发根农杆菌的Ri-质粒转化和赛莨菪的发根培养

将赛莨菪（Scopolia Iurida)的无菌苗被含有Ri-质粒的发根农村菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes)感染后,诱导出发根（hariy root)将发根分离,除菌后,在不含激素的琼脂或液体MS培养基上培养,发根能产生正常植物体中含有的莨菪碱和东莨菪碱等生物碱,在发根培养物中检测到agropine和mannopine,说明发根农杆菌Ri-质粒的T－DNA部分已转化到赛菪莨细胞的DNA中。     

青蒿转杜松烯合成酶基因发根系的培养

将已克隆的棉花杜松烯合成酶的ｃＤＮＡ（ｃａｄＣ１４）插入到植物表达载体ｐＢＩ１２１中,构建含ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ启动子驱动下的杜松烯合成酶基因的植物表达载体ｐＢＩＣ１４。用含ｐＢＩＣ１４质粒的发根农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ）１５８３４感染青蒿（ＡｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａａｎｎｕａＬ．）叶片并诱导发根,共建立１２１个生长迅速的发根系。经浓度为２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的Ｋａｎ筛选,获得１２个抗Ｋａｎ阳性根系。ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ分析表明,外源杜松烯合成酶基因已整合到青蒿基因组中,其转基因频率为３％。ＲＴＰＣＲ分析表明,外源杜松烯合成酶基因在Ｃ３７根系中,在转录水平上已有表达。     

Gene silencing by expression of hairpin RNA in Lotus japonicus roots and root nodules

We investigated the efficacy of self-complementary hairpin RNA (hpRNA) expression to induce RNA silencing in the roots and nodules of model legume Lotus japonicus, using hairy root transformation mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Transgenic lines that express beta-glucuronidase (GUS) by constitutive or nodule-specific promoters were supertransformed by infection of A. rhizogenes harboring constructs for the expression of hpRNAs with sequences complementary to the GUS coding region. GUS activity in more than 60% of the hairy roots was decreased or silenced almost completely. Silencing of the GUS gene was also observed in symbiotic nodules formed on hairy roots in both early and late stages of nodule organogenesis. These results indicate that transient RNA silencing by hairy root transformation provides a powerful tool for loss-of-function analyses of genes that function in roots and root nodules.     

基于发根培养体系的甘薯品种抗线虫特性鉴定研究

利用发根农杆菌诱导的甘薯发根体系,鉴定甘薯品种抗线虫的特性。试验在甘薯品种徐薯18、栗子香和鲁78066诱导的发根体系上,接种马铃薯腐烂线虫,六周后调查发根繁殖线虫情况及线虫侵染发根情况,然后评价它们的抗线虫特性。结果表明:培养六周后,线虫在徐薯18、栗子香和鲁78066发根上繁殖倍数分别为8.82,0.76和0.70;在徐薯18发根上观察到多处线虫侵入位点,在栗子香和鲁78066发根上只观察到一处线虫侵入位点;基于以上结果,鉴定徐薯18为易感线虫病品种,栗子香和鲁78066为抗线虫病品种,徐薯18和鲁78066的鉴定结果和发病地自然诱发鉴定结果相一致,栗子香不同于发病地自然诱发鉴定结果。鉴定结果表明:用不同品种的甘薯发根作鉴定其抗线虫特性,具有体系简单、直观方便、重复性好以及不受自然环境影响等优点,进一步完善可以作为植物对线虫病抗性鉴定新的体系。     

Ri质粒介导的毛状根体系建立及其在植物次生代谢产物合成中的研究进展

发根农杆菌Ri质粒可诱导植物产生毛状根体系,该体系具有遗传性状稳定且增殖速度快的特点,可用于药用植物次生代谢产物的生产研究,为利用生物反应器技术进行药用植物有效成分工业化水平的发酵培养开辟了新途径。本文主要综述了发根农杆菌Ri质粒介导的植物毛状根体系遗传转化机理,并对毛状根体系在药用植物次生代谢产物生产中的研究现状进行了深入分析,为从基因水平上调控植物次生代谢产物的合成提供新思路。     

Ri T-DNA对盾叶薯蓣的遗传转化及薯蓣皂甙元产生的影响

利用农杆菌介导法成功地将Pd T-DNA转入药用植物盾叶薯蓣,产生了毛状根,经分子信标探针检测农杆菌Pd质粒上的T-DNA已整合进植物基因组中。研究建立了毛状根大量快速繁殖技术,基本技术要求为：1／2 MS液体培养基,28℃培养温度,350lux弱光条件下有利于毛状根的增殖培养,提高生物量。HPLC测定结果显示,转基因获得的毛状根其薯蓣皂甙元的含量分别是微块茎、愈伤组织和植物体合成量的5．68倍、6．12倍和2．68倍。     

3种农杆菌对茶树发状根诱导的影响

以茶树'福云6号'和'铁观音'成熟种子下胚轴、未成熟种子下胚轴和愈伤组织为材料,以发状根诱导率为指标,探究菌液浓度、农杆菌菌株、外植体类型和预培养时间对发状根诱导的影响.结果表明:(1)菌液浓度OD600在0.4～1.2范围内,'福云6号'成熟种子下胚轴发状根诱导率先升高后降低,ATCC15834在OD 600为0.6...     

