鹞落坪国家级自然保护区植被类型的初步探讨

提供安徽省鹞落坪国家级自然保护区植被类型的初步概况与与比较分析。在世界植被区划上,该区属泛北极植物区,中国--日本森林植物亚区的华东区,是华中、华西、华北、华南植物区系与华东植物的渗透、过渡和交汇地带,故植物物种类丰富复杂。今经实地考察,并通过对所得的有关数据资料的整理与统计,采用相似性系数分析方法,对该保护区植被组成进行了初步的探讨,认为：该区计有野生种子植物134科,590属,1428种（含种下等级）;该区森林生态系统结构完整,植物群落分为8个植被型（亚型）和35个群系组。主要有针叶林、针阔叶混交林、竹林、灌丛、草甸等,此外还有沼泽和水生植被。     

安徽齐云山区种子植物区系的研究

据初步统计,安徽省休宁县齐云山山区共有种子植物125科,511属,867种。与邻近山地相比,种子植物的丰富程度次于黄山(134科、537属、1058种)、清凉峰(142科、547属、1083种)和牯牛降(151科、582属、1117种)。该区种子植物区系起源古老,地理成分复杂,各类热带、温带成分和中国特有成分分别占该区种子植物属总数的42.0%、54.3%和3.7%,显示该植物区系具有明显的中亚热带特性。该区系与黄山、清凉峰、牯牛降、六股尖区系的关系密切,而与天堂寨区系关系较远。     

广东郁南同乐大山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

通过野外调查与查阅资料,广东郁南同乐大山自然保护区共有野牛种子植物149科542属1 002种.种子植物区系组成丰富,区系地理成分复杂,以南亚热带和热带北缘植物区系地理成分为主.区内珍稀濒危植物多,特有现象较明显,植物区系起源古老.与其它邻近地区植物区系相比较,同乐大山自然保护区种子植物区系与广西龙虎山自然保护区、广东黑石顶自然保护区的相似性较高,与湖南武陵源的相似性较低.     

湖南涟源县龙山森林公园种子植物区系初步研究

涟源县龙山森林公园是湖南省中部的一座孤山,位于华中植物区和华东植物区的分界线上,生境多样,植被类型丰富,有野生种子植物158科、687属、1486种（含种下等级）。植物区系总体性质以温带性质为主,兼有大量热带成分的混杂,具有较强的过渡性质。但是,在科、属级水平上均表现出较强的热带地理亲缘性。优势大科、大属在区系组成统计上占有突出位置。与邻近地区植物区系比较,科、属、种相似性最大的是湖南古丈县高望界,与距离其最近的南岳衡山相似性最小,说明该区虽为孤山地貌,但孤山区系特征不显著,缺乏地方特有属、种,受武陵山脉的影响较大,应归属于华中植物区,并且兼有向华东过渡的性质。     

A Comparative Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of the East Side and the West Side of the Northern Gaoligong Mts . in Northwestern Yunnan,China

The differences in rainfall and temperature between the east and west sides of the northern GaoligongMts. leads to distinct differences in the plant diversity and floristic characteristics between the two sides . Recorded taxa on the east side include 1 475 native species and 192 varieties (or subspecies) belonging to 580 genera in 152 families and for the west side include 1 804 native species and 186 varieties ( or subspecies) belonging to 659 genera in 162 families . Based on the statistics and analysis of families, genera, and species, a comparative floristic study on the seed plants for the east side and the west side of the northern Gaoligong Mts. was carried out. The results are as follows: 1) The present flora on the east and west sides of the northern Gaoligong Mts . have the same floristic origins, but the relative contribution from these different sources has changed through time . The result is that the floristic similarity of families, genera, and species between the east side and the west side has decreased through time; 2) The floristic characteristic of seed plants for the west side has become more greatly influenced by tropical floristic elements than has that of the east side, and the influence by the temperate floristic elements has become less influenced on the west side but greater on the east side; 3) The flora of the west side is more closely linked with that of the eastern Himalayans than is the flora of the east side, and the flora of the east side is more closely linked with the other floras farther to the east. Owing to the obstruct of the Gaoligong Mts. ridge itself, it is seemingly difficult for the species interchange between the two sides of the northern Gaoligong Mts. ; 4) The ecological-geographical environment has made it more conducive to species conservation and the speciation on the west side than on the east side, so the west side is not only a refuge for some ancient floristic elements but also as a cradle of some new species.     

