关于岩芋属二个种的模式化问题

岩芋属Remusatia(Araceae)是一个特征鲜明的属,共含三种,即R. vivipara(Lodd. )Schott,R. hookeriana Schott,R. ornata(Schott)H. Li et Q.F.Guo。Gonatanthus (?) ornatus Schott中的 (?) 这类植物转入Remusatia属,其名应为秀丽岩芋Remusatia ornata(Schott)H. Liet Q. F. Guo. Gonatanthuc ornatus 的模式标本是Hooker f.s.n.采自印度喀西山,现只有Schott绘制的模式图照片;Schlagintweit n.313,亦采自喀西山,是Krause(1920)补充描述本种的重要凭证标本,现只有遗图。R. hookeriana Schott(1857)的模式标本Hooker f.s.n.产锡金,Krause(1920)发表的图和描述的大部分可作为该种的凭证,是一个不同于R. ornata的好种。Rao et Verma(1968)所描述的Gonatanthus ornatus应是Remusatia hookeriana。     

Infrared thermography ofArum lily inflorescences

The infrared radiation emitted from the surface of inflorescences of 12 aroid species was monitored with an infrared camera, capable of 0.1°C resolution, and the data were converted to temperature values by means of temperature reference standards. Images representing surface temperatures were obtained forAmorphophallus bulbifer Blume,A. campanulatus Blume,A. forbesii Engl. et Gehrm.,A. rivieri Dur.,Philodendron selloum Koch,Monstera deliciosa Liebm.,Dracunculus vulgaris Schott,Arum italicum Mill.,A. dioscoridis Sibth.,A. creticum Boiss et Heldr.,Caladium sp., andRemusatia vivipara Schott. These images were different among species with respect to temperature, duration of detectable heat development, and organ type (male and female flowers, spathe and appendix) found to be thermogenic. All these species, however, exhibited three common characteristics: 1) production of heat by the male flowers; 2) pollen-shedding immediately after heat production had ceased; and 3) when male flowers were some distance away from female flowers along the spadix, heat was not detected in female flowers. Heat emission was associated with the alternative, cyanide-insensitive pathway that was fully operative.     

岩芋中的一个新苯丙素苷

从岩芋(Remusatia vivipara)干燥的球茎中分离得到10个化合物,其中一个为新的苯丙素苷,经波谱学分析及酸水解的方法确定该新化合物的结构为Caffeyl alcohol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.已知化合物包括3个苯丙素类(松柏苷,caffeyl alcohol和松柏醇),3个新木脂素[4,7,9,9-tetrahydroxy-3,3-dimethoxy-8-O-4-neolign-7-ene,(7 R,8S)-△~(7')-3,3-dimethoxy-4,7,9,9-tetrahydroxy-8-O-4-neoli-gnan-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,以及dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-β-D-glucoside],1个酰胺[(2 E,4 E)-N-isobutyl-2,4-decadienamide],1个甾体皂苷(methyl proto-taccaoside)和1个三萜皂苷(saxifra-gifolin B).所有化合物均为首次从岩芋属植物中分离得到.     

Typhonium muaklekense sp. nov. (Araceae) from Thailand

Typhonium muaklekense D. Sookchaloem & S. Maneeanakekul is described and illustrated. This new species resembles T. roxburghii Schott and T. varians Hett. & Sookch. in the spathe. Drawings, photographs and a table comparing diagnostic features of T. muaklekense, T. roxburghii and T. varians are provided.     

天南星科岩芋属的细胞地理学研究

本文报道了岩芋属三个种的染色体数目和核型:岩芋Remusatia vivipara是三倍体,核型公式为K(2n)=3X=42=42m;早花岩芋R. hookeriana为二倍体,核型公式为K(2n)=2X=28=22m(6SAT) 6m(2SAT);秀丽岩芋R. ornala,也是三倍体,核型公式为K(2n)=3X=42=36m(3SAT) 3sm 3st。在岩芋属中,岩芋是一个比较原始的种,秀丽岩芋较进化。岩芋属是热带非洲和热带亚洲间断分布的小属,它的原始类群岩芋(R. vivipara)的原始居群(二倍体居群)分布在印度南部,因而作者没想,古南大陆是岩芋属的起源地,本属向热带亚洲的扩散是与第三纪时喜马拉雅造山运动相联系的。     

