广西大瑶山的银杉研究

银杉自1955年首次在广西花坪林区发现之后,时隔30多年,而于1986年在大瑶山土县,即北纬24°9′—24°24′发现了银杉的新分布,从而把我国银杉的分布区向南推移了约1°30′,成为目前已知银杉地理分布的最南界。大瑶山的银杉不但植株高大,树干圆满通直,而且在水平、垂直分布、生境条件和所处林带等方面均与各地的分布点有明显的不同。 大瑶山银杉的上层林木以松科为主,中下层以壳斗科、樟科和山茶科占优势。按照Raunkia生活型分类系统的分类结果,常绿成分和革质叶占绝对优势(分别占98.1％和90.4％)。革质叶和细型叶常绿针叶大高位芽植物是群落的主要成分;单叶、革质、小型叶和中型叶的常绿阔叶中高位芽和小商位芽植物在中下层发育最好。根据样地内幼苗幼树少,和缺乏中下层林木的事实表明,它在群落中的稳定已受到严重的影响。在样地外和其他林地上,虽可见到少量中下层林木和幼苗幼树,但从群落的发展趋势来看,这里的银杉混交林最终要由常绿阔叶林所更替。 本文亦根据树干解析论述了银杉的生长情况。 1981—1982年大瑶山综考后,金秀瑶族自治县林业局和国营金秀林场,在进行杯区树种资源调查时,在县城东北方约15公里,地名为土县一带天然林中,首先发现了银杉(Cathaya argyro-phylla Chun et Kuang)。从1986年开始     

湖南八面山银杉群落特征及其残遗性和保守性分析

为了解中国特有孑遗植物银杉( Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang)的生存现状,对位于湖南八面山脚盆辽的银杉+南方铁杉﹝Tsuga chinensis var. tchekiangensis ( Flous) Cheng et L. K. Fu﹞+甜槠﹝Castanopsis eyrei ( Champ.) Tutch.﹞-猴头杜鹃( Rhododendron simiarum Hance)群落进行调查,分析其群落特征及种群年龄结构,比较分布在不同区域的6个银杉群落中种子植物属的分布区类型及其相似性系数;在此基础上,讨论了银杉群落的残遗性特征。结果显示：脚盆辽银杉群落共有维管植物66种,包括蕨类植物4种和种子植物62种(裸子植物4种、被子植物58种);该群落乔木层的主要优势种为甜槠、猴头杜鹃、银杉和南方铁杉,重要值分别为13.12%、9.28%、8.86%和7.49%;该群落的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.94和3.20, Pielou均匀度指数Jsw和Jsi分别为0.81和0.92,说明该群落物种多样性偏低但物种分布均匀,与中亚热带山地的暖性针阔叶混交林特征一致。从生活型谱看,该群落中各频度百分比由高至低依次为A级、B级、C级、D级、E级,与Raunkiaer标准频度图谱基本一致,表明该群落整体上处于较为稳定的亚顶极状态。从银杉种群年龄结构看,种群中幼龄个体占一定比例,但80~180 a的中龄个体比例偏低;从该群落优势种的径级结构看,甜槠、猴头杜鹃和鹿角杜鹃( Rhododendron latoucheae Franch.)种群为增长型种群,而银杉、南方铁杉和福建柏﹝Fokienia hodginsii ( Dunn) Henry et Thomas﹞种群为衰退型种群。从脚盆辽银杉群落种子植物属的分布区类型看,温带分布型属占51.06%,略高于热带分布型属(占48.94%),说明该区域属于热带亚热带过渡区;除纬度外,海拔也能够在一定程度上影响其分布区类型组成。在处于粤北、粤桂山地和贵州高原3个植物区系亚地区的6个银杉群落中,种子植物属分布区类型的相似性系数为0.35~0.67,群落建群种所在属如铁杉属﹝Tsuga ( Endlicher) Carrière﹞、润楠属( Machilus Nees)、水青冈属( Fagus Linn.)和福建柏属( Fokienia Henry et Thomas)等在各群落间有相似性和共通性,且多为古老成分和孑遗成分,表明现存的银杉群落具有相近的变迁历史,分布地域具有明显的亚热带山地避难所特征,体现出其演替过程的残遗性和保守性。研究结果表明：在银杉群落中适度疏通林窗,降低林下郁闭度,有利于银杉幼树的生长,使银杉种群得到可持续更新和演替。     

