我国特有植物一木里香橼叶精油化学成分的研究

用气相色谱保留指数定性法、色谱-质谱-计算机联用测定和标准品迭加法分析了木里香橼叶精油的化学成分。从分离出的59个色谱峰中鉴定了31个化合物。其中主要成分是柠檬烯(31.730％)、芳樟醇(1.554％)、香茅醛(23.383％)、香茅醇(1.189％)、橙花醇(11.777％)、香叶醛(16.544％),乙酸香茅酯(1.427％)、乙酸橙花酯(2.258％)、乙酸香叶酯(4.714％)等。把木里香橼叶油与木里香橼果皮油与云南野香橼叶油分别作了比较。结果表明木里香橼叶油中含氧化合物醇、醛、酯的含量相当高,是精油的主要成分,可能作为进口橙叶油的较好的代用品,是一种很有潜力的天然香料资源。     

白花益母草种子的化学成分分析

对白花益母草种子的化学成分进行分析,结果表明,种子油含有大量人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸,其主要成分为：亚油酸（42．60％）、亚麻酸（30．22％）、油酸（20．28％）等,此外种子还含有18种氨基酸和24种矿质元素和蛋白质等成分。其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和药用功效。     

Essential oil composition of Eryngium rosulatum P.W. Michael ined.: A new undescribed species from eastern Australia

The essential oil composition from the aerial parts of a new Eryngium species from Australia, Eryngium rosulatum P.W. Michael ined., has been analysed by GC and GC/MS. A total of 34 compounds have been identified representing around 80% of the total oil. The main constituents of the oil were found to be β-elemene (16.0%) and bicyclogermacrene (12.5%). Other representative compounds were identified as δ-elemene (7.0%) and (E)-caryophyllene (5.9%). The sesquiterpene fraction (75.0%) was predominant in the essential oil of this species, most of these were hydrocarbons (53.8%). This paper represents the first study on this new, undescribed Australian species and its chemical composition.     

白苏子和荠Lin子形态特征及其化学成分的研究

对白苏子和荠Lin子两种种子的脂肪油,氨基酸,矿质元素等化学成分进行分析,结果表明,两种种子均含有丰富的脂肪油,含量分别为40．18％和20．62％,其脂肪油的主要成分为：亚麻酸,亚油酸,油酸,棕榈酸,硬脂酸等,其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为92．759％和92．990％,具有较高的营养价值,此外,还含有丰富的氨基酸和种类齐全的矿质元素,其种子形状大小,纹饰特征是两种种子鉴别的重要依据。     

白苏子和荠苧子形态特征及其化学成分的研究

对白苏子和荠苧子两种种子的脂肪油、氨基酸、矿质元素等化学成分进行分析 ,结果表明 :两种种子均含有丰富的脂肪油 ,含量分别为 4 0 .18%和 2 0 .6 2 % ,其脂肪油的主要成分为 :亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸等 ,其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为 92 .759%和 92 .990 % ,具有较高的营养价值。此外 ,还含有丰富的氨基酸和种类齐全的矿质元素。其种子形状大小、纹饰特征是两种种子鉴别的重要依据。     

A Study on the Chemical Components of the Essentialoi from Peel of Citrus medica L. var. muhensis W. D. et Y.

The chemical components of the essential oil from peel of Citrus medica L. var. muliensis W. D. et Y. has been studied by means of the GC-MS-DS, the retention index of eapillarly gas chromatography and the Authentic sample addition process. Twenty-nine constituents has been identified from sixty-four seperated peaks. The main constituents is d-limonene (68.2%), geranial (9.5%), neral (5.37%), nerol (2.72%), β-ocimen (2.47%) and (+)-Carvone.     

THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL FROM THE ROOTS OF VALERIANA OFFICINALIS VAR.LATIFOLIA

Ahstract In order to find the aroma characteritics of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia, the chemical composition of the essential oil of this plant have been examined. This essential oil was analysed by GC-MS on the Finnigan -4510 instrument. As a resu1t (see Tab1e 1 and Fig. 1 ) 21 compounds were identified. The major components are bornyl acetate (50.56 % ), α-pinene (6.76% ), camphene (16. 17% ), β-pinene (6. 48% ), limonene (1.77% ), carveyl acetate (5.47% ), dihydrocarveyl acetate (1.62%) etc. This essential oil having a delicious aroma shows to be suitable for compounding perfume of cigar and food flavor, and cosmetic flavor too.     

Field evaluations of marine oil spill bioremediation.

