV and BHV-1 Infections in Dairy Herds in Northern and Northeastern Thailand

Bulk milk samples from 220 dairy herds were collected at 9 public milk collection centres in the northeastern and northern Thailand, and a subset of 11 herds was selected for individual testing. The samples were tested for presence of antibodies to BVDV and BHV-1 using an indirect ELISA. The results from the bulk milk testing demonstrated a moderate level of exposure to BVDV and BHV-1 (73% and 67%, respectively). However, the low proportion of herds with high BVDV antibody-levels (13%) and the low within-herd seroprevalence of BVDV and BHV-1 in the 11 herds (24% and 5%, respectively), particularly among the young stock (15% and 0%, respectively), demonstrated a low prevalence of active BVDV infection and a low rate of reactivation of latent BHV-1. The presence of a self-clearance process was also indicated by the results from the individual testing. Moreover, a surprisingly low prevalence of BVDV and BHV-1 antibody-positive herds at one of the milk centres was found. This centre was established 5–10 years before the others. Our impression is that this reflects the self-clearance process, where consecutive replacement of imported infected animals without further spread has resulted in a nearly total elimination of the infections.     

非洲药用植物概述

综述了非洲药用植物概况。重点介绍了原产非洲的重要药用植物21种,列表介绍了非洲产药用植物28种。     

Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison

Economic Botany - Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison. Thailand has a large rural population that uses traditional medicinal plants extensively. The country is also the...     

Phenolic Substances in Medicinal Plants

Compositions of phenolic substances were studied in the leaves of 21 species of medicinal plants. Flavonoid levels varied from 1.94 to 5.42%, whereas total amounts of monomeric polyphenols and hydroxybenzoic acids were estimated as 0.27 to 0.57%; hydroxycinnamic acids and their esters with quinic acid, 0.09 to 0.18%. Condensed and polymerized polyphenols were detected in amounts of 0.41 to 1.20%. Qualitative compositions of flavonoids in leaves of the seven plants studied were presented. The developed analytical procedures may be useful for plant polyphenol studies and as a basis for hemotaxonomy.     

Plants Used for Reproductive Health by Nahua Women in Northern Veracruz,Mexico

Plants Used for Reproductive Health by Nahua Women in Northern Veracruz, Mexico. This paper reports the use of medicinal plants by Nahua women in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. It documents the women’s plant knowledge for reproductive purposes, which includes uses such as conception, pregnancy, birth, contraception, menstruation, post-partum, and general reproductive health. The concept of equilibrium is very important in regaining health among the Nahua; consequently, many of the medicinal plants have this as their primary purpose. The introduction of biomedical clinics and hospitals in the region has had a significant effect on the loss of knowledge about medicinal plants. Additionally, the midwives are not taking any new apprentices and laywomen are not passing on their knowledge to future generations. This generational gap contributes to the loss of knowledge about medicinal plants. This research contributes to the study of indigenous ethnobotany by (a) creating a record of the plant knowledge possessed by indigenous women, (b) giving voice to some of their health concerns, (c) indicating how the introduction of biomedicine has affected their plant use, and (d) providing a framework for understanding how marginal peoples around the world respond to the impact that globalization and change has on their health needs and local ethnobotanical knowledge.     

Forms of Silicon in Medicinal Plants

The contents of three forms of silicon (organic, soluble mineral, and polymeric) were determined in leaves of 21 medicinal plants. At a total content of silicon of 0.74 to 3.59%, the organic, soluble mineral, and polymeric forms accounted for 0.51–1.91%, 0.05–0.51%, and 0.1–1.21%, respectively. An analysis of silicon in the condensed polyphenol fraction was performed for the first time revealing the presence of a covalently bound form in amounts of 0.1 to 0.2% of the total silicon content in the leaves. These results are of interest for food or medical applications of the plants studied.     

药用植物转基因研究进展

随着医疗事业的发展,药用植物的遗传转化越来越成为人们关注的焦点.近年来药用植物的遗传转化取得了很大进展,已成功培育了多种转基因药用植物.从遗传转化方法、转化受体和转化的目的基因等方面来论述了近年来药用植物转基因的研究进展,并对以后的发展提出了展望.     

Zoonotic Echinostome Infections in Free-Grazing Ducks in Thailand

Free-grazing ducks play a major role in the rural economy of Eastern Asia in the form of egg and meat production. In Thailand, the geographical location, tropical climate conditions and wetland areas of the country are suitable for their husbandry. These environmental factors also favor growth, multiplication, development, survival, and spread of duck parasites. In this study, a total of 90 free-grazing ducks from northern, central, and northeastern regions of Thailand were examined for intestinal helminth parasites, with special emphasis on zoonotic echinostomes. Of these, 51 (56.7%) were infected by one or more species of zoonotic echinostomes, Echinostoma revolutum, Echinoparyphium recurvatum, and Hypoderaeum conoideum. Echinostomes found were identified using morphological criteria when possible. ITS2 sequences were used to identify juvenile and incomplete worms. The prevalence of infection was relatively high in each region, namely, north, central, and northeast region was 63.2%, 54.5%, and 55.3%, respectively. The intensity of infection ranged up to 49 worms/infected duck. Free-grazing ducks clearly play an important role in the life cycle maintenance, spread, and transmission of these medically important echinostomes in Thailand.     