中国特有植物银杉的濒危原因及保护对策

历史时期气候变迁导致的银杉分布区大幅度缩小和种群数量剧烈下降,是造成银杉（Ｃａｔｈａｙａａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌａ）遗传多样性低和生殖障碍大的可能原因。而低水平的遗传多样性和严重的生殖障碍反过来又抑制了种群的壮大,形成恶性循环。这就使得即使是强度不大的人为破坏和砍伐,对种群的生存也构成威胁。为了有效地保护该物种,应该重视银杉天然群落周围的生境的保护,并对群落内的落叶树种进行适当的疏伐;同时,加强人工繁殖力度,进行迁地保护。     

中国特有植物银杉林的现状和未来

银杉是我国特有的珍稀植物,仅在四川、贵州、湖南和广西四省区残存。其地理分布可归结为大娄 山、越城岭、八面山和大瑶山等4个集积地。现有的银杉林全部为混交林．主要有7个类型：银杉-甜槠混交林、银杉-石栎混交林、银杉-亮叶桦混交林、银杉- 广东五针松混交林、银杉- 长苞铁杉混交林、银杉- 大明松 混交林及银杉- 南方铁杉- 福建柏混交林。银杉处于优势地位、群落相对稳定,但银杉更新不良。在自然演替 中,阔叶树种的入侵对银杉构成严重威胁,最终将会取代银杉。为了保护银杉,在林地对阔叶树进行透光伐,在林窗人工移植银杉幼苗幼树是必要的。     

常绿阔叶林演替过程中马尾松消退的原因

通过对浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段的群落生态学调查,确认马尾松（ＰｉｎｕｓｍａｓｏｎｉａｎａＬａｍｂ．）属于常绿阔叶林演替过程中的消退种。为了揭示马尾松在群落演替过程中的消退原因,对各演替阶段群落中的生态因子,特别是光照强度的实地测定,得知马尾松群落内光照强度过低,常使马尾松更新苗处于光补偿点之下,难以正常生长。成树在演替过程中的衰退则是由于其它常绿阔叶树种,如木荷（ＳｃｈｉｍａｓｕｐｅｒｂａＧａｒｄｎ．ｅｔＣｈａｍｐ．）、栲树（ＣａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｆａｒｇｅｓｉＦｒａｎｃｈ．）等耐荫树种的抑制而使其物质合成能力逐渐减弱,物质分解能力逐渐加强,以致在常绿阔叶林演替的过程中逐渐消失。     

重庆缙云山针阔混交林林隙树木更替规律研究

 研究了重庆缙云山大面积分布的亚热带次生性针阔混交林林隙树木更替规律,预测了该类型林林隙演替趋势。结果表明：马尾松(Pinus massoniana)种群表现出强烈的相互更替模式,四川大头茶(Gordonia acuminata)、四川山矾(Symplocos setchuanensis)等常绿阔叶树种自我更替与相互更替两种模式共存;林隙现实树木更替过程不能维持群落现有组成;Markov转移矩阵分析表明未来林冠层组成中马尾松种群将失去优势地位,整个群落将由针阔混交林向常绿阔叶林方向演替。     

湖南省越城岭北部罗汉洞的银杉与长苞铁杉混交林

银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)是第三纪残遗植物,在当时曾广泛分布于欧亚大陆后在第四纪冰川期遭到浩劫而濒临灭绝[1—3]。由于我国南方山地具有得天独厚的地史条件,近年来不断发现幸存的银杉林,迄今已发现广西,湖南、四川及贵州省(区)拥有天然银杉。湖南省于1979年10月在越城岭北部,城步县与新宁县交邻的罗汉洞(沙角洞、乱岩洞)发现1)。位置为北纬26˚33′10″,东经110˚36′32″。先后于1979年10月,1981年4月2),1981年8月进行了三次调查,本文系在此三次调查的基础上写成。     

