盐胁迫下大麦和小麦叶片脂质过氧化伤害与超微结构变化的关系

研究了耐盐的大麦和不耐盐的小麦幼苗在 NaCl 胁迫下叶片脂质过氧化作用、膜系统伤害、叶肉细胞超微结构变化三者之间的关系。在盐胁迫初期,叶肉细胞能维持较高的 SOD 活性,脂质过氧化作用较弱,膜系统基本完整;随着胁迫强度加大,SOD 活性下降,脂质过氧化作用加强,膜透性增加,细胞内的电解质和紫外吸收物质大量外渗,细胞器破坏,甚至整个叶肉细胞结构崩溃。试验结果表明盐胁迫下超微结构的变化反映了细胞内膜系统的紊乱和伤害,而膜系统的伤害可能是脂质过氧化作用增强的结果。     

Effects of Fatty Acids on Lipid Composition and Function of Tonoplast Vesicles in Barley Seedlings Under Salt Stress

When barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ) seedlings were treated with 100 mmol/L NaC1 for 2 d, the index of unsaturated fatty acid (IUFA) increased in the tonoplast vesicles that were isolated from the seedlings mots of two barley cultivars with different salt tolerance, whereas no change were observed when the seedlings were treated with exogenous fatty acids with different satumbility. Exogenous stearic acid and linoleic acid decreased Na + absorption and transportation to the shoots, increased K + absorption and transportation, decreased the leakage of electrolytes, and increased the phospholipid and galactose contents of lipids in tonoplast, enhanced the activities of tonoplast H+ -ATPase and H+ -PPase. This is consistent with the results that the two fatty acids, linoleic acid and stearic acid, regulate ion absorption and distribution, mitigate salt stress to some extent, the effects of linoleic acid being more the latter.     

小麦耐盐细胞系对盐胁迫的伤害性反应

通过逐级提高ＮａＣｌ浓度的筛选方法,得到了能在１．５％ＮａＣｌ下生长良好的小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）耐盐细胞系。在盐分胁迫下,耐盐细胞系含水量的降低幅度小于不耐盐细胞系（对照）,Ｈ２Ｏ２含量和Ｏ－２产生速率的增加幅度也明显小于对照细胞系。同时,膜的相对透性、膜脂过氧化和脱酯化程度的提高幅度也明显低于对照细胞系。表明盐分对小麦细胞系膜的伤害与活性氧介导的膜脂过氧化和脱酯化有关,而耐盐细胞系比对照细胞系表现出较强的抗活性氧伤害的能力。     

Cell Death and Growth Recovery of Barley after Transient Salt Stress

3 H-thymidine) in old roots were partially recycled for new tissue formation. This result indicates that cell death may have some physiological roles under transient salt stress. Received 11 January 2000/ Accepted in revised form 29 June 2000     

Effects of Calcium on Absorption and Distribution of Ions and H+-ATPase Activity in Barley and Wheat Under Salt Stress

Calcium decreased Na+ absorption and transportation to the shoots,increased K+ and Ca2+ absorption and transportation ,decreased the leakage of electrolyties,and increased the accumulation of dry matter in barley and wheat seedlings under NaC1 stress. Calcium ion promoted the H+-ATPase activities in plasma membrane and tonoplast vesicles isolated from the young roots of the two plants, and increased respiration of the roots. This is in consistent with the results that calcium regulates ion absorption and distribution via its enhancement of H+-ATPase activities in plasma membrane and tonoplast.     

Ultrastructural Study of Mesophyll Cells During Their Dediff erentiation in Stevia rebaudiana

Authors deal with the changs of cell ultrastructure ,nucleic acid and soluble protein contents as well as peroxidase activity during mesophyll cell dedifferentiation of leaf explant of stevia rebaudiaha Bertoni. Electron microscopic observations indicated that the mature mesophyll cells had returning to meristematic cells had to go through three main phases: (1)Initiation phase :The main characteristics of cells in this phase were cytoplasmic expansion, stretching out of cytoplasmic filaments to cell centre and appearance of the protein bodies in vacuoles. (2)Medial evolving phase :The main characteristics of cells in this phase were formation of cytoplasmic bridges ;the chloroplasts were dedifferentiated to proplastids and the nuclei started to move toward centre . (3)Finishing and dividing phase :During this phase cell dedifferentiation had finished and cell division was about to start. The main characteristics of cells in this phase were the appearance of meristematic state ; the nuclei, sometimes irregularly shaped, occupied a major proportion of the cell ; the nucleoli were vaculated and the nucleopores increased in number and size. Biochemic analyses showed that the contents of the total nucleic acids , RNA and the soluble proteins as well as the peroxidase activity gradully increased during formation of meristematic cell aggregates and then reduced. However, the change of DNA contents was not obvious.     