Amyloplast distribution in hairy roots induced by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.

To elucidate the rapid and plagiotropic growth of hairy root induced by A. rhizogenes, a root apex was investigated with respect to it's amyloplast deposition, activity of alpha-amylase and glucose content. The amyloplasts distributed in the hairy roots were fewer than those of the adventitious root. Since auxin availability is enhanced in hairy roots, it could affect the statolith degradation by elevating alpha-amylase activity so that the energy requirement for rapid growth could be fulfilled as represented of glucose content. Consequently, it is suggested the overall decrease of starch grains could result in the lack of gravi-response in hairy roots.     

Gene for a protein capable of enhancing lateral root formation.

Analysis of genes preferentially expressed in hairy roots caused by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes has provided insights into the regulation of lateral root formation. A hairy root preferential cDNA, HR7, has been cloned from hairy roots of Hyoscyamus niger. HR7 encodes a novel protein partially homologous to a metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor and is expressed exclusively in the primordium and base of lateral roots in hairy roots. Overexpression of HR7 in transgenic roots of H. niger dramatically enhances the frequency of lateral root formation. The results of this study indicate that expression of HR7 plays a critical role in initiating lateral root formation.     

Production of an allelopathic polyacetylene in hairy root cultures of goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.)

Hairy roots of goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.) were induced by infecting axenic plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4. Growth and allelopathic polyacetylene (cis-dehydromatricaria ester, cis-DME) production of two independent hairy root clones were examined in several culture media and light regimes. cis-DME contents in hairy roots were at the same level as those in normal roots. cis-DME production in root cultures was several-fold lower than that of native plants and greatly repressed by light.     

Genetic transformation<Emphasis Type="Italic"> of Pueraria phaseoloides </Emphasis>with<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Agrobacterium rhizogenes</Emphasis> and puerarin production in hairy roots

An efficient transformation system for the medicinal plant Pueraria phaseoloides was established by using agropine-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. Hairy roots could be obtained directly from the cut edges of petioles of leaf explants or via callus 10 days after inoculation with the bacteria. The highest frequency of explant transformation by A. rhizogenes ATCC15834 was about 70% after infection for 30 days. Hairy roots could grow rapidly on solid, growth regulator-free Murashige and Skoog medium and had characteristics of transformed roots such as fast growth and high lateral branching. Paper electrophoresis revealed that bacteria-free hairy roots of P. phaseoloides could synthesize agropine and mannopine. The polymerase chain reaction amplification of rooting locus genes showed that left-hand transferred DNA of the root inducing plasmid of A. rhizogenes was inserted into the genome of transformed P. phaseoloides hairy roots. The content of puerarin in hairy roots reached a level of 1.190 mg/g dry weight and was 1.067 times the content in the roots of untransformed plants.     

纤维植物罗布麻发根的诱导及植株再生

利用3种发根农杆菌(LBA9402.R601,和R1000)转化纤维植物罗布麻无菌种子苗的根茎叶不同外植体部位,首次诱导其生成发根并实现了直接由发根途径的植株再生.罗布麻发根诱导与所用的发根农杆菌菌株,外植体部位及光周期密切相关.发根农杆菌LBA9402感染罗布麻的根外植体,实现了最高转化率达100%.与LBA9402及R601相比,被发根农杆菌R1000感染的根外植体适合在黑暗环境下培养.其诱导生成的发根密度可达平均每个外植体22条.在不加激素的1/2 MS培养基上,LBA9402和R601诱导产生的发根可以诱导生成不定芽,不定芽诱导率达20%.不定芽切下后,在不加激素的1/2 MS培养基上2周内可以诱导生根.通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)对发根及再生植株进行了鉴定,证明发根农杆菌的T-DNA插入了植物的基因组.为罗布麻的分子育种建立了稳定的转化及再生体系,为下一步通过转入外源基因改善其农艺性状奠定了基础.     

