不同植物对VA菌根菌的依赖性

用不灭菌的沙质黄潮土和建筑河沙作为生长基质,施加一定量稀释的 Hoagland 营养液,在盆栽条件下比较了来源于扦插苗和实生苗的不同植物对 VA 菌根的依赖性。结果表明除了一般被认为不形成 VA 菌根的菊花外,其余植物接种萄根后,不论株高,地上部分、地下部分鲜重和侵染率都大于不接种的对照植物。各种植物对菌根的依赖程度的大小依次为:葡萄、月季、白三叶草、芦笋、非洲紫罗兰、矮牵牛花,玉米、棉花、大豆、烟草、花生、西红柿、绿豆、百合。     

Growth responses of tropical forage plant species to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae

Summary Growth and mineral uptake of twenty-four tropical forage legumes and grasses were compared under glasshouse conditions in a sterile low P oxisol, one part inoculated and the other not inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. Shoot and root dry weights and total uptake of P, N, K, Ca, and Mg of all the test plants were significantly increased by mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal inoculation, with few exceptions, decreased the root/shoot ratio. Non-mycorrhizal plants contained always lower quantities of mineral elements than mycorrhizal plants. Plant species showed differences in percentage mycorrhizal root length and there was no correlation between percentage mycorrhizal infection and plant growth parameters. A great variation in dependence on mycorrhiza was observed among forage species. Total uptake of all elements by non-mycorrhizal legumes and uptake of P, N and K by non-mycorrhizal grasses correlated inversely with mycorrhizal dependency. Mycorrhizal plants of all species used significantly greater quantities of soil P than the nonmycorrhizal plants. Utilization of soil P by non-mycorrhizal plants was correlated inversely with mycorrhizal dependency.     

Interaction of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root knot nematode on cultivars of tomato and white clover susceptible to Meloidogyne hapla

The interactive effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) were studied on nematode-susceptible cultivars of tomato (cv. Scoresby) and white clover (cv. Huia) at four levels of applied phosphate. The relative merits of simultaneous inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and nematodes and of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi prior to nematode inoculation were evaluated. Mycorrhizal plants were more resistant than non-mycorrhizal plants to root-knot nematode at all phosphate levels and growth benefits were generally greater in plants preinfected with mycorrhizal fungi. Nematode numbers increased with increasing levels of applied phosphate. In mycorrhizal root systems, nematode numbers increased in the lower phosphate soils; at higher phosphate levels nematode numbers were either unaffected or reduced. The numbers of juveniles and adults per gram of root were always lower in mycorrhizal treatments. Mycorrhizal root length remained unaffected by nematode inoculation. Mycorrhizal inoculation thus increased the plants' resistance to infection by M. hapla. This was probably due to some alteration in the physiology of the root system but was not entirely a result of better host nutrition and improved phosphorus uptake by mycorrhizal plants.     

Effect of VA Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth of Asparagus Seedlings

Experiments on asparagus (Asparagus of)icinalis L.) inoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi were conducted under two fluvo-aquatic phosphorus deficient soils. This study was to examine the growth response of VA mycorrhizae and fertilizer effects on the growth of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal asparagus seedlings in pots and under field conditions. Inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased mycorrhizal infection and enhanced seedling growth. In treatments of fertilization by different batches of NPK or by different amount of application it was shown that phosphorus was most favourable to VAM activity. Both the prevalance of mycorrhizal infection and the dry weight of seedlings in treatment with NPK in 1:0:1 was similar to that in 1:1:1 and 1:2:1 after inoculation. Further more the prevalance of infection, plant growth and P content in the treatment of 1/2 an amount of NPK in 1:1:1 were even higer than those in full amount of NPK and in non-fertilization. It is indicated that phosphorus uptake and plant growth benefit greatly by mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal plant requires only about half as much phosphorus to achieve maximum growth as the uninoculated plants.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation of rice seedlings at the nursery stage upon performance in the paddy field and greenhouse

We examined the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at the nursery stage on the growth and nutrient acquisition of wetland rice (t Oryza sativa L.) under field and pot conditions. Seedlings were grown on -ray sterilized paddy soil in two types of nurseries, namely dry nursery and wet nursery, with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation which was a mixture of indigenous AMF (t Glomus spp.) spores collected from the paddy field. Five-to-six week old seedlings were transplanted to the unsterilized soil under field and pot, respectively. Mycorrhizal seedlings had higher shoot biomass under both nursery conditions 5 weeks after sowing. Mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation were 2 to 3 times higher in the dry nursery than the wet nursery at the transplanting stage. Mycorrhizal colonization of plants inoculated in the nursery remained higher than those not inoculated under both field and pot conditions. Sporulation after transplanting to field conditions was about 10 times higher than in the pot. Inoculated plants produced higher biomass at maturity under field conditions, and the grain yield was 14-21% higher than those not inoculated. Conversely, grain yield and shoot biomass were not significantly influenced by AMF colonization under pot conditions. For plants originating from the dry nursery, N, P, Zn and Cu concentrations of field-grown plants at harvest were significantly increased by preinoculation with AMF over those left uninoculated. We conclude that the AMF inoculation at the nursery stage under both dry and wet conditions increased growth, grain yield and nutrient acquisition of wetland rice under field conditions.     

