禾本科系统学与演化研究的进展

：综合近年来禾本科不同分支学科的研究进展,对当前禾本科研究的4个热点进行讨论：1．禾本科内不同阶元系统的种系发育研究方法,有传统的、实验的、历史的、分支的4种分析方法;2．性系统的演化,涉及自交亲和繁育方式的优势、偏离正常性比的发育模式、性别决定的分子生物学基础3个方面;3．花序演化的形态学、遗传学、发育形态学研究;4．禾本科的起源时间。总的看来,不同性状的数据比较和不同研究方法的综合已构成现代禾本科系统学研究的必然趋势,建立一个反映植物系统发育历史的分类是禾本科系统学研究的最终目标。     

The Major Types of Caryopses of the Chinese Gramineae in Relation to Systematics

Examinations were made on the morphology of caryopses of 324 grass species representing over 109 genera and 31 tribes. The evolutionary tendency of the important characteristics and the relation with distribution areas and habitats are discussed. According to the shape of caryopses, the morphology of ventral faces and hilum, the proportion of embryos to caryopses in size, the existence or absence of the top fine hairs, the persistence or shedding of styles, the size of fruits and especially the outline of the middle cross section, etc., the caryopses may be divided into three major types and seven subtypes: Bambusoid (including True Bambusoid, Arundinoid, Oryzoid, Stipoid), Panicoid (including True Panicoid, Eragrostoid) and Pooid (including the Subtype Pooid only). In this study, the different types of caryopses are found to be correlated with the characteristics of embryos, seedlings, habits and chromosomes, and on these grounds, the genera of the Gramineae are grouped into seven corresponding subfamilies: Bambusoideae, Oryzoideae, Arundinoideae, Stipoideae, Eragrostoideae, Panicoideae and Pooideae.     

Stem aerenchyma as a character separating hymenachne and sacciolepis (Gramineae,Panicoideae)

Hymenachne andSacciolepis, two closely related tropical genera, have been distinguished by the saccate second glume in the latter, a trait lacking in the former. It is difficult to assign certain species to genus on this basis alone. A survey of both genera showed that aerenchyma fills the stem pith region ofHymenachne species but is absent or nearly so fromSacciolepis species. The leaf epidermis ofHymenachne bears prickle cells, which have not been reported fromSacciolepis. Additional anatomical details are given forH. amplexicaulis.     

蜡蝉总科(昆虫纲:半翅目)系统分类研究进展

蜡蝉总科隶属于半翅目头喙亚目,大致可分为18～21个科。中国记载16科。蜡蝉总科的科级系统发育关系一直存在着广泛争议,至今尚无一个为大多数学者所接受的分类系统。因此,研究蜡蝉总科的系统发育具有重要的理论价值。本文从种及种下阶元的分类鉴定、种上阶元的系统发育、生物地理学等方面对蜡蝉总科的分类研究进行综述。     

Systematics ofJusticia sect.Pentaloba (Acanthaceae)

The transfer of the four taxa ofSiphonoglossa sect.Pentaloba toJusticia is proposed. It is shown that the taxa of this section were placed inSiphonoglossa primarily because of a single-character phenetic relationship and that they correctly belong inJusticia. In addition to morphology, data from cytology and flavonoid chemistry are also presented that support this intergeneric transfer. A key to the taxa and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the section are provided.     

The Morphological and Anatomical Characters of Bamboo Fruits with Relation to Systematics and Evolution

The morphological and anatomical characteristics of bamboo fruits of 39 species in 21 genera have been surveyed. The results showed that characters as the shape, the middle cross section, the morphology of pericarp, rostrum and embryo, the presence or absence of ventral groove and embryotega, and the thickness of aleurone layer of fruits were the important features in identifying different genera, and also in studying systematics and evolution of the bamboos. All the bamboo fruits examined herewith could be considered as caryopses, and they could be subdivided into four types viz. typical, bacoid, nucoid and seminucoid type. Type A,typical,as most grass fruits, with thin pericarp throughout or thickened only at apex, ventral groove (hilum) and embryotega, was found in the majority of bamboos, such as Fargesia and Arundinaria. Type B, bacoid, with thick and fleshy pericarp, was found in nine genera: Melocanna, Dicochloa, Ochlandra,Olrneca, Melocalarnus, Chirnonobarnbusa ,Qiongzhuea, Ferrocalamus and Alvirnia. Type C, nucoid, with hard pericarp, was found so far only in Dendrocalamus and Cephalostachyurn. Type D,semi-nucoid, the intermediate type between type A and C, with pericarp, as in type A, in the dorsum and pericarp, as in type C in the ventrum was found in Sinocalarnus, PhyUostachys and Thyrsostachys. Bacoid may be the primitive type, from which nueoid may have evolved. Semi-nucoid may have evolved from nucoid. Typical type may be advanced and have evolved from bocoid or semi-nucoid. The primitive fruits of bamboos may have characteristics such as follows: globose or spheroidal in shape, round middle cross section; thick and fleshy pericarp throughout, less differentiated, presence of vascular bundle; absence of ventral groove (hilum) and embryotega; aleurone layer composed of a number of cell layers; large and curved'or folded embryo. Bamboos with such a fruit have iterauctant inflorescences except Ferrocalamus.     