新疆雪莲毛状根的诱导及其植株再生体系的建立

利用发根农杆菌R1601、R1000、LBA9402感染新疆雪莲的叶片、叶柄和根段外植体,诱导产生毛状根。毛状根接种量为2.8 g/L(FW)时,20d生长量可达66.7 g/L,黄酮含量达到干重的10.23%。冠瘿碱的检测和rolB基因的PCR分析表明,Ri质粒中的T_DNA片段已经整合到毛状根细胞的基因组中。预培养时间、外植体类型以及发根农杆菌的菌株属性对毛状根诱导有着重要的影响。其中预培养2 d的新疆雪莲根段外植体,经过R1601感染后,毛状根的诱导率可达100%。诱导产生的毛状根在附加生长素的液体培养基中,有少量愈伤组织产生。由毛状根再生的植株与雪莲外植体再生的植株在形态上无明显区别,但前者的黄酮含量仅为后者的53%。     

Hairy root research: recent scenario and exciting prospects

High stability of the production of secondary metabolites is an interesting characteristic of hairy root cultures. For 25 years, hairy roots have been investigated as a biological system for the production of valuable compounds from medicinal plants. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of hairy root development, which is based on the transfer of Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA into the plant genome, has facilitated its increasing use in metabolic engineering. Hairy roots can also produce recombinant proteins from transgenic roots, and thereby hold immense potential for the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, hairy roots offer promise for phytoremediation because of their abundant neoplastic root proliferation. Recent progress in the scaling-up of hairy root cultures is making this system an attractive tool for industrial processes.     

Selection of high ginsenoside producing ginseng hairy root lines using targeted metabolic analysis

To develop an experimental system for studying ginsenoside biosynthesis, we generated thousands of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) hairy roots, genetically transformed roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and analyzed the ginsenosides in the samples. 27 putative ginsenosides were detected in ginseng hairy roots. Quantitative and qualitative variations in the seven major ginsenosides were profiled in 993 ginseng hairy root lines using LC/MS and HPLC-UV. Cluster analysis of metabolic profiling data enabled us to select hairy root lines, which varied significantly in ginsenoside production. We selected hairy root lines producing total ginsenoside contents 4-5 times higher than that of a common hairy root population, as well as lines that varied in the ratio of the protopanaxadiol to protopanaxatriol type ginsenoside. Some of the hairy root lines produce only a single ginsenoside in relatively high amounts. These metabolites represent the end product of gene expression, thus metabolic profiling can give a broad view of the biochemical status or biochemical phenotype of a hairy root line that can be directly linked to gene function.     

发根农杆菌转化怀地黄再生植株

利用发根农杆菌15834菌株感染怀地黄组培苗子叶、叶柄和茎切段,建立了有效的毛状根培养及其植株再生体系。毛状根可直接从受伤的外植体产生,能在无外源激素的1/2MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长,表现出典型的发根特征。用100μmol/L乙酰丁香酮处理对数生长期的农杆菌菌液感染子叶获得了46.7%的最高转化频率;在附加0.2mg/L KT和3.0mg/L 6/BA的1/2 MS培养基上,毛状根能100%形成愈伤组织,51.49%分化出芽;分化芽在1/2 MS培养基上100%生根,形成具有矮化、节间短和根系发达等特征的转化再生植株且移栽后生长旺盛;1个转化毛状根克隆的梓醇含量为0.557mg/g,是鲜地黄梓醇含量的48.5%,是生地鲜重梓醇含量的18%。rolB基因PCR、Southem blot分析、冠瘿碱纸电泳和RT-PCR扩增检测证明农杆菌Ri质粒上的T-DNA整合到怀地黄基因组中并表达。     

滇黄芩毛状根的诱导及其黄芩苷含量测定

本文利用发根农杆菌A grobacterizum rhizogenes1.2556感染滇黄芩再生苗的茎段和叶片,建立了毛状根培养及其植株再生体系。毛状根可直接从受伤的茎、叶外植体表面产生,在无外源激素的MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长,表现出典型的发根特征。毛状根茎段的诱导率较叶片高,最高可达到14.44%;经rolB基因PCR分析和甘露碱纸电泳检测,证明Ri质粒T-DNA已整合到滇黄芩基因组中并表达;毛状根在附加6-BA2mg/L和NAA0.2mg/L的MS固体培养基上直接诱导不定芽,并在MS培养基上生根,形成再生植株。获得的毛状根系经MS液体培养基培养30d后通过HPLC都能检测到黄芩苷,其中1个转化系黄芩苷含量为2.59%,是药材黄芩的0.20倍,而从3年单位时间黄芩苷生成量计算,毛状根是药材黄芩的7.18倍。本研究建立的毛状根培养体系,将对滇黄芩转基因技术的完善和利用毛状根生产黄芩苷的生物转化提供了实验基础。