The Effect of Salt and Water Stress on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in leaf Cells of Halophyte and Non-halophyte

Different concentrations of NaC1 and isoosmotic polyethylene glycol(PEG)were used to treat the seedlings of halophyte Suaede salsa and non-halophyte Prosopis chilensis. Membrane lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde(MDA)content,SOD activity and plasmalemma permeability were determined at different time of treatment. The seedlings of Suaeda salsa showed no or a little response to 0--1. 488 MPa NaCl,but marked response to 1. 984 MPa NaC1. However,there was a greater response to isoosmotic PEG in plasmalemma permeability, SOD activity and MDA content. Prosopis chilensis showed an contrary trend to Suaeda salsa. The MDA content decreased unanimously as three kinds of free-radical scavengers were sprayed on the seedlings of the above plants before NaCl or PEG treatment, but increased with pretreatment of SOD inhibitor. Obviously, the decrease of SOD activity and the increase of MDA content were related to plasma injury, and free-radical did participate the course of salt and/or water stress injury. Their effects of both salt and water stress shared common features in response to the integrity of the cell membrane.     

盐胁迫下柚和橘幼苗体内矿质元素变化的比较研究

采用沙培法,对盐胁迫下坪山柚和福橘幼苗体内矿质元素的变化进行了研究。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,坪山柚和福橘幼苗根部及地上部Na^＋、Cl-含量增加,且相同浓度下,福橘比坪山柚高。40mmol／L NaCI胁迫下,坪山柚和福橘幼苗地上部的K^＋、Fe含量,根部的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、Zn含量显著下降,而根部Fe含量及地上部Zn含量显著增加。随NaCl浓度增大,坪山柚根部K^＋含量,地上部Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋含量变化不明显,而福橘根部、地上部上述离子含量在NaCl浓度≥160mmol／L时均显著下降。因此,根部K^＋含量,地上部Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋含量存在品种问差异,或许可作为耐盐性鉴定指标。NaCl胁迫降低坪山柚和福橘幼苗根部及地上部P、Mn含量,而Cu含量在较高浓度NaCl胁迫下显著增加。NaCl胁迫明显降低坪山柚和福橘幼苗地上部K^＋／Na^＋、Ca^2＋／Na^＋和Mg^2＋／Na^＋值,其中K^＋／Na^＋值的变化可考虑作为柑橘耐盐性鉴定的指标。     

盐胁迫下木榄幼苗叶片的解剖学变化

对梯度盐度下木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)幼苗叶解剖特征进行观察,并分析木榄适应盐胁迫的形态学变化特点以及盐胁迫对植物生长的影响.在0‰～50‰盐度范围内,木榄胚轴均能正常萌发,但幼苗高度、鲜重以及叶面积与培养盐度之间存在着明显的负相关.随着盐度的增加,木榄叶的上(下)角质层和上(下)表皮层增厚,单宁细胞密度增大,上(下)内皮层变薄,叶肉细胞的胞间隙缩小;栅栏组织厚度因细胞的长度和宽度减小而变薄,而海绵组织厚度与培养盐度之问无明显的相关性,栅栏组织/海绵组织的比率下降.扫描电镜下栅栏组织细胞中的叶绿体数量和形态未见明显的变化,但叶绿体在细胞中的位置发生了改变.因此,盐胁迫下叶片栅栏组织厚度的下降、海绵组织中胞间隙的减少以及叶肉细胞中叶绿体的分布变化可能是导致植株光合效率下降和幼苗生长受阻的重要原因.     

