大兴安岭林区针叶林的生长方程及火灾林木死亡率

本文用随机模拟的方法建立了北方针叶林的生长方程及其受到火灾侵害后的林木死亡率,定量地研究了火灾对这种林分变动的影响．     

人体冲击与人体代用品的研究──猕猴与人形体的相关特性

本文在实际测量数据的基础上,提出一种运用主成分分析的方法对数据进行筛选和匹配,进而对人体和猕猴作典型相关分析,从而得出这种替代是有意义的．     

非线性自食种群动力系统的稳定性

本文讨论了一类主要由昆虫自食引起的非线性种群动态模型的稳定性．首先给出确定性模型,并着重讨论其一个特殊情形．通过在参数空间中辨识稳定域的边界,可以相对直观地分析种群动态．对于随机模型,是利用在确定性模型中加入对数尺度下的正态随机项形成的,该模型具有较好的统计性质,便于将现实的非线性时间序列数据引进系统中来．     

Taura syndrome virus in specific pathogen-free Penaeus vannamei originating from Hawaii and in P. vannamei stocks farmed in France?

It is the opinion of the authors of the Comment on Do et al. (2006), that those authors incorrectly interpreted their test results, which are more likely the result of mislabeling of samples or within-laboratory contamination, and that the TSV isolates found in Penaeus vannamei in Korea in 2004 and 2005 did not originate from Hawaii as claimed by the authors, but from a country (or countries) in southeast Asia. Finally, we believe that the authors did not follow proper international guidelines, extend a professional courtesy to the supplier of the disputed shrimp sample, nor take a critical approach in interpreting their own data. It is unfortunate that the authors did not follow through with additional testing, or seek a second opinion from an independent laboratory, before implicating shrimp imported from Hawaii as the source of TSV in Korea.     

Empirical Study of Data Sharing by Authors Publishing in PLoS Journals

Background

Many journals now require authors share their data with other investigators, either by depositing the data in a public repository or making it freely available upon request. These policies are explicit, but remain largely untested. We sought to determine how well authors comply with such policies by requesting data from authors who had published in one of two journals with clear data sharing policies.

Methods and Findings

We requested data from ten investigators who had published in either PLoS Medicine or PLoS Clinical Trials. All responses were carefully documented. In the event that we were refused data, we reminded authors of the journal''s data sharing guidelines. If we did not receive a response to our initial request, a second request was made. Following the ten requests for raw data, three investigators did not respond, four authors responded and refused to share their data, two email addresses were no longer valid, and one author requested further details. A reminder of PLoS''s explicit requirement that authors share data did not change the reply from the four authors who initially refused. Only one author sent an original data set.

Conclusions

We received only one of ten raw data sets requested. This suggests that journal policies requiring data sharing do not lead to authors making their data sets available to independent investigators.     

一个竞争模型的一致持续生存

本文研究一个带有时滞的竞争模型的一致持续生存。首先证明了离散时滞不影响种群的一致持续生存,接着在种群增长率是周期的假设下讨论了正周期解的存在性,最后给出了连续时滞模型一致持续生存的充分条件。     

关于质体随细胞分裂传递的数学模型

本文根据质体是具有遗传功能的细胞器这一事实出发,对质体传递规律首次进行了定量研究,建立了突变质体在细胞分裂中传递的全概率和条件概率公式．并对此公式的应用作了进一步的探讨．本文所提供的方法将为质体遗传开辟一条定量研究的新路．     

An unrecognized etiology of sexual ambiguity: Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome or a new entity?

The authors report three cases of a new syndrome which characteristic anomalies are facial dysmorphism with anteverted nose, down slanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, severe microretrognatia, polydactyly. The authors insist on the particular severe genital anomalies, the failure to thrive and the constant lethal issue. The authors discuss the diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and suggest the possibility of a new entity always confounded with others associations characterized by a polydactyly and a sexual reversion in male.     

Trilucent breast implants: voluntary removal following the Medical Device Agency recommendation. Report on 115 consecutive patients

In June of 2000, the U.K. Medical Device Agency recommended the removal of Trilucent implants as a precautionary maneuver in response to reports of local inflammatory reactions. This decision allowed the authors to operate on 115 consecutive patients between June of 2000 and January of 2001. On the preoperative examination, the authors found a very high incidence of rippling (66 percent), whereas capsular contracture was seen in only three patients (2.6 percent). Rippling was significantly more common in patients with subglandular implants. Five implants were found ruptured during the operation. This figure, together with the relative ease of implant breakage at removal, shows a premature deterioration of the implant shell. The authors also comment on implant bleeding, which seems common in this type of breast implant. The authors think that this is a possible cause for the rippling phenomenon, resulting from a reduction of the implant content. On the basis of these findings, the authors conclude that Trilucent implants are associated with a poor cosmetic outcome and a high rate of complications.     

1997—2009年《生命科学研究》载文、作者、基金资助论文和影响因子统计分析

对<生命科学研究)1997-2009年的载文、作者、基金支持论文和影响因子情况进行了统计分析,得出该刊13年来发展的一些规律,为进一步提高该刊的学术水平和影响力提供依据.利用维普(VIP)资讯系统(中文科技期刊数据库),采用文献计量法,分析<生命科学研究>1997-2009年的载文量、作者合作度、合作率、以及地域分布、基金支持、影响因子等指标和内容.13年共检出886篇文献,作者3 544人次,合作度为4,合著率为94.92%.作者分布在全国29个省、自治区和直辖市,高等医药院校作者最多.占作者总数的84.76%.13年<生命科学研究>共发表各类基金资助论文734篇.影响因子和总被引频次逐年提升.该刊因其著者整体学术水平高,在生命科学研究领域有较大的影响.已成为我国生命科学研究领域具有普遍的指导意义、影响深远的重要学术性期刊和中文核心期刊.     