Embryology in Relation to Systematics of Gramineae

A preliminary study of four bambusoid, three arundinoid, l0pooid, 16 chloridoid and 26 panicoid grasses, coupled with datafrom previous studies reveal that, in addition to the relativesize and structure of the mature embryo reported by Reeder (1957,1962), taxa belonging to the subfamilies Pooideae and Panicoideaealso possess contrasting characters in respect to the shapeof ovary, structure of dorsal ovary wall, extent of developmentof integuments, behaviour of the nucellar epidermis in the vicinityof the micropyle, orientation of the mature megagametophytein relation to the longitudinal axis of the ovule, constitutionof the unreduced megagametophytes in apomictic taxa, shape ofthe embryo sac during free nuclear stages of endosperm, positionof the antipodals in the embryo sac after fertilization, anddifferentiation in the inner epidermis of the inner integumentafter fertilization. These characters may also be typed as either‘pooid’ or ‘panicoid’ in nature. The‘pooid’ features exhibit a higher frequency in grassesof the subfamilies Bambusoideae, Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae.The ‘panicoid’ features are predominant in grassesof the subfamily Panicoideae. Embryology, systematics, gramineae     

高茎紫菀(菊科)形态描述补充及细胞学和分子系统学研究北大核心CSCD

结合在模式产地采集的高茎紫菀(Aster procerus Hemsley)以及查阅文献资料,发现原始文献对其形态描述不充分且缺乏细胞学和分子系统学方面的报道。本研究对高茎紫菀的形态特征进行了补充描述以及核型特征和系统位置分析,为紫菀属的修订提供资料。结果表明:(1)依据观察结果,补充了高茎紫菀新的形态特征:基生叶羽状分裂,成熟的基生叶较大,长可达26 cm,宽可达8 cm;花序托圆锥状。(2)高茎紫菀的染色体数目为2n=18;核型公式为2n=2x=16 m+2 M,核型属于1 A。(3)基于ITS和ETS标记的分子系统发育树分析表明,高茎紫菀不同居群的2个个体在同一进化支上(LP=100,PP=1.00),且位于核心紫菀属(LP=100,PP=1.00),与女菀[Turczaninovia fastigiata(Fischer)Candolle]构成姐妹类群(LP=52,PP=0.99)。研究认为,高茎紫菀基生叶和花序托的特征可为紫菀属的分类提供新的证据,支持高茎紫菀位于紫菀属(Aster L.)内,建议将女菀并入紫菀属。     

Towards a Revision of the Systematics of the Genus Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta)

Strains of Chlamydomonas with cross-reacting sporangium wall autolysins also correspond in morphology, reproduction, development, and physiological properties. We therefore undertook a revision of the systematics of the genus based on this correlation. Isolates of Chlamydomonas available in culture collections were re-examined microscopically, preferably with respect to their reproduction and development. In particular all authentic clones, on which earlier species diagnoses had been founded, were included. Their detectable autolysins were tested crosswise in bioassays. We intend to complete and extend species diagnoses in order to separate species more precisely. - At first 7 strains with a common sporangium autolysin have been examined, four of which are the authentic cultures of the species C. aggregate Deason et Bold, C. akinetos Deason et Bold, C. applanata Pringsheim, and C. humicola Lucksch. They have been brought together under the name of the species first described, C. applanata Pringsheim, due to their apparent similarities in morphology and development. An amended species diagnosis is presented. The significance of authentic cultures as important sources of further information is discussed.     

中国独行菜族(十字花科)部分属种的分子系统学研究

利用叶绿体DNA的trnL内含子和trnL-F基因间隔区序列测定,对中国独行菜族部分属及相关属植物进行了分子系统学研究,结果表明:独行菜族是多系类群,在分子树中,所研究的中国独行菜族部分属植物被分别聚在了3个不同的并列系中,其中,荠属(Capsella)和亚麻荠属(Camelina)与南芥族的3个属聚在系Ⅰ,认为应将二者分别从独行菜族和大蒜芥族中移出,划入南芥族中;菥蓂属(Thlaspi)和菘蓝属(Isatis)与大蒜芥族的3个属聚成系Ⅱ,支持将二者移出独行菜族,划入大蒜芥族的观点;独行菜属(Lepidium)、臭荠属(Coronopus)和群心菜属(Cardaria)三者关系密切,组成系Ⅲ,其中臭荠嵌入独行菜属中,支持将臭荠属合并到独行菜属的处理意见.     