Classification,distribution and phylogeny of the genus Ottelia

The genus Ottelia is one of the great genera of Hydrocharidaceae. About 25 species distributed in the Palaeotropics, extending from Africa through India and SE. Asia to Korea and Japan, Australia and New Caledonia, 1 species in Brazil; centres of specific devolopment are found in Central Africa and SE Asia. The present study is mainly based on the materials collected during the field explorations in the lakes of Yunnan and observations on the structure of the spathe and flowers, the variation of leaf of the plants cultivated in Kunming Bot. Garden. Instead of the wings of the spathe used by Dandy, by the characters such as uni-or bisexual flowers, this genus is divided into two subgenera, which by the number of the flowers in spathe and the number of the carpus in ovary again subdivided into 4 sections. They are as the following: A. Subg. Ottelia. Flowers bisexual. Sect. 1. Ottelia. Spathe with 1 flower; ovary with 6(—9) carpus. Sect. 2. Oligolobos (Gagnep.) Dandy. Spathe with many flowers; ovary with 3 carpus. B. Subg. Boottia (Wall.) Dandy. Flowers unisexual; the male spathe with 1-many flowers, the female spathe with many flowers. Sect. 3. Boottia. The male spathe with 1 flower; ovary with 9(—15) carpus. Sect. 4. Xystrolobos (Gagnep.) H. Li. The female spathe with (2-) many flowers; ovary with 3 or 9 carpus. The Chinense species of ottelia is in great need for revision. All of the species in China previousely described under Ottelia Pers, Boottia Wall., Oligolobos Gagnep, and Xystrolobos Gagen. are here combined into 3 species. They are O. alismoides, O. cordata, O. acuminata with 4 variaties. After a study of the geographic distribution and infer relation-ships among the floristic elements it has been proved that Ottelia is certainly an ancient genus, and the primitive types came into being and widely dispersed before the separation of Laurasia from Gondwana. During a considerable period of time the elements of the genus Ottelia in freshwater environment of different continents have been separately differentiated and evolved into more or less derived types. The structure of flowers in all of the asian species shows the following evolutionary tendenoes: 1. In this genus the plants with unisexual flowers have evolved from plants with bisexual flower; 2. In the groups with bisexual or unisexual flowers the number of stamens and styles reduced to 3-merous, but the number of flowers in spathe increased. So that the subgenus Ottelia is more primitive than the subgenus Bottia; While in the subgenus Ottelia O. alismoides is a more primitive than O. balansae and in the subgenus Boottia O. cordata is the most primitive, butO. alata seems to be the most advanced.     

Crystal structure of a β-prism II lectin from Remusatia vivipara

The crystal structure of a β-prism II (BP2) fold lectin from Remusatia vivipara, a plant of traditional medicinal value, has been determined at a resolution of 2.4??. This lectin (RVL, Remusatia vivipara lectin) is a dimer with each protomer having two distinct BP2 domains without a linker between them. It belongs to the "monocot mannose-binding" lectin family, which consists of proteins of high sequence and structural similarity. Though the overall tertiary structure is similar to that of lectins from snowdrop bulbs and garlic, crucial differences in the mannose-binding regions and oligomerization were observed. Unlike most of the other structurally known proteins in this family, only one of the three carbohydrate recognition sites (CRSs) per BP2 domain is found to be conserved. RVL does not recognize simple mannose moieties. RVL binds to only N-linked complex glycans like those present on the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV and mannosylated blood proteins like fetuin, but not to simple mannose moieties. The molecular basis for these features and their possible functional implications to understand the different levels of carbohydrate affinities in this structural family have been investigated through structure analysis, modeling and binding studies. Apart from being the first structure of a lectin to be reported from the Araceae/Arum family, this protein also displays a novel mode of oligomerization among BP2 lectins.     

Isolation of clean and PCR-amplifiable DNA fromAnthurium andreanum

A DNA extraction procedure that does not require hazardous materials, such as CTAB, phenols, or liquid nitrogen, was optimized forAnthurium andreanum, a plant rich in polysaccharides and polyphenolics. Three DNA isolation techniques were tested. The modified Rowhani protocol (1983), with slight modifications, was found to yield up to milligrams of DNA suitable for RAPD from spathe and leaf tissues. High-quality DNA was obtained readily from spathe tissues, while a spermine precipitation step was found to be essential when DNA was extracted from the leaf tissues.     

