国产三脊毛兰的考订

基于对活体植物的观察和原始文献的研究,对国产三脊毛兰(Eria cristata)Rolfe进行了考订.本种的萼片和花瓣白色,唇瓣黄色,两侧边缘和唇盘的颜色较深;唇盘具3条被黄色毛突的褶片,易于和其近缘种相区别.     

毛兰属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

毛兰属植物由于近年来同属于兰科的石斛属植物的过度采挖,而取代名贵中药石斛类作为药材应用。为了了解其化学成分及能否替代石斛应用,本文对毛兰属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展进行了综述。目前毛兰属植物研究所涉及的种类仅5种,从该属植物中分离出化学成分13种,包括菲类、9,10-二氢菲类及二聚体、联苄、甾体和脂肪族化合物等结构类型。药理研究表明,一些成分如毛兰素和毛兰菲在抗肿瘤和抗氧化等方面显示了较好的活性。开展毛兰属植物的研究,对发现新的药用活性成分及资源保护有重要意义。     

Eria mêdogensis,a Probably Peloric Form of Eria Coronaria,with a Discussion on Peloria in Orchidaceae

Eria mêdogensis S. C. Chen et Tsi was recently found in southeastern Tibet, several specimens of which have been collected by various botanists since 1980. This is a “normal” entity with its habit very similar to that of Eria coronaria, from which it differs by having a regular perianth and longer bracts. We think it probable that this new entity is a peloric form of Eria coronaria. Peloria (or pelory) is a type of floral abnormality, which is found in many zygomorphicflowered taxa. It was first detected by Linnaeus (1744) in Linaria vulgaris, and then by others in Labiatae, Orchidaceae, etc. However, it is still an open question how to explain it theoretically and how to treat it taxonomically. In Orchidaceae, so far as our knowledge is concerned, peloria has been encountered in no less than 21 genera. In most cases, peloric flowers are found sporadically on an occassional plant, as seen in Cypripedium reginae and Eria oblitterata. Sometimes, however, peloric form may occur coexisting with normal-flowered form in one and the same species, as seen in Dendrobium tetrodon and Epipogium roseum. They are both abnormally peloric forms. It would not result in naming or renaming a plant taxonomically, whether the appearance of abnormally regular flowers on a normal-flowered inflorescence, or of abnormal-flowered individuals in normal-flowered species. In Phragmipedium lindenii, however, the case is different. It is quite “normal” and even of wider distribution than its nonpeloric allies P. wallisii and P. caudatum, from which it has once been considered to be derived. This is a normally peloric form. Whether it is a reversal or not, the appearance of a “normally” peloric taxon may be taken for a leap in the process of evolution. Taxonomically, we had better treat it as a separate species, especially when its origin is uncertain. For example, the entity just mentioned had been treated as a peloric va riety of Phragmipedium caudatum (var. lindenii) until 1975, when Dressler & Williams recognized it as an independent species based on the fact that its nonpeloric flowers occassionally found in a peloric population in Jungurahua of Ecuador are dissimilar in lip to those in P. caudatum. Garay (1979) considered it to be a peloric form of P. wallisii but maintained it at the specific level. This is indeed a good example of taxonomic treatment of normally peloric form. On the other hand, however, most of the regular-flowered entities in Orchidaceae are not peloric but rather primitive forms, such as Neuwiedia, Apostasia and Thelymitra, of which no less than 50 species have been reported since the eighteen century. They have never been regarded as peloric forms. Unfortunately, this has been neglected by some botanists. For instance, a hypothetically primitive orchid flower designed by Pijl & Dodson (1966) has a distinctly specialized lip with a short spur. In fact, in addition to the aforementioned genera we have some more examples of normally regular-flowered orchids. Among them Archineottia is the most interesting. This is a genus of four species, two of which are regular-flowered. Of special interest is that in this genus and its ally, Neottia, one can find all steps of column evolution from a simple form with stamen and style not fully united to a most complicated form in which they have well fused. Archineottia has a very primitive column, on which neither rostellum nor clinandrium is found but a terminal and undifferentiated stigma (Fig.2: 2, 4, 6, 8). In addition, there exists on the back of the column a thick ridge with its upper end joining the filament with which it is of same texture. It is obviously the lower part of the filament which has been adnate to the style (column). In Neottia, however, the column is much more advanced and very typical among the family. It has a very large rostellum and most complicated stigma structure (Fig. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18). One of the most interesting examples is Neottia acuminata, in which the stigma even becomes lamellate and almost backwards clasps the erect rostellum, but the perianth is more or less regular with its lip entire and somewhat similar to, but shorter and wider than, the petals. In these two genera there are altogether three species, namely Archineottia gaudissartii, A microglottis and Neottia acuminata, possessing regular or nearly regular perianth (Fig. 2: 1, 3, 17). They are obviously not peloric forms. We can not imagine, indeed, that a complicated form like Neottia acuminata or its allies would degenerate step by step into a simple form, and finally into a peloric form. Archineottia belongs to the subtribe Listerinae, which is closely related to Limodorinae, a rather primitivs