Mycorrhizal dependency of some endemic and endangered Hawaiian plant species

Four endemic species of Hawaiian plants were tested for their response to inoculation with a Hawaiian isolate of Glomus aggregatum (an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus [AMF]) when grown in a native soil with or without P added to achieve different soil-solution P levels. The endangered species (Sesbania tomentosa [Fabaceae] and Colubrina oppositifolia [Rhamnaceae]) and two nonendangered species (Bidens sandvicensis and B. asymmetrica × sandvicensis [Asteraceae]) were tested. When soil-solution P levels in greenhouse trials were similar to unfertilized field soils (e.g., 0.005-0.020 mg P/L), shoots of inoculated plants were 2.1 to 7.0 times larger than noninoculated plants. Leaf tissue P levels and root biomass in these species showed similar responses to inoculation. Mycorrhizal dependencies ranging from 44 to 88% were measured when plants were grown in low-P soils and were -4-42% in soil with P levels typical of highly productive agricultural soils. A survey of P levels in a variety of native (nonagricultural) Hawaiian soils indicated the widespread occurrence of P-limited sites (mean = 0.010 mg P/L, range = <0.001-0.030 mg P/L; N = 41). The terms "ecological mycorrhizal dependency" (EMD) and "agricultural mycorrhizal dependency" (AMD) are introduced to refine the concept of mycorrhizal dependency.     

Effects of nursery preconditioning through mycorrhizal inoculation and drought in Arbutus unedo L. plants

The influence of a water deficit treatment and mycorrhizal inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch on the water relations, gas exchange, and plant growth in Arbutus unedo L. plants was studied in order to evaluate the hardening process during the nursery period. The ability to withstand the adverse conditions after transplantation was also studied. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings of A. unedo were pot-grown for 4 months in a greenhouse (nursery period), during which time two irrigation treatments, well watered (100% water holding capacity, leaching 20% of the applied water) and deficit irrigation (50% of the well watered), were applied. Subsequently, the plants were transplanted to the field and well irrigated (transplanting period), after which and until the end of the experiment they received no water (establishment period). At the end of the nursery period, both water deficit and mycorrhizae were seen to have altered the plant morphology. Mycorrhizal plants had lower leaf area and improved leaf color parameters, while the water deficit increased root dry weight and the root/shoot ratio. Mycorrhizal plants had higher leaf water potential values than non-inoculated plants. Mycorrhizae increased stomatal conductance and photosynthesis values, especially in stressed plants. Drought led to an osmotic adjustment and a decrease in the leaf water potential values at turgor loss point in the mycorrhizal plants. Cell wall rigidity, measured as increased bulk modulus of elasticity, was decreased by the mycorrhizae effect. After transplanting, no differences were found in the water relations or gas exchange values between treatments. During the establishment period, the plants that had been exposed to both drought and mycorrhizae showed a better water status (higher leaf water and turgor potential values) and higher gas exchange values. In conclusion, water deficit and mycorrhizal inoculation of A. unedo plants in nursery produced changes in tissue water relations, gas exchange, and growth, related with the acclimation process in the seedlings, which could provide better resistance to drought and stress conditions following planting.     