Bioremediation is defined as the act of adding or improving the availability of materials (e.g., nutrients, microorganisms, or oxygen) to contaminated environments to cause an acceleration of natural biodegradative processes. The results of field experiments and trials following actual spill incidents have been reviewed to evaluate the feasibility of this approach as a treatment for oil contamination in the marine environment. The ubiquity of oil-degrading microorganisms in the marine environment is well established, and research has demonstrated the capability of the indigenous microflora to degrade many components of petroleum shortly after exposure. Studies have identified numerous factors which affect the natural biodegradation rates of oil, such as the origin and concentration of oil, the availability of oil-degrading microorganisms, nutrient concentrations, oxygen levels, climatic conditions, and sediment characteristics. Bioremediation strategies based on the application of fertilizers have been shown to stimulate the biodegradation rates of oil in aerobic intertidal sediments such as sand and cobble. The ratio of oil loading to nitrogen concentration within the interstitial water has been identified to be the principal controlling factor influencing the success of this bioremediation strategy. However, the need for the seeding of natural environments with hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria has not been clearly demonstrated under natural environmental conditions. It is suggested that bioremediation should now take its place among the many techniques available for the treatment of oil spills, although there is still a clear need to set operational limits for its use. On the basis of the available evidence, we have proposed preliminary operational guidelines for bioremediation on shoreline environments.     

Compositional characteristics of the essential oil of Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa

The chemical variations of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa have been studied. Plant material has been harvested at each phenological status (vegetative, before anthesis, full flowering and seed-bearing). Analysis by GC and GC/MS of the essential oils have allowed to identify 51 components. The main components were γ-terpinene, capillene, 1-phenyl-2,4-pentadiyne, spathulenol, methyleugenol, p-cymene and β-pinene. Aromatic polyacetylens have been characterized for the first time in this species. Flowering involves an increase of these compounds in the essential oil.     

Chemical Composition and Biological Studies of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. Growing in Tunisia

The chemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase and anti‐tyrosinase activities of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts of Beta vulgaris subsp. maritime (L.) Arcang . from Tunisia have been evaluated. The chemical composition of the oil (yield 0.037% [w/w]), determined by GC‐FID and GC/MS is reported for the first time. Twenty five components, accounting for 98.1% of the total oil have been identified. The oil was characterized by a high proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (39.2%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (30.3%) and one apocarotenoids (26.3%). The main compounds were γ‐irone (26.3%), α‐cadinol (12.1%), T‐cadinol (10.6%), bicyclogermacrene (10.4%) and δ‐cadinene (6.0%). The isolated oil was tested for its antioxidant activity using the DPPH^·, ABTS^+·, catalase, and paraoxonase assays and also for its cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, and anti‐tyrosinase activities. The essential oil exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 0.055 ± 0.006 mg/ml) and important result oncatalase (524.447 ± 2.58 Units/mg protein). Furthermore, it exerted a significant cytotoxic effect against A549 cell line, with IC₅₀ = 42.44 ± 1.40 μg/ml. The results indicate that the essential oil of B. vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang . aerial parts may be used in future as an alternative to synthetic antioxidant agents, with potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

棘托竹荪挥发油化学成分及抑菌作用的研究*

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取棘托竹荪的挥发油,得油率为0.45%。.应用气相色谱—质谱联用系统首次对其挥发油的化学成分进行研究。以FFAP柱分离出36个峰,用质谱法鉴定出28个成分,其主要成分为13-甲基-环氧十四烷-2-酮 (23.53%)、亚油酸(17.56%)、芹子烯(12.37%)、棕榈酸(8.20%)、9-十六碳烯酸(7.84%)、(-)-Lepidozenal(7.82%)等, 占总挥发油的97.76%。对挥发油进行抑菌试验,其结果为:桔黄青霉、啤酒酵母最敏感, 黑根霉、黑曲霉次之,白色假丝酵母、金色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌稍差。     

神农香菊干花净油成分的研究

神农香菊全草提取的香浸膏香气浓郁独特,可用于调配多种高档化妆用香精,也可直接用于饮料中,在香精香料工业中具有较大的实用价值。本文首次报告了我们用毛细管气相色谱仪和色谱/质谱/计算机联用分析仪,对神农香菊干花净油成分进行分析的初步结果。鉴定出的已知成分包括脂肪族类,含氧或非含氧的单萜及倍半萜类化合物32个。     

南方红豆杉叶精油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取南方红豆杉叶的精油,通过色谱－质谱－计算机联用技术分析了精油的化学成分。从中初步鉴定出２６个化合物,占精油总量的９６％,主要成分是：棕榈酸（３５．６６％）,９－十六碳烯酸９－十六碳稀酯（１１．２８％）,３－辛醇（４．４７％）,１－苯－１,２－丙二酮（４．３％）,Ｎ－苯基－１－萘胺（３．５７％）,１,２－苯二羧酸（２－甲基丙基）二酯（３．５７％）,６,１０－二甲基－５,９－十一双     