安徽省清凉峰自然保护区植物区系的研究

清凉峰自然保护区有维管束植物181科,601属,1228种,是安徽植物资源集中地之一。区系成分起源古老,孑遗种多,保存着丰富的珍稀、濒危植物。种子植物区系地理成分复杂,各类热带成分、温带成分、中国特有成分分别占本区种子植物属总数的33.6%、62.96%、3.44%,显示了本区植物区系的亚热带特性。本区植物区系97.6%的成分与华东植物区系共有,且含华东特有种111种,具有典型华东植物区系特征。本区植物区系与西天目山、黄山植物区系关系最密切,其次为大别山和庐山,再次为神农架。     

Phylogenetic,Demographic and Dating Analyses of Bufo gargarizans Populations from the Zhoushan Archipelago and Mainland China

Relatively little is known about the relationship between Bufo gargarizans populations from Zhoushan Archipelago and nearby continental regions on the Pacific coast of eastern China.In this paper,155 new specimens of B.gargarizans from Zhoushan Archipelago and adjacent continents and 71 published specimens of B.gargarizans from mainland China were studied.Phylogeographical and dating analyses of B.gargarizans were performed using mitochondrial DNA sequencing with a length of 1436 bp.A mt DNA tree that indicated seven major clades was obtained.The earliest split in the mt DNA tree corresponding to the divergence of populations from the western highland region occurred approximately 4.0 million years ago(mya).A subsequent clade occurred about 3.4 mya,with cladogenesis continuing toward the end of the Pleistocene.The continental clades were distributed in the western,central and northeastern regions of China.Zhoushan Archipelago clades consisted of two largely geographically overlapping subclades with the mt DNA divergence time of 0.73 mya.These results indicated there was extensive dispersal after vicariance.The B.gargarizans populations on Zhoushan Archipelago most probably originated from populations in nearby eastern continental regions of China.It was concluded that geological uplifting during the Pliocene and several sea-level changes in Pleistocene might have influenced the divergence and population demographical history of this species.     

滇东南热带雨林种子植物区系的初步研究

通过对滇东南地区热带雨林植被的初步调查 ,统计滇东南热带雨林种子植物区系有种子植物 119科 ,378属 ,6 73种 (包括变种和亚种 )。种子植物分布区类型组成是主产热带和亚热带的科占 82 .35% ;热带分布属占非世界属数的 93.87% ;典型热带分布种占总种数的 75.93%。热带分布属中以亚洲热带分布属最多 ,占非世界属数的 4 0 .2 7% ;典型热带分布种中以热带亚洲分布及其变型越南 (印度支那 )至云南 (华南 )分布占比例最高 ,分别为 71.4 7%和 16 .34 %。分布区类型分析表明滇东南热带雨林种子植物区系具有热带亚洲区系的特点 ,属于古热带植物区中的马来亚森林植物亚区之中的北部湾区系。进一步分析表明此区系具热带北缘的性质。分布区类型的组成也表明此区系古特有种丰富。     