盐胁迫下大麦幼苗多胺的种类和状态与多胺氧化酶活性的关系

200 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫8 d大麦幼苗叶片和根系中的三种形态多胺都有不同程度地下降,其中游离态多胺含量的下降幅度最大;高氯酸不溶性结合态多胺含量变化较小.根系中PAO的活性先上升后下降,而叶片中PAO的活性先下降后上升.游离态多胺中,亚精胺和精胺(Spd Spm)的含量变化与相应部位PAO的活性变化趋势相反,表明PAO在盐胁迫下可能调节了游离态多胺的含量从而影响高氯酸可溶结合态与高氯酸不溶结合态多胺的含量.     

甜菜碱对NaCl胁迫下小麦细胞保护酶活性的影响

本文以小麦为材料,研究甜菜碱对ＮａＣｌ胁迫下小麦幼苗细胞保护酶系统的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能够提高ＮａＣｌ胁迫下小麦幼苗超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,抑制过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低叶片质膜透性和盐害对细胞膜的伤害。所有这些变化都有利于提高ＮａＣｌ胁迫下小麦幼苗细胞膜的稳定性、完整性和对ＮａＣｌ胁迫的适应性     

苗期低温胁迫对不同棉花品种叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

以早熟、中熟、晚熟三种不同熟性的6个棉花品种幼苗为试材,分析4℃低温胁迫处理对叶肉细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明：4℃低温处理3 d后,中熟品种N177和N181及晚熟品种K-1和N203的细胞器均受到严重破坏,表现为叶绿体受损严重,部分类囊体解体,线粒体膜模糊,失去完整性,细胞核膜基本消失,染色质凝聚,淀粉粒的数量和体积增大,嗜锇颗粒增多;而早熟品种中50和N52受损较轻,叶绿体变化不明显,线粒体结构完整,细胞壁完整。说明早熟品种中50和N52具有与抗冷性相适应的结构特点,其抗冷性较强。     

锌胁迫下水车前叶细胞自由基过氧化损伤与超微结构变化之间关系的研究

主要研究了模拟锌污染对水车前叶细胞的自由基过氧化损伤和超微结构的变化,并对二者之间的关系作了初步探讨,随锌胁迫程度的增大,叶绿素含量,SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性和可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势;而POD（过氧化物酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性则先升后降;MDA（丙二醛）含量上升,超微结构的变化也呈现加重趋势,低浓度处理的变化为细胞核变形,叶绿体膨胀,类囊体排列紊乱,严重的超微结构的损伤是核仁散开,染色质凝集,细胞核几乎成为空核和核膜破裂,核质散出;线粒体脊突膨胀和部分溶解;叶绿体膜断裂,消失和部分类囊体溶解和散到细胞质中,实验结果表明,锌胁迫下叶细胞超微结构的变化反映了内膜系统遭到严重伤害,这可能是自由基过氧化损伤的结果。     

重金属胁迫引起的水稻和小麦幼苗DNA损伤

供试浓度的重金属Cu2 、Cd2 和Hg2 能在不同程度上导致水稻和小麦DNA损伤。 (1)Hg2 ≥ 0 .0 2 5mmol L、Cu2 和Cd2 ≥ 0 .1mmol L处理使水稻幼苗期外DNA合成速率显著高于对照 ,且当Cu2 、Cd2 和Hg2 浓度进一步增高时 ,水稻幼苗期外DNA合成速率呈现先上升而后较最大值有所下降的规律。 (2 ) 0 .1～1.0mmol L的Cu2 及 0 .1mmol L的Cd2 、Hg2 能引起水稻、小麦叶内DNA和蛋白质交联 ,并且这种和DNA交联的蛋白质易被胰蛋白酶水解。 (3) 0 .1～ 1.0mmol L的Hg2 及 1.0mmol L的Cd2 还能使水稻、小麦叶片内DNA链间发生交联     

低温锻炼和低温胁迫期间翠南报春叶肉细胞超微结构的适应变化

低温锻炼(10℃)期间翠南报春叶肉细胞线粒体增加并出现质膜内陷现象,低温胁迫(0℃)过程中,低温锻炼植株的细胞超微结构表现相对稳定,叶绿体片层结构和线粒体数目都未发生明显变化。未受低温锻炼植株线粒体数目在低温胁迫第2天增多,第3、4天逐渐减少,并在第3天出现质膜内陷现象。多泡体和囊泡结构有时伴随着质膜内陷出现。这种变化可能是经低温锻炼的翠南报春抗寒性提高的细胞结构基础。     