8. Molecular biology and genetic conservation programmes

The techniques of molecular biology will become a standard part of germplasm conservation and exploitation. They are being used to gather information very rapidly about chromosome structure and genetic variation within the major crop species. Genetic maps with hundreds of DNA sequence markers covering the whole genome have already been created for some crops, such as maize, soybean, wheat and potato. Genetic variation is being revealed by the combined use of restriction endonucleases, fractionation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis and investigation of the size of specific allelic fragments. This kind of approach offers new opportunities to assess the extent of genetic variation among accessions in germplasm collections, thereby helping to decide which accessions are essentially duplicates and which should be maintained in a core collection. I recommend that germplasm banks will in the future also contain diagnostic DNA markers for characterizing and screening germplasm.
When material from germplasm banks is used in crop plant breeding programmes to transfer specific traits into the crop, the availability of a complete set of molecular markers covering the entire genome makes it straightforward to discover which segments have been transferred and which are essential to maintain, so as to preserve the introduced trait.
Germplasm banks are obviously a source of new genetic variation for the molecular geneticist as well as the plant breeder. The isolation of specific alleles determining self-incompatibility from Brassica oleracea accessions for subsequent introduction into oil seed rape is described as an example.     

人工饲料中添加脂类和昆虫保幼激素类似物对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响

本文定量测定在人工饲料中加入埴物油和ZR512对七星瓢虫成虫(第一代)的生殖、摄食、生长、食物利用和转化的影响。结果表明:成虫取食加0.1%橄榄油和ZR512的人工饲料时产卵率能达到96.7%产卵前期为8天左右。如果在此基础上分别添加1%的玉米油或豆油时能促进雌虫产卵量的进一步增加,成虫的增重百分率随着生长天数增加持续上升,取食这种人工饲养的成虫除产卵量外,在体重、产卵前期、产卵率三方面都达到或接近取食蚜虫时的水平。 人工饲料中加入橄揽油能刺激成虫的取食,在此基础上加入玉米油或豆油能使食物转化效率显著地提高。人工饲料中加入ZR512时能阻止或打破雌虫的生殖滞育,促进生殖活动。     

牛尾蒿两变种精油的化学成分

本文以气相色谱质谱计算机联用的方法分析了牛尾蒿原变种Artemisia dubia var. dubia及无毛变种B A. dubia var. subdigitata精油化学成分,共鉴定出82种化合物,其中萜类50种,芳香类12种,脂肪族类20种。经比较研究表明,这两变种的精油中有39种化合物(27 种萜类,5种芳香类和7种脂肪族类化合物)相同,而它们的差别在于牛尾蒿无毛变种中二环、三环倍半萜、芳香类及脂肪族类化合物的类型比原变种多。从精油的萜类化学组成特点来看,这两个变种的萜类化合物环化程度比蒿亚属植物高,而与龙蒿亚属植物相近。因此,这两个变种归属于龙蒿亚属较合适。     

Structures of some aliphatic compounds in the essential oil of Mentha x Gentilis nm. Hirtella

The structures of four new aliphatic compounds from the essential oil of Mentha x gentilis nm. hirtella have been elucidated as 2,4-dimethylhexane-2-ol, 5-methylnonanal, 2-butylhexanal and tetrahydrogeranyl acetate.     

Variations in the essential oils of Tanacetum vulgare

The essential oil content of Hungarian samples of Tanacetum vulgare varies from 0.02 to 0.66% and exhibits a heterogeneous distribution indicating genetic variation. The rotatory power of the essential oil is also widely divergent and plants containing laevo-rotatory essential oils mainly occur in large numbers in the region east of the Tisza. The essential oil composition of wild plants remained constant during their cultivation. 26 different chemoforms have been found so far in Hungary. Individuals and populations containing artemisia ketone and umbellulone as their main components are the most frequent.     

Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil of Two Varieties of Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess.

The essential oil of Artemisia dubia var. dubia and dubia var. subdigitata were analysed by GCMS and a tatal of 82 compounds including 50 terpenoids, 12 aromatics and 20 aliphatics were identified, among which variety dubia and var. subdigitata contained 54 and 67 compounds respectivey. Comparative studies indicate that 39 compounds (27 terpenoids, 5 aromatics and 7 aliphatics) were shared by the two varieties. The difference in constituents of essential oil between the two varieties is that more types of biocyclic and tricyclic sesquiterpenes, aromatics and aliphatics were shown inA. Dubia var. subdigitata than A. dubia var. dubia. Compositionally, the terpenoids in essential oil of the two varieties were endowed with a higher degree of cyclization than those of the species from Subgen. Artemisia, but similar to those of the species from Subgen. Dracunculus. Thus the assignment of the two varieties in Subgen. Dracunculus was consistent with the phylogeny of the genus Artemisia.