Studies on the Cathaya Communities

Cathaya argyrophylla in China is generally referred as a “living fossil.” Cathaya was widely distributed in Eurasia during the Tertiary, but is now confined to central and east central China where it exhibits a scattered distribution. Field observations were made in Jinfushan (29˚ N; 107˚10′E), Sichuan Province, in 1978 and in the Huaping Forest District (25˚31′10″— 25˚39′36″N; 109 ˚48′54″—l09˚58′2″E), Guangxi Province, in 1979. In this paper the composition and structure of these interesting communities, their environment, as well as some changes within the communities are discussed. The Cathaya mixed communities contain 88 species of higher plants, 28 species of mosses, and two species of lichens. Among the higher plants 65 species (74%) are endemic to China, 23 species have a Sino-Japanese distributional pattern, and a few are Sino-Southeasr Asian dements. According to the coefficient of similarity of the components, differences in the bedrock underlying these forests, and dominant species, these communities can be divided into two different Cathaya mixed communities. Based on Raunkiar’s classification of life form, the phanerophytes rank first in both types of Cathaya communities (Figure 1) amounting to 89.9% and 81.3% in each com munity. These communities are different from temperate coniferous forests, which contain high percentages of hemicryptophytes. The dynamics of the communities are discussed.     

贵州省道真县沙河林区银杉的调查研究

本文通过对贵州道真县沙河林区的稀有珍贵树种——银杉的调查,研究了银杉的生境,群落组成及生物学特性,提出了适当控制林木密度,清除部分枯枝落叶等地被物可以加速它的天然更新及正常生长。     

Formation of Mycorrhiza-like Structures in Cultured Root/Callus of Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang Infected with the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus

An in vitro system was used for ectomycorrhizal synthesis of Cenococcum geophilum Fr. with Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang, an endangered species. Calli initiated from stem segments and adventitious roots differentiated from young seedlings were removed and cocultured with Cenococcum geophilum on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium. Fungal hyphae were visible within intercellular spaces of the callus 4 weeks after inoculation, but definite and well-developed Hartig net structures did not form in the calli 8 weeks after inoculation. The typical ectomycorrhizal structures (i.e. hyphal mantle and intracortical Hartig net) were observed in root segments 8 weeks after inoculation. This is the first report of aseptic ectomycorrhizal-like formation/infection between root organ/callus of Cathaya argyrophylla and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum. This culture system is useful for further investigation of mycorrhizal synthesis in Cathaya trees.（Author for correspondence. Tel: +86 (0)451 8219 1783; Fax: +86 (0)451 8219 1795; E-mail: lumin-fu@163.com）     

黑石顶针阔叶混交林演替过程中群落结构动态

分析了黑石顶针阔叶混交林在１０年演变过程中的群落结构变化。结果表明,群落垂直分层日益明显;群落水平结构指标,盖度、密度、胸高断面积均有较大幅度增加;群落物种组成结构总体上变幅不大,但针叶树马尾松、杉木的优势地位明显衰弱,阔叶树木荷、腺叶山矾、鸭脚木等种的优势地位显著增强,整个群落由针叶阔叶混交林朝着阔叶针叶混交林演变;群落乔木层物种多样性、均匀度在增加,生态优势度在降低,群落向着复杂化、多层化方向     

银杉单株生长规律与种群生物量的研究

 通过对银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)生长规律的研究,发现银杉早期生长需要一定的荫蔽,但过分荫蔽导致植株生长缓慢而逐渐死亡。银杉的整个生长过程可分为4个时期,在30～40a内具有明显的胸径生长盛期。银杉单株地上部分生物量的60％分布在1/2树高以下,树干材重量占全部地上部分生物量的比重超过2／3。银杉种群地上部分生物量在不同群落类型间差别很大,介于33000～117000 kg·hm-2。     

