Comparative Anatomical Studies on Vessel Elements of Chinese Ranunculaceae

The vessel elements in 77 species of 36 genera of Chinese Ranunculaceae were studied. The vessel elements of Ranunculaceae could be divided into primitive and more specialized groups on the basis of their morphological characters through clustering analysis. The most primitive type of the vessel elements was seen in Asteropyrum, and some vessel elements were considered more primitive, as in Paeonia, Trollius, Actaea, Helleborus, Souliea, Calathodes, Beesia, Caltha, Coptis, Kingdonia, Circaeaster, Adonis, Hepatica, than others. There was a marked difference between Paeonia and other genera of Ranunculaceae. The vessel elements of Paeonioideae and Helleboroideae with follicles were more primitive than Ranunculoideae with achenes. In Thalictroideae, .the vessel elements of Thalictrum with achenes were more specialized than other genera with follicles. All these findings coincided with the evolution of fruits. The character of evolution of vessel elements ran parallel with that of other parts of plant (flower, carpel, petiole, venation). The features of vessel elements in the same genus were at similar evolutional level, however, some difference between species do exist.     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Vessel Elements of Eight Genera in Magnoliaceae

This paper deals mainly with comparative studies on vessel elements of secondary xylem in Chinese Manglietia, Manglietiastrum, Alcimandra, Parakmeria, Paramichelia, Tsoongiodendron, Aromadendron and Liriodendron. There are some differences between the genera in vessel element length and width. Manglietia species all have scalariform perforation plates, only a few also have simple perforations. The other genera have scalariform perforation plates. only one (Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun) has simple perforations in addition. There are no spiral thickenings in Manglietia except for one species [Manglietia chingii Dandy (M. temuipes Dandy)] . Paramichelia and Liriodendron have no spiral thichenings, but they are present in the other genera. In addition, some other differences in vessel elements between these 8 genera are also discussed.     

中国木兰属和含笑属导管分子的比较解剖

本文对我国木兰科的39种木兰属和含笑属植物次生木质部的导管分子进行了初步分析。两属导管分子的长度和宽度略有差异。木兰属中多数种的导管分于有单穿孔板,但有的可见到梯状穿孔板。含笑属植物的导管分子大多具有梯状穿孔板,仅有一种可看到单穿孔板。在具有梯状穿孔板的木兰属植物中,穿孔板的横隔数目较含笑属的多。木兰属的导管壁上一般无螺纹加厚;含笑属则相反。此外,在两属之间,导管尚存在一些其它差异。     

Reproductive and Pollination Biology of Magnolia and its Allied Genera (Magnoliaceae). I. Floral Volatiles of Several Magnolia and Michelia Species and their Roles in Attracting Insects

Abstract Volatile substances emitted from the flowers of eight Magnolia taxa ( M. sieboldii ssp. japonica, M. praecocissima var. praecocissima and var. borealis, M. tomentosa, M. salicifolia, M. obovata, M. denudata, and M. grandiflora ) and one Michelia species ( M. compressa ) (Magnoliaceae) were examined and identified using GC-MS. Volatile substances of these Magnolia and Michelia species consist primarily of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids produced by the mevalonate pathway, acetogenins by the acetate-malonate pathway, and phenyl-propanoids by the shikimate pathway. These Magnolia and Michelia species all possessed various combinations of volatile monoterpenoids, acetogenins, and phenylpropanoids, except for Magnolia obovata , which emitted primarily sesquiterpenoids. Free amino acids in pollen of 12 Magnolia and one Liriodendron species were also analyzed, and their value as food sources for pollinators evaluated.
Pollinators visiting the flowers of five Magnolia species were collected in their native sites and identified. Their behaviors and roles as pollinating agents were assessed.     

蜈蚣草导管分子的观察

对蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)叶轴中导管分子进行了观察。结果表明,其导管分子十分细长,均具长、且十分倾斜的梯状穿孔板,穿孔没有纹孔膜的残余,与侧壁上的梯纹纹孔有着明显的差异。     

Spiral Thickenings of Vessel Elements in Magnoliaceae in China

Spiral thickenings in the inner walls of vessels were studied in 10 genera 69 species of Magnoliaceae in China under scanning electron microscopic observation. Spiral thickenings were found in some species. The majority of these species showed complete thickenings of the inner wall, however, in some of which the spiral thickenings were less obvious at both ends. In others, these spiral thickenings existed only in the middle portion, uniformly or irregularly distributed.     