SEM study of surface structures of the spathe in Cryptocoryne and Lagenandra (Araceae: Aroideae: Cryptocoryneae)

SEM studies of the spathe structures in the two closely related genera Cryptocoryne and Lagenandra show differences between the inner and outer surfaces, as well as in cell structures in the various parts of the spathe. The cell structure reveals patterns mat makes it possible to depict homologous structures of the spathe, even though the spathes of the two genera look different. The basal part of the kettle has a mucilage covering of the cells, interpreted as a hitherto unnoticed food source. The cells of the inner surface of the kettle and tube have downward pointing trichomes. On the second day of flowering these collapse and sink into the cell lumen, which is suggested to create a unique lattice-like structure that enables the insects to climb out of the kettle and tube. The cell structure of the flap shows that it is a prolongation and continuation of the spathe tube margin.     

Vermicomposting of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) with two epigeic earthworm species

The bioconversion potential of two epigeic species (Eisenia foetida Sav. and Eudrilus eugeniae Kinberg) of earthworms was assessed in terms of efficiency and sustainability of vermicomposting of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (Linn) Schott in Schott and Endl). In different vermireactors, each run in triplicates with one of the two species of earthworms, and 60 g of 6:1 Colocasia:cowdung as feed, vermicasts were produced with steadily increasing output in all the reactors. E. eugeniae was found to be more efficient producer of vermicasts than E. foetida. In all reactors, the earthworms grew well, increasing their weights and number.     

Integrated small RNA profiling and degradome analysis of Anthurium andraeanum cultivars with different-colored spathes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play vital roles in coloration of leaves, flowers, and fruits in plants. However, their functions in spathe coloration are poorly known. Anthurium andraeanum is a popular ornamental plant with various spathe colors. In this study, small RNA and degradome libraries from three A. andraeanum cultivars with different-colored spathes were constructed and sequenced. Illumina sequencing resulted in 94 conserved miRNAs, and 34 novel miRNAs in total were then identified based on precursor sequences and hairpin structures. Differential expression analysis showed that 52, 51, and 49 miRNAs were differentially expressed in comparisons of orange- versus white-colored spathe, purple- versus white-colored spathe, and purple- versus orange-colored spathe, respectively. The expression patterns of miRNAs and their corresponding targets involved in spathe coloration were further analyzed, and displayed that miR156b and miR529 were highly abundant in the spathes with higher anthocyanin content. These two miRNAs co-targeted a gene encoding SPL17, which may function as a negative regulator in anthocyanin accumulation. In addition, miR408 was also abundantly expressed in purple- and orange-colored spathes, and its typical targets were also identified. This comprehensive integrated analysis provides insight into the miRNA-mediated genetic regulation in spathe coloration of A. andraeanum.

     

Ubiquitous expression of a gene encoding for uncoupling protein isolated from the thermogenic inflorescence of the dead horse arum Helicodiceros muscivorus

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a family of mitochondrial inner membrane proteins that have been implicated in heat production in mammalian cells. The inflorescences of several members of the arum lily family (Araceae) have also been shown to produce heat during flowering, but the involvement of UCP-mediated heat production in plants is not known. In this work a gene has been isolated termed HmUCPa that encodes for a putative uncoupling protein from Helicodiceros muscivorus, a highly thermogenic arum lily. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of HmUCPa was ubiquitously found, both in thermogenic male florets and appendix, and the non-thermogenic female florets, spathe and club-shaped organs of the spadix. These results suggest that HmUCPa is not primarily involved in organ-specific heat production in H. muscivorus.     

Regreening in spathes of Zantedeschia after anthesis: its physiology and control by fructification and hormones

The mature pigmented spathe of Zantedeschia is characterized by a developmental process, wherein the spathe regreens after anthesis and prior to senescence of the inflorescence. Previous research has shown that spathe regreening involves redifferentiation of chloroplasts and re‐accumulation of chlorophyll, but the detailed physiological changes associated with regreening are still largely unknown. Using Zantedeschia aethiopica and the Zantedeschia pentlandii variety ‘Best Gold’ as models, this study explores the physiological mechanism and possible roles of fructification, 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) and gibberellin (GA₃) in induction or progression of spathe regreening. Application of BAP stimulated regreening in spathe tissue of ‘Best Gold’ by enhancing accumulation of carotenoid and chlorophyll, and also increasing stacking of grana. In contrast, GA₃ retarded formation of double‐membrane lamella during chloroplast redifferentiation, thus delaying the onset of regreening. We suggest that these actions of BAP and GA₃ have a synergistic effect in delaying the onset of regreening in ‘Best Gold’ so that when applied together retardation of chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast redifferentiation and accumulation of carotenoids were enhanced. The elimination of fructification did not prevent the occurrence of regreening in either Zantedeschia model plants, indicating that fructification was not a prerequisite for the induction of regreening. It is still unclear how regreening in Zantedeschia is triggered. We propose that the onset of regreening in Zantedeschia is likely to be a genetically programmed event.     