接种后共培养时间对丛枝菌根喜树幼苗喜树碱含量的影响

在前期工作中利用蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)和根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)从接种时期角度分析了喜树碱含量与菌根形成过程对应关系的基础上,通过温室盆栽接种试验,继续观察了这两种丛枝菌根真菌接种后与喜树(Camptothecaacuminata)幼苗的共培养时间对喜树幼苗喜树碱积累的影响。分别用两种菌根真菌每隔7d接种一批喜树幼苗,第5批接种7 d后采样,获得菌根真菌与喜树幼苗共培养时间分别为35、28、21、14、7 d的喜树幼苗样品,测定了菌根浸染状况和喜树碱含量。结果表明:(1)接种两种丛枝菌根真菌均促进了喜树幼苗喜树碱的积累,表现为喜树碱含量和产量(单株幼苗所含的喜树碱量,喜树碱含量与幼苗生物量的乘积)的显著提高。(2)从接种后共培养时间的效果看,两种菌根幼苗各器官(根、茎、叶)及全株喜树碱含量和产量均呈现随着丛枝菌根真菌与喜树幼苗共培养时间的增加而增加的趋势。两种菌根幼苗的根和茎、根内球囊霉菌根幼苗的叶片和全株的的喜树碱含量和产量,在共培养时间增加至21 d时趋于稳定,而蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗的叶片和全株的喜树碱含量和产量在共培养时间增加至28 d时达到最高,其后略有降低。(3)两种丛枝菌根真菌的侵染率和侵染强度同样随共培养时间的增加而增加,至共培养28 d后无显著变化。在一定共培养时间范围内,喜树碱含量和产量的变化与丛枝菌根真菌的侵染及菌根形成之间具有对应性。     

Histological, Physiological and Biochemical Interactions between Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Thielaviopsis basicola in Tobacco Plants

Interactions between the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus monosporum and the root rot pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola and their effects on tobacco plants were investigated over a 4 week period. Mycorrhizal tobacco plants, obtained by preinoculation with G. monosporum, showed a better tolerance to T. basicola than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Root and leaf dry weights of mycorrhizal plants were greater than those of controls. Mycorrhizal plants inoculated with T. basicola showed higher root and leaf dry weights than non-mycorrhizal infected plants, but lower values than mycorrhizal plants which were not infected. No appreciable differences in free aminoacid composition were observed among the different treatments with two exceptions: proline content was higher in infected and mycorrhizal infected plants compared to control and mycorrhizal plants; arginine content was higher in infected and mycorrhizal infected plants compared to control and mycorrhizal plants; arginine content was higher in mycorrhizal plants than in all the other treatments. The mechanisms by which (VAM) fungi can reduce disease incidence and pathogen development are discussed.     

Growth,root colonization and nutrient status of Helianthemum sessiliflorum Desf. inoculated with a desert truffle Terfezia boudieri Chatin

This study aims to investigate the effects of inoculation using Terfezia boudieri Chatin ascospores (ectomycorrhizal fungus) on growth, root colonization and nutrient status of Helianthemum sessiliflorum Desf. seedlings grown in pots on two-soil types (gypseous and sandy loam). Mycorrhizal seedlings had significantly increased their height and leaf number compared to non-mycorrhizal ones. Regardless of mycorrhizal inoculation treatments, the plants growing on gypseous soil showed higher growth as compared to sandy loam one. It appears that inoculation with T. boudieri changed root morphology, increasing branching of first-order lateral roots of H. sessiliflorum seedlings. The highest root mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in inoculated seedlings on sandy loam soil (89%) when compared to gypseous one (52%). N, P and K concentrations in mycorrhizal seedlings were significantly improved by fungal inoculation. It can be concluded that inoculation of H. sessiliflorum with T. boudieri increased growth attributes and improved plant nutritional status.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and growth of frankincense seedlings under pulsed water availability conditions

Under drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alter water relationships of plants and improve their resistance to drought. In a factorial greenhouse experiment, we tested the effects of the AM symbiosis and precipitation regime on the performance (growth, gas exchange, nutrient status and mycorrhizal responsiveness) of Boswellia papyrifera seedlings. A continuous precipitation regime was imitated by continuous watering of plants to field capacity every other day during 4 months, and irregular precipitation by pulsed watering of plants where watering was switched every 15 days during these 4 months, with 15 days of watering followed by 15 days without watering. There were significantly higher levels of AM colonization under irregular precipitation regime than under continuous precipitation. Mycorrhizal seedlings had higher biomass than control seedlings. Stomatal conductance and phosphorus mass fraction in shoot and root were also significantly higher for mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal seedlings under irregular watering had the highest biomass. Both a larger leaf area and higher assimilation rates contributed to higher biomass. Under irregular watering, the water use efficiency increased in non-mycorrhizal seedlings through a reduction in transpiration, while in mycorrhizal seedlings irregular watering increased transpiration. Because assimilation rates increased even more, mycorrhizal seedlings achieved an even higher water use efficiency. Boswellia seedlings allocated almost all carbon to the storage root. Boswellia seedlings had higher mass fractions of N, P, and K in roots than in shoots. Irregular precipitation conditions apparently benefit Boswellia seedlings when they are mycorrhizal. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2258-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effects of elevated nickel and cadmium concentrations on growth and nutrient uptake of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings

The effects of Ni and Cd on growth and nutrient uptake of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings were investigated in a pot experiment. Seedlings were either inoculated with Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton or left uninoculated before being planted in pots containing a mixture of sandy soil from the B-horizon of a coniferous forest, small stones and pure quartz sand. The pots were supplied with small amounts of a balanced nutrient solution every 24 h using peristaltic pumps. Nickel or Cd were added as chlorides to the nutrient solution at levels of 85 M Ni (Ni 1), 170 M Ni (Ni 2), or 8.9 M Cd. Mycorrhizal colonisation of the roots was nearly 100% in the mycorrhizal treatments. The mycorrhizal seedlings grew significantly better than the non-mycorrhizal ones. The weight of mycorrhizal seedlings in the Ni 2 treatment was 29% lower than that of the mycorrhizal controls, but still 34% greater than that of the non-mycorrhizal seedlings not exposed to metals. There was an overall, statistically significant, negative effect of metals on plant yield. Mycorrhizal plants had lower root:shoot (R:S) ratios than non-mycorrhizal plants and the R:S ratio was increased by metal exposure, particularly in the non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Plant concentrations of Cd or Ni were not affected by mycorrhizal colonisation, but total uptake of Cd and Ni was higher in bigger mycorrhizal seedlings. Nickel decreased P concentration in all seedlings and Cd decreased P concentration in the non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Generally, the mycorrhizal seedlings grew better than non-mycorrhizal ones and had better P, K, Mg and S status. Root growth was not significantly affected by the metal treatments. The reduction in mean shoot growth of non-mycorrhizal plants, relative to the metal-free control, appeared higher than in mycorrhizal plants but was not statistically significant due to high variation in the non-mycorrhizal plants not exposed to metals. The main mycorrhizal effect was thus increased nutrient uptake and growth of the seedlings.     

Component growth efficiencies of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants

Two mycotrophic species ( Lactuca sativa and Abutilon theophrasti ) and one nonmycotrophic species ( Beta vulgaris ) were grown in a P-deficient soil, and the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on three variables that determine growth rate were assessed for each. The phosphorus-use efficiency (PUE, d W /d P ) is the ratio of d. wt increase to P content increase. Plant P is the amount of P (the limiting resource) controlled by the plant, which can be allocated to various purposes. The phosphorus efficiency index (PEI, d P / P d t ) is the efficiency with which plant P is used to acquire P from the soil. Inoculated and control plants of a given species initially contained the same amount of P because all plants were grown from seed. Mycorrhizal colonization significantly increased the PEI of Lactuca and Abutilon (by 23 and 32%, respectively). As expected, mycorrhizal inoculation did not significantly increase the PEI of Beta . As a result, mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased the P content of Lactuca and Abutilon , but not Beta . Mycorrhizal colonization decreased the PUE of lettuce, but did not significantly affect that of Abutilon or Beta . Mycorrhizal inoculation therefore slightly increased the growth rate of Lactuca , greatly increased the growth rate of Abutilon , and ultimately had no significant effect on the growth rate of Beta .     

Influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and P addition on growth and P nutrition of Anthyllis cytisoides L. and Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) Beauv.

The effect of P applications and mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth and P nutrition of Anthyllis cytisoides L. (Fabaceae) and Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) Beauv. (Poaceae) was studied. Both plants are widely distributed and well adapted to semi-arid habitats in southern Spain. In all treatments, even with high P doses, mycorrhizal plants showed a higher concentration of phosphorus in their tissues than non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced the growth of the plants when no P was applied. At high P addition, non-mycorrhizal plants showed higher growth than mycorrhizal plants. The response of each plant type to P application was somewhat different.     

Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and soluble phosphate onAbelmoscus esculentus (L.) Moench

Summary Effect of VA mycorrhiza and soluble phosphorus onAbelmoscus esculentus (L.) Moench was studied in a phosphorus deficient sandy loam soil with pH 5.5. The mycorrhizal infection and spore production were reduced by an increase of added soluble phosphorus. Root, shoot and total plant dry weight were significantly greater in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal controls, at all levels of added soluble P. Mycorrhizal dependency was found to decrease with increase in added soluble P. Depression of growth, as compared with growth at 100% was noticed in mycorrhizal plants when 200% of the recommended P was added.     

Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Sesbania aegyptiaca</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Sesbania grandiflora</Emphasis> under field conditions: evidence for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus macrocarpum and salinity on growth of Sesbania aegyptiaca and S. grandiflora. In the salt-stressed soil, mycorrhizal root colonisation and sporulation was significantly higher in AM-inoculated than in uninoculated plants. Mycorrhizal seedlings had significantly higher root and shoot dry biomass production than non-mycorrhizal seedlings grown in saline soil. The content of chlorophyll was greater in the leaves of mycorrhiza-inoculated as compared to uninoculated seedlings. The number of nodules was significantly higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal seedling tissue had significantly increased concentrations of P, N and Mg but lower Na concentration than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Under salinity stress conditions both Sesbania sp. showed a high degree of dependence on mycorrhizae, increasing with the age of the plants. The reduction in Na uptake together with a concomitant increase in P, N and Mg absorption and high chlorophyll content in mycorrhizal plants may be important salt-alleviating mechanisms for plants growing in saline soil.     

Accumulation and Speciation of Selenium in Plants as Affected by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Glomus mosseae</Emphasis>

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae) on the accumulation and speciation of selenium (Se) in alfalfa, maize, and soybean were investigated by using Se(IV)-spiked soil. Mycorrhizal inoculation decreased Se accumulation in roots and shoots of all the plants at Se spiked level of 0 or 2 mg kg⁻¹, while an increased Se accumulation was observed in alfalfa shoots and maize roots and shoots at the spiked level of 20 mg kg⁻¹. Concentration of inorganic Se (especially Se(VI)) in roots and shoots of the three plants was much higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal treatment. Mycorrhizal inoculation decreased the portion of total organic Se in plant tissues with the exception of alfalfa and maize shoots at Se spiked level of 20 mg kg⁻¹, in which organic Se portion did not reduced greatly (<5%) for mycorrhizal treatment. Mycorrhizal effects on alfalfa and maize were more obvious than on soybean in terms of root colonization rate, biomass, and Se accumulation.     

Mycorrhizal inoculation in neem (Azadirachta indica) enhances azadirachtin content in seed kernels

In view of the high mycorrhizal dependency of neem trees (Azadirachta indica), an experiment was conducted to study if Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation can enhance the azadirachtin content in seed kernels of trees grown in the field. Azadirachtin is an important active ingredient in neem seed kernels based on which a large biopesticide industry has emerged in India and few countries in Europe and the USA. Inoculation of neem seedlings in the nursery with Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus mosseae resulted in increased height, dry weight, root colonization and phosphorus (P) content. In a separate experiment, field-grown neem plants inoculated in the nursery and during transplantation with Glomus fasciculatum were evaluated after 5 years. No significant differences were found in the tree height, girth at breast height (GBH) and fruit yield but oil percentage, total triterpenoids and azadirachtin content in kernels increased significantly as a result of AM inoculation. A similar enhancement in azadirachtin was noted with P application. These results open up possibilities of producing quality neem seed with high bioactive ingredients through AM inoculation.     

接种AMF对菌根植物和非菌根植物竞争的影响

为了研究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF)对菌根植物与非菌根植物种间竞争的影响,以玉米(菌根植物)和油菜(非菌根植物)作为供试植物,分别进行间作、尼龙网分隔和单作,模拟这两种植物之间不同的竞争状态,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae,比较菌根植物和非菌根植物的生长和磷营养状况,分析AMF侵染对植物种间竞争作用的影响。结果显示,与单作相比,间作模式下玉米的生物量及磷营养状况有所降低,但其菌根依赖性却有所提高。与不接种相比,接种处理显著降低了间作体系油菜根系的磷含量和磷吸收量,但趋于改善菌根植物玉米的磷营养状况。因此,接种AMF可以降低非菌根植物的磷营养状况及生物量,使得菌根植物的相对竞争能力明显提高,说明AMF在维持物种多样性方面有着重要的作用。     

Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation of lead- contaminated soil by vetiver grass

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in phytoremediation of lead (Pb)-contaminated soil by vetiver grass. Experiment was a factorial arranged in a completely randomized design. Factors included four Pb levels (50, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg^?1) as Pb (NO₃)₂, AM fungi at three levels (non mycorrhizal (NM) control, Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus versiforme). Shoot and root dry weights (SDW and RDW) decreased as Pb levels increased. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased SDW and RDW compared to NM control. With mycorrhizal inoculation and increasing Pb levels, Pb uptake of shoot and root increased compared to those of NM control. Root colonization increased with mycorrhizal inoculation but decreased as Pb levels increased. Phosphorus concentration and uptake in shoot of plants inoculated with AM fungi was significantly higher than NM control at 200 and 800 mg Pb kg^?1. The Fe concentration, Fe and Mn uptake of shoot in plants inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices in all levels of Pb were significantly higher than NM control. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased Pb extraction, uptake and translocation efficiencies. Lead translocation factor decreased as Pb levels increased; however inoculation with AM fungi increased Pb translocation.