含笑属叶片的比较解剖学研究

对中国含笑属 ( Michelia) 1 8种 (包括观光木 1 ) ) ,1变种的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究 ,结果表明 :( 1 )含笑属植物的叶片均有明显的栅栏组织和海绵组织之分 (除石碌含笑和观光木外 ) ,但二者的厚度及它们在叶肉中的所占的比例在组间、种间有一定的差别 ;( 2 )有些种类叶片的上表皮有下皮 ,有些则无 ,少数种类 (石碌含笑 )上、下表皮皆有下皮 ;( 3)表皮毛的有无及表皮毛的细胞个数有一定的种间差别 ;( 4 )叶表皮角质层的厚薄程度在种间有一定的差别 ;( 5 )油细胞在含笑属植物叶片整个叶肉中普遍存在 (除含笑只在栅栏组织中有分布 ) ,但其分布密度在种间有较大的差异。通过对含笑属植物叶片结构的比较观察 ,旨在探讨该属间的系统演化关系 ,为分组、分种提供解剖学方面的实验证据     

蜈蚣草导管分子的观察

对蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)叶轴中导管分子进行了观察。结果表明,其导管分子十分细长,均具长、且十分倾斜的梯状穿孔板,穿孔没有纹孔膜的残余,与侧壁上的梯纹纹孔有着明显的差异。     

芒果次生木质部导管分子的观察

运用细胞图象分析系统及显微照相的方法对芒果(Mangifera indicaL.)次生木质部不同的导管分子进行了观察。并且对这些导管分子的构造、进化趋势以及同一导管分子上的特殊结构进行了详细的讨论。     

台湾青枣导管分子及其穿孔板研究

运用细胞图象分析系统及显微照相的方法对台湾青枣Z iziphus mauritiana次生木质部导管分子进行了观察研究。在台湾青枣的次生木质部导管分子中存在着许多不同的样式,并且导管分子穿孔板存在着3种类型:两端均为一个单穿孔板;一端为一个单穿孔板,另一端为梯状穿孔板;具纤毛的单穿孔板。分别对其进行了描述,并从导管分子个体发育与系统发育的角度进行了讨论,认为3种类型的穿孔板为导管分子穿孔板的系统演化提供了新的证据。     

木兰属叶片的比较解剖学研究

对木兰属（Magnolia)12种、1亚种植物的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。结果表明：（1）Nootboom系统的云南木兰（M.yunnanensis)和乐东木兰（M.lotungensis)的叶肉中含有大量的单宁,与木兰属其他植物叶片的解剖结构有较大区别,支持刘玉壶系统^[2]拟单性木兰属（Parakmeria)的建立;（2）凹叶厚朴（M.officinalis ssp.biloba)为厚朴（M.officinalis)的亚种,二者下表皮均被表皮毛,但表皮毛的细胞个数明显不同,因而很易区分;（3）木兰属植物的叶片在叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度的比例、表皮毛、油细胞大小及其分布密度密度等方面在种间具有一定差别。     

Molecular Phylogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Inferred from cpDNA Sequences and Evolutionary Divergence of the Floral Scents

Magnolia (disjuncts), however, have similar chemical profiles. A molecular phylogeny of Magnoliaceae was constructed to reveal phylogenetic relationships of taxa by sequencing the trnK intron (including the matK coding region), psbA-trnH, and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer regions of chloroplast DNA from 25 Magnolia, two Michelia, and two Liriodendron taxa. The psbA-trnH spacer region showed twice the sequence divergence (0.0157) of the trnK intron (0.0073) or the matK coding region (0.0077). The strict consensus tree constructed from the combined data set (ca. 3,700 bp) indicated the genus Magnolia was polyphyletic containing Michelia species as ingroup. The clade of Magnolia liliifera var. obovata, M. coco, and M. delavayi formed the first branch. Among the remaining species, two additional large clades were recognized, i.e., one comprised of American evergreen Magnolia species and another of subgenus Yulania. The relationship among sect. Rytidospermum taxa was not clearly resolved. Parsimonious mapping of the floral scent chemical characters was performed onto the molecular phylogenetic tree to discuss evolutionary trends of the floral scent chemistries. Received 7 December 1998/ Accepted in revised form 18 May 1999     

乐昌含笑(木兰科)的核型研究

首次报道了乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)的染色体数目和核型。核型公式为2n=38=28m 6sm 4st(2SAT)。与前人认为整个含笑属都为单一的2A型不同,乐昌含笑的核型属于Stebbins的2B型,具有2对近端着丝粒染色体。而且发现在第9对染色体上有小随体的存在。这些表明在含笑属内含有不同的核型。乐昌含笑在细胞学意义上可能是属内比较进化的类群。对染色体结构的细微改变在木兰科植物的种属进化上的作用进行了简要讨论。     

乐昌含笑(木兰科)的核型研究(英文)

首次报道了乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)的染色体数目和核型。核型公式为2n=38=28m+6sm+4st(2SAT)。与前人认为整个含笑属都为单一的2A型不同,乐昌含笑的核型属于Stebbins的2B型,具有2对近端着丝粒染色体。而且发现在第9对染色体上有小随体的存在。这些表明在含笑属内含有不同的核型。乐昌含笑在细胞学意义上可能是属内比较进化的类群。对染色体结构的细微改变在木兰科植物的种属进化上的作用进行了简要讨论。     