黄土高原子午岭种子植物区系特征研究

黄土高原子午岭位于黄土高原中部半湿润半干旱过渡带(107°30′~109°40′E,33°50′~36°50′N)。其在植被分区上隶属于泛北极植物区、中国-日本森林植物亚区的华北地区黄土高原植物亚地区。区内共有种子植物94科361属689种,分别占黄土高原区种子植物总数的63.95%、41.78%和21.37%。其中大科、大属在区系组成中起着非常重要的作用。该区种子植物属包含15个分布区类型及12个变型,其中北温带分布、旧世界温带分布、泛热带分布、东亚分布等成分占有重要地位。其种子植物区系的基本特征是:植物种类相对丰富;多种地理成分交汇、过渡特征明显;区系组成以华北成分为主体,温带成分占优势;沿纬度梯度地理成分差异显著,垂直分布带谱不明显;区系成分新老并存,特有化程度低。     

大中山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

云南省大中山自然保护区有种子植物749种,隶属于137科396属。区系成分中,世界分布33属,占全部总属数的8.33%;热带分布206属,占除世界分布属以外的56.75%(下同),温带分布148属,占40.77%,中国特有9属,占2.48%。该地区植物种类丰富,种子植物区系起源古老,地理成分复杂,具有明显的亚热带特性。从区系成分和植物类群多样性所占比例上看,是一个需要重点保护的区域。     

Lebensformen und Florenelemente im Nordafrikanischen Trockenraum

Summary It is attempted to determine in detail the boundaries between the extratropical flora (holarctis), the saharo-arabian flora and the tropical flora (palaeotropis) in arid northern Africa on the basis of life forms.The analysis is based on 1258 species selected by a frequency distribution (Fig. 2). The species are classified into 12 groups of different life forms and floristic elements; phanerophytes (Ph), chamaephytes (Ch), hemicryptophytes (H) and therophytes (Th), as well as a tropical fkoristic element (P), a saharo-arabian (S) and an extratropical one (H). Thus, floristic boundaries of the tropics and the extratropical regions could be differentiated for the four life forms concerned (Fig. 4). The eight boundaries separate zones dominated by different floristic elements of any life form. Fig. 4 shows that, e.g., the floristic boundary of tropical phanerophytes runs much further north than equivalent boundaries of other life forms. A more detailed interpretation of fig. 4 is given for the east and west coast and for the Nile valley. The differences between the east and the west coast are explained by different temperature conditions (cold ocean current). For the Nile valley it could be shown that the taller the life forms of tropical species, the further north their numbers are still dominant over the equivalent extratropical life forms.Zonal life form spectra (Fig. 5) are presented for each floristic element. Therophytes and chamaephytes are the dominant life forms in the Sahara. Therophytes dominate on shallow gravelly soils over solid rock, whereas chamaephytes dominate where their roots can penetrate into deeper layers.Some relations between life forms or floristic elements and elimate are shown using correlation analysis. In this connection the physiology of summer and winter therophytes is briefly discussed.

Nomenklatur nach Quézel (1965)     

Endemic Seed Plants in the Bahamian Archipelago

The Bahamian archipelago consists of approximately 2,400 islands occurring in the Atlantic Ocean off the coasts of Florida, Cuba, and Hispaniola. In 1982 Donovan Correll and Helen Correll published the most current synopsis of the floristic diversity of this island chain. Their publication cited a total of 1,371 vascular plant species of which 114 seed plants were listed as endemic to the archipelago (~8 % of the native flora). In the last 30 years, additional herbarium collections and taxonomic studies have shown that a number of species previously indicated to be endemic to these islands also occur in other regions or have been taxonomically merged into other species. The current number of species considered endemic to the Bahamian archipelago is 89 (~6 % of the total flora). There are 50 endemic species that have a known distribution on one (31 species) or two island groupings (19 species). Biogeographical analyses of endemic plant distributions shows three distinct clusters of species: southern, central, and the northern islands, with a fourth cluster that includes islands with a small area and one medium size island that seems that has been underexplored (i.e., Little Inagua). We anticipate that understanding the conservation status of endemic species and their distributions will help to develop legislation to preserve this Bahamian natural heritage.     