鼎湖山植物物种多样性动态

鼎湖山自然保护区于1982年分别在针叶林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林内建立了3个永久样地。样地建立前,针叶林常受到人类的干扰,其它2种一直受到较好的保护。本文植物物种动态的研究和分析基于对3个样地在1982年和1994年的两次调查。结果表明,物种多样性的顺序是阔叶林＞混交林＞针叶林。就乔木（DBH>2.5cm）而言,3个样地的物种多样性和均匀度指数从1982年至1994年都已增长。除阔叶林外,两次调查的结果差别很大,这是因为在保护之下它们正产生进展演替。至于林下层植物则正好相反,除阔叶林外,针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林的多样性及均匀度指数均下降。物种的丰富度和个体数的变化同多样性指数变化一致。物种的组成变化符合演替规律,随着针叶林发展成为混交林,混交林发展成为阔叶林,其林冠变得较为密集,因而有更多的耐阴植物侵入,而一些喜光（不耐阴的）种消失。研究结果表明,人类的干扰将降低植物的物种多样性,而保护将使物种多样性得到恢复和提高。     

不同生境中杉阔混交林物种多样性特征初步研究

根据生境因子应用主分量分析和动态聚类方法进行生境的划分,在此基础上分析不同生境中杉阔混交林群落数量特征。结果表明：不同生境中植物群落的主要优势种组成不一,其重要值也不同。不同生境中植物群落乔木层的物种数目、物种多样性、群落均匀度均有较大差异。海拔对不同生境中植物群落乔木层的物种数目、物种多样性和群落均匀度有很大影响,坡向则对个体总数和种类的影响较大。海拔和坡向对不同生境中植物群落乔木层生态优势度则无明显影响,应该重视不同生境中杉阔混交林多样性的保护。     

Regional‐scale directional changes in abundance of tree species along a temperature gradient in Japan

Climate changes are assumed to shift the ranges of tree species and forest biomes. Such range shifts result from changes in abundances of tree species or functional types. Owing to global warming, the abundance of a tree species or functional type is expected to increase near the colder edge of its range and decrease near the warmer edge. This study examined directional changes in abundance and demographic parameters of forest trees along a temperature gradient, as well as a successional gradient, in Japan. Changes in the relative abundance of each of four functional types (evergreen broad‐leaved, deciduous broad‐leaved, evergreen temperate conifer, and evergreen boreal conifer) and the demography of each species (recruitment rate, mortality, and population growth rate) were analyzed in 39 permanent forest plots across the Japanese archipelago. Directional changes in the relative abundance of functional types were detected along the temperature gradient. Relative abundance of evergreen broad‐leaved trees increased near their colder range boundaries, especially in secondary forests, coinciding with the decrease in deciduous broad‐leaved trees. Similarly, relative abundance of deciduous broad‐leaved trees increased near their colder range boundaries, coinciding with the decrease in boreal conifers. These functional‐type‐level changes were mainly due to higher recruitment rates and partly to the lower mortality of individual species at colder sites. This is the first report to show that tree species abundances in temperate forests are changing directionally along a temperature gradient, which might be due to current or past climate changes as well as recovery from past disturbances.     

海南岛热带低地雨林刀耕火种弃耕地自然恢复过程中的群落构建

研究群落构建机制是群落生态学的一个重要目标, 群落动态过程中的构建规律对于了解群落演替机理有重要的作用。该文以海南岛刀耕火种干扰后自然恢复的10 hm ²热带低地雨林为研究对象, 通过比较不同恢复阶段的次生林(15年、30年和60年)和老龄林在幼苗、幼树和成年树群落的物种组成, 揭示次生演替过程中的群落构建规律。研究结果表明, 老龄林中不同径级群落的物种多样性及不同径级间的物种相似度显著高于各恢复阶段的次生林, 但优势种在群落中的比例低于各恢复阶段的次生林。随着自然恢复过程的进行, 次生林群落物种组成与老龄林的相似性也逐渐增大, 支持演替平衡理论。所有恢复阶段样地中幼苗的个体、物种丰富度和基于多度涵盖估计量(ACE)都低于幼树和成年树群落, 幼苗层物种组成与幼树、成年树也有较大差异, 说明新增到幼苗群落可能是一个难于预测的过程。研究结果说明了确定过程和随机过程共同决定了次生演替的群落构建。     

秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究 Ⅱ演替系列的群落α多样性特征

应用物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数、Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数、Ａｌａｔａｌｏ均匀度指数研究了太白山弃耕地植物群落次生演替过程中的群落α多样性动态特征,结果表明,群落在由一年生草本植物群落阶段向多年生草本植物群落、灌丛、混交林阶段的演替过程中,群落多样性指数逐渐上升,至混交林阶段达到最高值。若以分布在这一垂直地带的代表性森林群落锐齿栎林为演替进一步发展的方向,则由多样性指数在锐齿栎混交林、锐齿栎林阶段呈下降趋势。不同演替阶段不同生长型的多样性指数变化规律为：在演替的初期,草本层多样性指数＞灌木层＞乔木层;在混交林阶段,这３个不同生长型的多样性指数相差无几,乔木生长型稍占优势;在锐齿栎混交林和锐齿栎林阶段,灌木生长型的物种多样性最大,草本次之,乔木生长型的物种多样性则迅速降低。首次利用群落各生长型的叶层相对厚度和相对盖度作为加权参数,对群落总体的物种多样性指数进行了测度,结果表明,这种加权处理是比较合理的。     

秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究

应用物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数、Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数、Ａｌａｔａｌｏ均匀度指数研究了太白山弃耕地植物群落次生演替过程中的群落α多样性动态特征,结果表明,群落在由一年生草本植物群落阶段向多年生草本植物群落、灌丛、混交林阶段的演替过程中,群落多样性指数逐渐上升,至混交林阶段达到最高值。若以分布在这一垂直地带的代表性森林群落锐齿栎林为演替进一步发展的方向,则由多样     

Responses of species abundance distribution patterns to spatial scaling in subtropical secondary forests

To quantify and assess the processes underlying community assembly and driving tree species abundance distributions(SADs) with spatial scale variation in two typical subtropical secondary forests in Dashanchong state‐owned forest farm, two 1‐ha permanent study plots (100‐m × 100‐m) were established. We selected four diversity indices including species richness, Shannon–Wiener, Simpson and Pielou, and relative importance values to quantify community assembly and biodiversity. Empirical cumulative distribution and species accumulation curves were utilized to describe the SADs of two forests communities trees. Three types of models, including statistic model (lognormal and logseries model), niche model (broken‐stick, niche preemption, and Zipf‐Mandelbrodt model), and neutral theory model, were estimated by the fitted SADs. Simulation effects were tested by Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Results found that the Fagaceae and Anacardiaceae families were their respective dominance family in the evergreen broad‐leaved and deciduous mixed communities. According to original data and random sampling predictions, the SADs were hump‐shaped for intermediate abundance classes, peaking between 8 and 32 in the evergreen broad‐leaved community, but this maximum increased with size of total sampled area size in the deciduous mixed community. All niche models could only explain SADs patterns at smaller spatial scales. However, both the neutral theory and purely statistical models were suitable for explaining the SADs for secondary forest communities when the sampling plot exceeded 40 m. The results showed the SADs indicated a clear directional trend toward convergence and similar predominating ecological processes in two typical subtropical secondary forests. The neutral process gradually replaced the niche process in importance and become the main mechanism for determining SADs of forest trees as the sampling scale expanded. Thus, we can preliminarily conclude that neutral processes had a major effect on biodiversity patterns in these two subtropical secondary forests but exclude possible contributions of other processes.     

北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性研究Ⅷ.群落组成随海拔梯度的变化

以样带法研究了北京东灵山地区落叶阔叶林物种组成随海拔梯度表现出的变化格局。通过变换分割样带的尺度,考察了环境的局部变化对群落主要组成物种的分布及其优势程度的影响。东灵山落叶阔叶林优势种辽东栎和五角枫几乎遍布整个样带,其它伴生乔木树种表现出明显的分布替代格局。以占据率和单种率考察了尺度对群落特征分析的影响。本区落叶阔叶林１ｍ样带最佳分割尺度为：乔木层４０ｍ,更新层８０ｍ、灌木层２０ｍ。样带法在研究植物群落随环境梯度变化格局中具有重要价值。