江西中南部观光木种群及所在群落特征研究

采用样地调查法,对赣中南观光木种群及群落特征进行了研究。结果表明:观光木种群分布格局呈集群分布,径级结构为衰退型。观光木所在群落有维管植物60科94属112种,植物生活型以高位芽植物为主,占总种数的69.64%。植物区系起源古老,成分复杂,具有明显的热带性质。群落除Pielou指数较高外,其它各种多样性指数偏低,各样地间多样性指数有一定的差异;测度观光木所在群落物种多样性时,4种多样性指数未表现出相同的趋势,Simpson指数和Pielou指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>草本层>乔木层,Shannon-wiener指数和物种丰富度指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>乔木层>草本层。观光木本身的生物学特性和人类掠夺式的破坏是导致观光木种群濒危的主要原因。     

缺硼导致柑橘叶脉和果实导管分子形态畸形的观察

缺硼可导致柑橘叶片变厚而脆、发生木栓化、"猴头果"等现象,其原因是植物组织内部起运输作用的维管组织受到损坏。导管是维管组织重要组成部分,本实验以‘纽荷尔’脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck ‘Newhall’)和HB柚[Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.‘HB You’]叶片、HB柚果实中果皮为材料,利用离析方法将导管分离,观察缺硼导管分子形态的变化。结果表明:(1)缺硼使纽荷尔脐橙叶脉中的孔纹导管数量增多;(2)缺硼使HB柚叶片和果实中果皮的孔纹导管大量增生,梯纹导管和网纹导管数量减少;(3)正常导管圆润饱满,而缺硼导管变形干瘪,且有侧壁穿孔现象;(4)缺硼导管变得短而窄,细胞壁变薄,无尾率增加,使维管组织功能丧失。(5)缺硼维管束受损,运输效率降低,是发生叶脉木栓化和"猴头果"现象的源头。     

海南岛含笑属(木兰科)二新植物

海南岛发现(木兰科)含笑属二新植物。     

深山含笑叶过氧化物酶对双酚A清除效应研究

深山含笑是一种常绿乔木,具有较好的园林观赏价值,其叶片在每年春天新旧叶交替时,会陆续凋落而不能实现其经济价值;我们前期研究发现深山含笑成熟叶片具有较高的过氧化物酶活性,而过氧化物酶在内分泌干扰物生物酶法降解途径中发挥着重要作用。为充分开发深山含笑叶的经济价值,提高资源的利用效率,我们对深山含笑叶过氧化物酶进行了纯化并初步研究了其性质;在此基础上,进一步研究了深山含笑叶过氧化物酶在降解环境污染物双酚A上的特性。结果显示,经过非离子表面活性剂(吐温-80)抽提、双水相萃取、DEAE-Sepharose离子交换层析,首次从深山含笑叶片中快速分离提纯结合态过氧化物酶,相对可溶性过氧化物酶纯化倍数为55. 2倍,回收率为19%。该酶的比活力为18 999 U/mg蛋白,以愈创木酚为反应底物的最佳pH值为4. 5,最适温度为50℃;具有较宽的pH稳定范围,热稳定性较好,60℃以下不易失活。深山含笑叶过氧化物酶对BPA具有良好的清除能力,在pH4～7,温度30～40℃,H2O2/BPA摩尔浓度之比达0. 8条件下,经过3 h,10 000 U/L POD对0. 2 mmol/L BPA清除率达90%以上,深山含笑过氧化物酶在酚类物质生物酶法催化降解途径中具有潜在的重大利用价值。     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on Chinese Medicinal Plants of the Genus Aconitum

This paper reports the result of comparative anatomical studies on medicinal roots of 53 species and varieties in the genus Aconitum from China. The anatomical structures of the roots can be classified into 6 types and 18 subtypes according to the level of their evolution. The anatomy of Aconitum roots is discussed in relation to phylogeny based on chemotaxonomy, cytology and other related disciplines. It was found that the six types of Aconitum roots are correlated with chemical components, chromosomes, toxicity and the gross morphology. The relatively advanced Types I and II roots always contain highly toxic alkaloids of diterpenoid diester of aconitine type, distributed mainly in Ser. 3, 5-11 of Sect. Aconitum of Subgen. Aconitum, while the relatively primitive Types III, IV and II roots with small diameters contain mainly atisine and aminal alcohol alkaloids, which have lower toxicity, present in Subgen. Gymnaconitum and Ser. 1, 2 of Sect. Aconitum of Subgen. Aconitum. The primitive Types V and VI roots of Subgen. Lycoctonum contain mainly the most low-toxic alkaloids of lycoctonine Type. The result is of significance both in theory or practice for the development of medicinal plant resourcesand the safety of clinical usage of these of plants.