高黎贡山北段种子植物区系研究

高黎贡山北段种子植物种类十分丰富,共记载野生种子植物172科,778属,2514种及302变种(亚种),是植物多样性最为丰富的地区之一。区系成分分析表明:1)本区种子植物区系的性质具有鲜明的温带性,并深受热带植物区系的影响,区系地理成分复杂、联系广泛;2)现代种子植物区系是在古南大陆热带亚洲植物区系的基础上,由古南大陆成分及古北大陆成分在漫长的地质历史过程中融合发展而来,许多源于印度-马来、北温带(特别是东亚)的成分在此都产生了较为丰富的特有类群,它们共同演变成今天的植物区系外貌;3)种子植物区系具有明显的水平和垂直替代现象,间断现象也较为显著,主要表现为滇西北-滇东南间断分布或在此线西南侧连续分布;4)种子植物区系的特有现象十分丰富,物种分化强烈,新老兼备,而以新生的进化成分为主,由此表明高黎贡山北段在保存古老成分的同时,又分化出许多新生成分,它是一个孕育新特有现象的重要舞台。     

A Preliminary Study on the Flora of Anhui

The major characteristic of flora in Anhui are summed up in three points: 1. Since Anhui is situated in the south-east part of China, the compositions of northern and southern Chinese flora occur in this district, so it is very rich and comprehensive flora in Anhui. 2. A lot of relict species of the pre-glacial flora in this district reveal the ancientry of its origin. The author believes that the flora of Anhui is slightly influenced by geological factors, but the glaciation of Pleistocene is concerned. 3. There are many endemic genes and species which disclose the unigue habitat of this district. The flora of Anhui is close related to the adjacent provinces and the floristic regions in the country. The southern Anhui is situated in the floristic region of East China, it also shows close phylogenetical relation to the floristic regions of central, south-western and southern China. On the other hand, the northern Anhui on the upper course of Hui river belongs to the floristic region of northern China, the compositions of the local flora are in connection with the floristic regions of northern China, eastern Nei Monggol and east-northern China.     

Biogeographical Divergence of the Flora of Yunnan,Southwestern China Initiated by the Uplift of Himalaya and Extrusion of Indochina Block

The floral composition of Yunnan is conspicuously linked to the biogeographical history of this extremely species-rich province in southwestern China. The floristic compositions of three representative regions in Yunnan were compared to reveal their variation with geography. From southern Yunnan, 4150 native species (including subspecies and varieties) from 1240 genera and 183 families of seed plants were recognized. From central Yunnan 3389 native species from 1095 genera and 167 families of seed plants were recognized. From northwestern Yunnan 6807 native species from 1296 genera and 166 families of seed plants were recognized. Although these three floras across Yunnan are similar in familial composition, similarities between the floras of southern and northwestern Yunnan are low at the generic and specific levels. The flora of northwestern Yunnan is dominated by families and genera with cosmopolitan and north temperate distributions, while the flora of southern Yunnan is dominated by tropical families and genera. Northwestern Yunnan is composed largely of temperate genera, of which the highest proportion has a north temperate distribution. In contrast, southern Yunnan has mainly tropical genera, of which most have a tropical Asian distribution. The flora of central Yunnan is a combination of southern and northwestern Yunnan. These three floras might be derived from a common Tertiary tropical or subtropical East Asian flora, but the geological history of each region has influenced its flora, and they have remained divergent since the late Tertiary. The flora of northwestern Yunnan has evolved with the uplift of the Himalayas and by gradual proliferation of mainly cosmopolitan and north temperate floristic elements, while the flora of southern Yunnan has evolved with extrusion of the Indochina block and the influence of mainly tropical Asian elements.     