水龙骨亚科植物(水龙骨科)的形态解剖学研究

对水龙骨科水龙骨亚科5属16种植物的孢子形态、叶表皮结构、叶柄和根状茎的横切、根状茎上的鳞片以及叶脉特征进行了详细的观察和分析,探讨了该亚科植物的系统位置和亲缘关系。结果表明,在该亚科植物类群中,主要分布于亚洲亚热带地区的篦齿蕨属、拟水龙骨属和水龙骨属的亲缘关系较近,而主要分布于亚洲热带地区的棱脉蕨属和亚洲温带地区的多足蕨属的系统位置则分别较孤立。     

线粒体DNA序列在半翅目异翅亚目昆虫分子系统学上的应用

随着PCR技术的发展以及大量DNA序列的累积,昆虫分子系统学近年来快速发展。线粒体DNA(mtDNA)序列相对于核内DNA序列进化速率较快,常被用于昆虫的系统发育研究。本文综述了国内外学者利用各种线粒体DNA序列来研究半翅目异翅亚目昆虫系统发育的研究概况。总结发现,COⅠ、COⅡ、12S rDNA、16S rDNA、Cytb、ND1、ND2和ND5等线粒体区段被用于半翅目异翅亚目系统发育的研究,其中以COI、COⅡ、16S rDNA和Cytb应用最广泛,但目前尚缺乏不同分子标记间的联合分析。进一步的研究最好在选定半翅目异翅亚目昆虫的分类阶元(如科间、亚科间、科内属间、种间或种内)后,集中测定线粒体某几个区段的DNA序列,然后进行单一分析和联合分析,并与传统形态学研究结果进行比较,可望全面分析半翅目异翅亚目昆虫的系统发育关系。     

莲属(Nelumbo Adans.)的系统学研究进展和莲科的确立

本文介绍了莲属的系统学研究的历史和最新研究成果．综述了莲属从睡莲科中独立出来,单独成科的形态学、解剖学、细胞学、孢粉学、胚胎学、植物化学、分子生物学及花器官发生等多方面的证据,并对莲科的系统学地位进行了总结。     

Systematics and evolutionary biology of the fern genusHymenasplenium (Aspleniaceae)

In Aspleniaceae,Hymenasplenium is a well-defined group with dorsiventral creeping rhizomes. Members ofHymenasplenium are widely distributed in the tropic zones of the world and have great variation in morphology and ecolgy, making it a good model group for plant systematics and evolutionary biology. I have worked on this group using techniques such as comparative morphology, ecology, cytology (for examining chromosomes and reproductive modes), phytochemistry and molecular biology. I considered the evolution of various phenetic characters based on a molecular phylogenetic tree which I recently obtained from sequence comparisons ofrbcL. In this paper, I will summarize the results. Recipient of the Botanical Society Award for Young Scientists, 1993.     

海桑科的系统进化及地理分布

对海桑科植物的系统学进行了分析 ,并对海桑属的两个组进行了修订 ,即以柱头头状为主要特征的海桑组和柱头蘑菇状为主要特征的无瓣海桑组。结合海桑科海桑属植物的古孢粉学、细胞学以及古气候等资料 ,可以推论出海桑科植物的起源时间为早始新世 ,起源地点为特提斯海岸 ,3条可能的主要扩散途径是从起源中心向南沿着岛屿扩散到澳大利亚 ,向西扩散经过印度扩散至非洲 ,向北沿着海岸向日本散布。第四纪的冰川作用对海桑科植物的现代分布产生了重要的影响     

Systematics and distribution of Thorea (Thoreaceae, Rhodophyta) from central Mexico and south-eastern Brazil

Thirteen populations of Thorea were analyzed from central Mexico and south‐eastern Brazil. All populations were considered as belonging to a single species [Thorea hispida (Thore) Desvaux], with wide variation of morphological features. Secondary branches varying in frequency were observed in several populations with an overlapping in the range of branch density for Thorea violacea Bory and T hispida (0–9 and 11–41 per 30 mm, respectively). As this is the most distinguishing character and on the basis of the overlapping (within a same population or even a single plant), we regarded T. violacea as a synonym of T hispida.‘Chantransia’ stage in culture, as well as gametophyte and carposporophyte were described in detail. We confirmed tine coexistence of asexual monosporangia with sexual reproductive structures (carpogonia and spermatangia) and carposporangia. Size, content, arrangement and chromosome number were the most distinctive characteristics among spermatangia, carposporangia and monosporangia. Monosporangia can be promptly differentiated from spermatangia by their granulated content and larger size but they are similar to carposporangia in shape and size; however, monosporangia are not arranged in fascicles. Structures resembling bisporangia were observed in female plants of some populations. Chromosome numbers were n = 4 for spermatangia and fascicle cells, and 2n ca 8 for gonimoblast filaments, carpospores and the ‘Chantransia’ stage cells. The populations of Thorea from central Mexico and south‐eastern Brazil corroborated the known world distribution for T. hispida, consisting dommantly of tropical to subtropical rainforests, sometimes extending into warm temperate areas. Thorea hispida occurred in warm (temperature 17.6–28.O°C), neutral to alkaline (pH 7.0–8.0), high ion content (specific conductance 59–2140 μS cm^?1), moderate flowing (current velocity 17–43 cm/s) and shallow waters (depth <50cm); these data are essentially similar to previous reports.