深圳市重要药用植物资源调查

经调查,深圳市共有重要药用植物资源124科211种,其中蕨类植物20科20种,裸子植物3科3种,被子植物88科174种,单子叶植物13科15种,其中只有桫椤等国家一级保护植物被很好的保护起来,大部分药用植物有待进一步开发利用。     

我国石豆兰属药用植物资源及其保护

描述了石豆兰属15种野生药用植物的分布及其生物学特性、资源现状、药用价值等。石豆兰属药用植物是我国民间常用的中草药,主要分布于我国的华南、西南地区,其中云南、广东、广西分布较多,云南最多,有12种,占我国野生石豆兰属药用资源的80％。不同的种类在各地的资源蕴藏量不同,广东石豆兰、密花石豆兰在广东、广西常见,芳香石豆兰在广东常见。近年来,石豆兰的野生资源被当作药材和观赏花卉遭到滥采乱挖,受到不同程度的破坏。对如何保护与合理利用石豆兰属药用植物资源提出了建议。     

Contamination of Aflatoxins in Herbal Medicinal Products in Thailand

Twenty-eight herbal medicinal products from Thailand were investigated for aflatoxin (AF) contaminations by employing a specific HPLC assay for the determination of AFB1, B2, G1 and G2. The samples were extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol in water before further cleaned up with an immunoaffinity column and followed by the detection of AFs by using an electrochemically post-column derivatization with iodine and fluorescence detector. The extraction procedure was optimized in order to obtain the best recovery. The method was successfully carried out with all the herbal products diversified as to compositions and dosage forms. The results revealed that five (18%) of herbal samples were contaminated with detectable amount of the total AFs ranging from 1.7 to 14.3 ng/g. The association between particular herbal/plant and the AF contaminated could not be determined due to the low frequency of positive samples. The contaminated products were those in tablet (4) and capsule (1) dosage forms. It was possible that the original fungal infection of these products may have been derived from either the crude herbal or other ingredients making these preparations, such as starch. In conclusion, none of the AF contaminated level found was above the current legislative level permissible in Thailand (20 ng/g). A word of caution, however, exporting some high AF-contaminated herbal products to countries where more stringent permissable level of aflatoxins exist could result in trade Barriers.     

药用植物基因工程的研究进展

从农杆菌诱导的转基因器官的培养,模式基因工程,目的基因的遗传转化等方面概述了药用植物基因工程研究及应用中的最新进展,并展望了今后发展的方向及前景。     

Evaluation of Four Commonly Used DNA Barcoding Loci for Chinese Medicinal Plants of the Family Schisandraceae

Many species of Schisandraceae are used in traditional Chinese medicine and are faced with contamination and substitution risks due to inaccurate identification. Here, we investigated the discriminatory power of four commonly used DNA barcoding loci (ITS, trnH-psbA, matK, and rbcL) and corresponding multi-locus combinations for 135 individuals from 33 species of Schisandraceae, using distance-, tree-, similarity-, and character-based methods, at both the family level and the genus level. Our results showed that the two spacer regions (ITS and trnH-psbA) possess higher species-resolving power than the two coding regions (matK and rbcL). The degree of species resolution increased with most of the multi-locus combinations. Furthermore, our results implied that the best DNA barcode for the species discrimination at the family level might not always be the most suitable one at the genus level. Here we propose the combination of ITS+trnH-psbA+matK+rbcL as the most ideal DNA barcode for discriminating the medicinal plants of Schisandra and Kadsura, and the combination of ITS+trnH-psbA as the most suitable barcode for Illicium species. In addition, the closely related species Schisandra rubriflora Rehder & E. H. Wilson and Schisandra grandiflora Hook.f. & Thomson, were paraphyletic with each other on phylogenetic trees, suggesting that they should not be distinct species. Furthermore, the samples of these two species from the southern Hengduan Mountains region formed a distinct cluster that was separated from the samples of other regions, implying the presence of cryptic diversity. The feasibility of DNA barcodes for identification of geographical authenticity was also verified here. The database and paradigm that we provide in this study could be used as reference for the authentication of traditional Chinese medicinal plants utilizing DNA barcoding.     

西藏野生药用植物资源初探

西藏地域辽阔 ,面积为 12 0万平方公里 ,占我国总面积的 12 .5 % ,海拔由 6 0 0ｍ左右至 884 8ｍ ,有高耸的山脉、众多的水系与湖泊 ,蕴藏着丰富而特有的物种资源。仅高等植物就有 5 0 0 0余种 ,占全国高等植物 1/ 6 ,其中有 10 0 0余种具有珍贵药用价值的植物。西藏药用植物资源分布广而分散。比较集中的为一江两河流域的高山峡谷地带。除冬虫夏草、红景天、雪莲等分布于海拔较高的高山草甸及雪线以上外 ,多数药用植物资源分布于藏东南地区的有林地带 ,以三江流域、察隅、墨脱、波密、林芝、米林等地最为突出 ,是开发利用药用植物资源潜力…     

Distribution of chlorophytic phytoplankton in Northern Thailand

The distribution of phytoplankton was investigated in standing water bodies such as reservoirs, ponds and marshes. Thirty sampling sites in Northern Thailand were studied during 1998–2005. The water quality could be classified as oligotrophic-mesotrophic to eutrophic status. Twelve families, 51 genera and 181 species of chlorophytic phytoplankton were found. The dominant genera were Staurastrum spp., Cosmarium spp., Scenedesmus spp. and Pediastrum spp. The distribution of these species was mainly affected by the water quality. Presented at the International Symposium Biology and Taxonomy of Green Algae V, Smolenice, June 26–29, 2007, Slovakia.