On the uncanny capabilities of consequential LCA

Purpose

Plevin et al. (2014) reviewed relevant life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for biofuels and argued that the use of attributional LCA (ALCA) for estimating the benefits of biofuel policy is misleading. While we agree with the authors on many points, we found that some of the arguments by the authors were not presented fairly and that a number of specific points warrant additional comment. The main objective of this commentary is to examine the authors’ comparative statements between consequential LCA (CLCA) and ALCA.

Methods

We examined the notion that the LCA world is divided into CLCA and ALCA. In addition, we evaluated the authors’ notion of “wrong” models.

Results

We found that the authors were comparing an idealized, hypothetical CLCA with average (or less than average), real-life ALCAs. Therefore, we found that the comparison alone cannot serve as the basis for endorsing real-life CLCAs for biofuel policy. We also showed that there are many LCA studies that do not belong to either of the two approaches distinguished by the authors. Furthermore, we found that the authors’ notion of “wrong” models misses the essence of modeling and reveals the authors’ unwarranted confidence in certain modeling approaches.

Conclusions

Dividing the LCA world into CLCAs and ALCAs overlooks the studies in between and hampers a constructive dialog about the creative use of modeling frameworks. Unreasonable confidence in certain modeling approaches based on their “conceptual” superiority does not help support “robust decision making” that should ultimately land itself on the ground.     

医学实验动物学专业英语教学方法初探

本文结合作者参加医学实验动物专业英语教学和在美国访问学习经历,介绍了几种在专业英语教学中强化学生综合运用语言能力的方法,希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用,为促进学生掌握该专业英语语言特点,提高学习效率和实际应用能力提供有益的参考。     

Equal Contributions and Credit: An Emerging Trend in the Characterization of Authorship in Major Anaesthesia Journals during a 10-Yr Period

Background

The practice of giving certain authors equal credit in original research publications was increasingly common in some specialty. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of designating some authors with equally credited authors (ECAs) in major anaesthesia journals.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The practice of giving authors equal credit was searched and identified in the three major anaesthesia journals between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2011. Papers with ECAs had a higher proportion of the total number of articles in 2011 versus published in 2002 (Anesthesiology, 8.8% vs. 0.9%; British Journal of Anaesthesia, 8.8% vs. 0%; Anesthesia & Analgesia, 3.4% vs. 0.3%; totally, 6.4% vs. 0.4%). A significant increasing trend in annual proportion of articles with ECA was found in the three journals. The first two authors listed in the byline had equal credit in most cases.

Conclusions/Significance

The practice of giving authors equal credit in original research papers is increasingly common in major anaesthesia journals. It may be warranted for the journals to guide the authors how to regard this practice.     

Teaching tree thinking in an upper level organismal biology course: testing the effectiveness of a multifaceted curriculum

The ability to interpret and reason from Tree of Life diagrams is a key component of twenty-first century science literacy. This article reports on the authors’ continued development of a multifaceted research-based curriculum – including an instructional booklet, lectures, laboratories and a field activity – to teach such tree thinking to biology students. Results are presented from a study involving biology students enrolled in an upper level organismal biology class. All students received the multi-week tree-thinking curriculum, and learning was assessed by comparing pretest and posttest scores on the novel tree-thinking assessment instrument developed by the authors. Quantitatively, the authors found large gains in tree-thinking abilities due to their instruction. The results also provided qualitative evidence that the authors succeeded in their more general goal of helping students to appreciate the interconnectedness of Earth’s biodiversity through the utility of phylogenetic trees.     

Characterization of the active site of group B streptococcal hyaluronan lyase

Xin Li was inadvertently dropped from the list of authors for this article. The authors regret this error.     

烟叶烘烤系统的数学模型研究

根据实际的烟叶烘烤过程,建立了反映烟叶失水规律的数学模型,并对影响烟叶含水率的几个因素进行了系统分析．     

等熵方程与生物熵限方程

本文分析了等熵方程;推导出核酸序列的熵限方程,率先提出了生物进化过程中核酸序列选择的熵原则;绘制了分析核酸序列熵变的等熵图．     

纵向资料回归系数的新估计

本文研究纵向资料中回归系数的估计,借助于相依回归模型中的信息迭加法,给出了一个新估计,它改进了最小二乘估计．     

Current challenges in the manufacture of clinical-grade autologous whole cell vaccines for hematological malignancies

Autologous whole cell vaccines use a patient's own tumor cells as a source of antigen to elicit an anti-tumor immune response in vivo. Recently, the authors conducted a systematic review of clinical trials employing these products in hematological cancers that showed a favorable safety profile and trend toward efficacy. However, it was noted that manufacturing challenges limit both the efficacy and clinical implementation of these vaccine products. In the current literature review, the authors sought to define the issues surrounding the manufacture of autologous whole cell products for hematological cancers. The authors describe key factors, including the acquisition, culture, cryopreservation and transduction of malignant cells, that require optimization for further advancement of the field. Furthermore, the authors provide a summary of pre-clinical work that informs how the identified challenges may be overcome. The authors also highlight areas in which future basic research would be of benefit to the field. The goal of this review is to provide a roadmap for investigators seeking to advance the field of autologous cell vaccines as it applies to hematological malignancies.