The correct nomenclature of the Nigerian species of Xanthosotna Schott (Araceae)

A literature survey showed that taxonomists retain both Xanthosotna sagittifolium (L.) Schott and X. mafajfa Schott as separate species. The diagnostic features of these species are clearcut as X. sagittifolium (L.) Schott has overlapping leaf lobes and a tapering male portion of the spadix in contrast to the divergent leaf lobes and symmetrical male region of the spadix of X. mafaffa Schott. Field studies indicate that features of the Nigerian members of the genus agree with those of X. mafaffa Schott which is the correct name of the Nigerian taxon.     

AEROBIOLOGY OF SYMPLOCARPUS FOETIDUS: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SPATHE AND SPADIX

The aerobiology of the skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus (l .) Nutt., is examined as a factor contributing to efficient pollination and temperature regulation around the spadix. Field measurements show that the compass orientation of the asymmetrical opening of the spathe is random, while wind tunnel studies reveal that similar patterns of airflow are generated around the spadix regardless of the orientation of the spathe opening to the direction of airflow. Temperature measurements within a model of the inflorescence reveal that airflow around the spathe effectively maintains heat generated by the spadix, even at airflow speeds of 1.5 m/s. These results are discussed as exaptations of the spathe for pollination and for temperature regulation in sub-freezing weather.     

斑龙芋属植物的系统发育分析

运用分支分类分析方法对斑龙芋属及其近缘属进行系统发育分析,以4个属的15个种作为15个分支分类单位,选择菖蒲科的菖蒲作为外类群,从斑龙芋属植物特征中选取了14个性状作为建立数据矩阵的基本资料,并以外类群比较和通行的形态演化规律,及核型演化规律为依据对这些性状进行极化,采用改进的最大同步法和最小平行法进行分类运算,按照最简约的原则,运用演化长度较短的最大同步法谱系分支图,作为讨论的基础,讨论了斑龙芋属及其近缘属的系统关系。     

Adaptations for insect‐trapping in brood‐site pollinated Colocasia (Araceae)

The Araceae include both taxa with rewarding and deceptive trap pollination systems. Here we report on a genus in which rewarding and imprisonment of the pollinators co‐occur. We studied the pollination of four species of Colocasia in Southwest China and investigated the morpho‐anatomical adaptations of the spathe related to the attraction and capture of pollinators. All four species were pollinated by drosophilid flies of the genus Colocasiomyia. The flies are temporally arrested within the inflorescence and departure is only possible after pollen release. Trapping of the flies is accomplished by the closure of the spathe during anthesis. Moreover, in two species the spathe is covered with papillate epidermal cells known to form slippery surfaces in deceptive traps of Araceae. However, in Colocasia the papillae proved not slippery for the flies. The morpho‐anatomical properties of the spathe epidermis indicate that it is an elaborate osmophore and serves for the emission of odours only. Despite its similarity to deceptive traps of other aroids, Colocasia and Colocasiomyia have a close symbiotic relationship, as the attracted flies use the inflorescence as a site for mating and breeding. The trap mechanism has presumably evolved independently in Colocasia and is supposed to facilitate more efficient pollen export.     

Structural requirements for the perception of ambient temperature signals in homeothermic heat production of skunk cabbage (Symlocarpus foetidus)

The spadix of skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus, is capable of maintaining an internal temperature of around 20 degrees C even when the ambient temperature drops to around 0 degrees C. To determine the crucial structure that is required for detection of ambient temperature signals, detailed measurements of the temperatures of the spadix were made under field conditions. The spadix temperature was well regulated even when the spathe or the leaf of the plant was removed. Furthermore, maintenance of the temperature of the central stalk at either 10 or 20 degrees C had no effect on the thermoregulation when the ambient temperature increased from 10 to 25 degrees C or decreased from 20 to 8 degrees C. Therefore, it seemed that the heat production in the spadix required neither the spathe, the leaf, nor the central stalk for perception of the external temperature signals. Finally, analysis of sugar composition in xylem exudates showed that the concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, all of which are potential energy sources of thermogenesis, did not change significantly at different ambient temperatures. It is concluded that the spadix is a unique organ in which the perception of ambient temperature signals and heat production occurs in S. foetidus.     

Remusatia vivipara lectin and Sclerotium rolfsii lectin interfere with the development and gall formation activity of Meloidogyne incognita in transgenic tomato

Transgenic Research - Root knot nematodes are serious threats to growth and yield of solaneous crops including tomato. In this study, a binary vector carrying Remusatia vivipara...