Phytogeographical analysis of seed plant genera in China

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A central goal of biogeography and ecology is to uncover and understand distributional patterns of organisms. China has long been a focus of attention because of its rich biota, especially with respect to plants. Using 290 floras from across China, this paper quantitatively characterizes the composition of floristic elements at multiple scales (i.e. national, provincial and local), and explores the extent to which climatic and geographical factors associated with each flora can jointly and independently explain the variation in floristic elements in local floras. METHODS: A study was made of 261 local floras, 28 province-level floras and one national-level flora across China. Genera of seed plants in each flora were assigned to 14 floristic elements according to their worldwide geographical distributions. The composition of floristic elements was related to climatic and geographical factors. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Variations in percentages of cosmopolitan, tropical and temperate genera among local floras tend to be greater at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes. Latitude is strongly correlated with the proportions of 13 of the 14 floristic elements. Correlations of the proportions of floristic elements with longitude are much weaker than those with latitude. Climate represented by the first principal component of a principal component analysis was strongly correlated with the proportions of floristic elements in local floras (|r| = 0.75 +/- 0.18). Geographical coordinates independently explained about four times as much variation in floristic elements as did climate. Further research is necessary to examine the roles of water-energy dynamics, geology, soils, biotic interactions, and historical factors such as land connections between continents in the past and at present in creating observed floristic patterns.     

A Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of the Cangshan Mountain Range,Dali, Yunnan,China

The floristic characteristic, position in Chinese floristic division, and the origin and development of the flora of the Cangshan Mountain Range (the Dali Range) were discussed from different aspects, based on the local seed plants of 2503 species, 45 subspecies, 194 varieties, belong to 852 genera in 164 families. Preliminary conclusions are as follows: The Cangshan Mountain Range belongs to three river gorges subregion, Hengduan mountain region, Sino Himalayan forest subkingdom, East Asiatic Kingdom, in Chinese floristic division. The floristic characteristic of seed plants of the Cangshan Mountain Range is temperate. Because of the geological events of the collision between Eurasian Plate and Indic Plate, the Tethys fading away, and the uplift of Himalayas, the elements from Gondwana land, Mediterranean and Arctic Tertiary gradually developed into its modern flora. The endemism within the flora is rich, with the neoendemic elements dominant. It shows that the Cangshan Mountain Range is not only a refuge for some ancient floristic elements but also a differentiation center for young floristic elements. It is an important floristic spot connecting floristic elements from different directions. And the distribution limits of a great deal of elements also are here.     

云南省小黑山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

小黑山自然保护区有野生种子植物170科787属2195种。分析表明该区种子植物区系的地理成分复杂,联系广泛。热带性质的属有506属,占总属数的68.6%,温带性质的属有224属,占总属数的30.4%。热带性质的种890种,占总种数的40.9%,温带性质的种有1267种,占总种数的58.3%。表明该地区植物区系具有明显的亚热带性质,同时深受热带植物区系的影响。植物区系来源主要由东亚成分、热带亚洲成分(印度—马来西亚成分)、中国特有成分三部分融合而成。特有现象明显,有东亚特有科5科,中国特有属6属,中国特有种778种,占种总数的35.8%,而云南特有种有355种,占中国特有种的45.6%。保护区还拥有众多的珍稀濒危植物。     

浙江金华北山植物区系地理的研究

金华北山约有种子植物１４０科、５１９属、１０５２种。区系成分中,以北温带、泛热带、东亚三种成分为主,植物区系具明显的亚热带性质。以植物地理成分为指标,对金华山与全国其它１４个山地的植物区系进行了模糊聚类分析。结果表明,庐山、天目山植物区系与浙南一闽北的九龙山、武夷山植物区系之间无明显的分界线。     

Floristic Richness and Affinities in the West Indies

Comparison of the common floristic elements between the West Indies and the surrounding continents shows a mosaic of affinities that are stronger to Central America and South America as a whole than with either one of them separately or with North America. However, since only 28% of the total West Indian seed plant flora is shared with other geographic regions of the world, the referred exercise is of limited value. Numerous tables are provided to show the distribution of genera throughout the archipelago. The application of phylogenetic studies into the service of biogeography is herein regarded as the next necessary step in elucidating the origins and affinities of the West Indian flora.