小麦根系过氧化氢积累与耐盐性的关系

以抗盐性不同的2个小麦品系为材料,对其在盐胁迫下根细胞膜的膜渗透率,MDA含量,H2O2积累以及POD,SOD相对活性进行了分析和对比。结果表明：盐胁迫下抗性低的小麦品系93029#POD活性下降,导致活性氧积累而引起膜脂的过氧化作用;而抗盐性强的906#,在盐胁迫下。POD活性显著升高,没有明显的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化现象,植物的抗盐性与其活性氧代谢和H2O2水平有关,抗必品系具有较高的清除活性氧的能力,使得H2O2浓度处于较低的水平,不对细胞造成伤害,外施Ca^2 和Vc可部分缓解盐害。     

Physiological,Biochemical and Molecular Responses of Barley Seedlings to Aluminum Stress

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most Aluminum (Al) sensitive cereal species. In this study, the physiological, biochemical, and molecular response of barley seedlings to Al treatment was examined to gain insight into Al response and tolerance mechanisms. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity were inhibited to different degrees following Al exposure. The MDA content also significantly increased with increasing Al concentrations. SRAP results indicated significant differences between Al treatments and controls in terms of SRAP profile, and the genomic template stability (GTS) decreased with increasing Al concentration and duration. These integrative results help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that the barley response to Al toxicity.     

盐胁迫对红麻幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为研究不同盐胁迫时间和不同盐浓度胁迫对红麻（Hibiscus cannabinusL.）幼苗的生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响,探寻红麻耐盐的生理机制,为盐碱地种植红麻提供科学依据,本研究对红麻幼苗进行了两种不同条件的盐胁迫处理。一种将红麻幼苗在0（对照组）、140 mmol/L NaCl的半强度Hoagland营养液下分别处理3、6、9 d,另一种是在0（对照组）、70、140、200 mmol/L NaCl的1/2 Hoagland营养液下处理6 d,分别测定两种盐胁迫条件下植株的鲜重、根长、茎长、叶片H2O2、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性。结果显示：（1）在第一种处理条件下,随着盐胁迫时间的延长,处理组红麻幼苗的鲜重相对于对照分别减轻了19.63%、19.35%和39.03%,株高则分别降低了25.59%、19.17%和18.48%,处理组的SOD活性先增后减,POD活性先减后增,MDA和H2O2的含量、CAT和GR活性基本随胁迫时间的增长而增高。（2）在第二种处理条件下,随着胁迫盐浓度的增加,处理组鲜重相对于对照分别减轻了16.79%、19.35%和44.73%,株高则分别降低了11.21%、19.17%和23.62%,处理组SOD活性都稍高于对照,但三者无显著差异,POD活性先减后增,MDA和H2O2的含量、CAT和GR活性基本上随着盐浓度增加而增加。实验表明,在两种不同条件的盐胁迫下,红麻幼苗受盐害的程度基本上随胁迫时间和盐浓度的增加而加重。处理组植株的SOD和POD活性较对照组增加不明显,甚至有所降低,而CAT和GR活性则相对较高,CAT和GR可能在红麻幼苗抵御盐害时起较重要作用。     

外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗硝酸还原的影响

采用营养液水培方法,以＂雪美＂品种甜瓜（Cucumis melo L.）为材料,研究了外源脯氨酸（Proline）对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系硝酸还原的影响。结果表明：（1）盐胁迫提高了甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系内铵态氮（NH4＋-N）和可溶性蛋白含量;降低了硝态氮（NO-3-N）含量和硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase,NR）活性。（2）外源施用脯氨酸明显地提高了盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系内NO-3-N和可溶性蛋白含量;降低了盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系内NH＋4-N含量;增强了盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗体内NR活性。研究结果表明,外源脯氨酸可以通过调节甜瓜幼苗体内硝酸还原酶活性和氮化合物含量来缓解盐胁迫对甜瓜幼苗植株的伤害。