subtribe with some genera possessing single pollen grain, relatively few and long chromosomes and monocotyledonous habit. Apparently, there is nothing surprising in the occurrence of some normally regular-flowered taxa, such as Archineottia, Diplandrorchis, Tangtsinia and Sinorchis, in these two primitive subtribes. Another instance is Aceratorchis, a genus formerly included in Orchis, from which it is distinguished by the entire lip which is more or less similar to the petals. Strictly speaking, however, its flowers are not truly regular. Two species have been described in this genus, but they were recently considered as conspecific. Aceratorchis tschiliensis is widely distributed from Hebei through Qinghai and Sichuan to northwestern Yunnan. It is cross-pollinated and produces seeds efficiently. All these indicate its normally primitive taxon, instead of peloria. It may be noted here that Asia is rich in members of Orchidioideae, as well as its primitive representatives. The occurrence of a normally regular-flowered form in Asia, whether representing primitive form of Orchis or Orchidioideae, is imaginable. In Orchidaceae, as mentioned above, regular flowers are not only found in some primitive taxa and peloric forms, but also in a few advanced groups. For example, a close investigation by the senior author (Chen 1979) on Satyrium ciliatum revealed that this species has hermaphrodite, staminate and pistallate forms, for which no less than nine names have been published. The flowers of its pistallate form are almost regular, in which nothing is found but three similar petals and an elongate style with three stigmatic lobes at its top (Fig. 2: 19). It is interesting to note that floral reversions in Orchidaceae are not always in connection with peloria. For example, Epidendrum triandrum of North America represents another kind of reversion. It is a reversal to abnormal polymery of stamens and not to abnormal regularity of perianth. Like Phragmipedium lindenii, it is also hereditary. We may give it a new name “Polyandrism” or something else, but, in fact, there is no essential distinction of this kind of reversion from peloria. It deserves mentioning that most of the regular-flowered entities, including primitive, advanced and peloric ones, occur in Asia and Australasia, where the Orchidaceae may have originated as pointed out by some botanists. We have good reason to verify the primitiveness and normality of many regular-flowered entities, but there exists no sufficient evidence for the impossible existances of normally regular-flowered species in those like Dendrobium, Eria, Lecanorchis, etc. For instance, Lecanorchis javanica, Dendrobium atavus and the new species described here are considered to be peloric forms, but it is only a conjecture, for no reason can be given for it. It is not impossible that some so-called peloric forms may prove to be truly primitive ones in the future. Of course, a closer investigation is needed. Summarizing the above, we may come to the following conclusions: 1. Regular or nearly regular perianth is a normal characteristic of orchids. It is chiefly found in some primitive taxa and sometimes also in certain peloric forms and advanced groups. Regular-flowered entities may not necessarily be peloric forms. 2. There exist two different types of peloria in Orchidaceae. One is abnormal form, with its peloric flowers appearing at random. The other is “normal” form, with its individuals all possessing peloric flowers. The latter is inheritable and can produce seeds efficiently, It would be best to treat it as an independent species taxonomically, especially when its origin is uncertain. 3. Although peloria has been considered to he a reversal as a whole, conditions vary from plant to plant. Some peloric forms have petal-like lip, and others have labellum-like petals. Sometimes the same plant produces different kinds of peloric flowers in different years, sometimes peloric flowers do not reappear upon the same plant. A few species can produce both peloric and normal individuals, but others produce peloric forms only. Peloria is in fact a term only used to cover the phase in which lip becomes similar to the petals. It is never all-embracing. We recognize the existance of peloria in Orchidaceae, but great care must be taken to distinguish truly peloric form from normally primitive one. It must be admitted that what causes peloria and even what is peloria are still problems awaiting solution. Acknowledgments: Our heartfelt thanks are due to Dr. Leslie A. Garay, Curator of the Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Botanical Museum of Harvard University, for his valuable suggestions during the preparation of this paper. We are also indebted to the artists, Mrs. Chunrung Liu and Mr. Chao-zhen Ji of our department, for their preparing the fine drawings.     

足茎毛兰组培快繁技术研究

在足茎毛兰的组培快繁过程中,有机添加物10％的椰乳对原球茎的诱导有极显著影响;激素组合6-BA和NAA及配比10∶1对芽的诱导和增殖起明显的促进作用;一定浓度的IBA对足茎毛兰的壮苗生根起关键性作用;栽培基质的选择极大地影响足茎毛兰的移栽成活率.     

中国大陆的一种植物新记录

1985年,我在参加由安徽省芜湖市科委、卫生局和九华山管理处联合组织的九华山植物资源调查中,采到一种兰科毛兰属植物,经鉴定系葡萄毛兰Eria reptans(Fr. et Sav.)Makino。本种只记载分布于日本和我国台湾岛,而在中国大陆是地理分布新记录。同时,毛兰属也是安徽省地理分布新记录的属。     

中国兰科植物三个新记录种

报道了中国兰科植物的三个新记录种,裂唇卷瓣兰(Bulbophyllum picturatum),长柄虾脊兰(Calan-the allizettei)和绿花毛兰(Eria lanigera)。裂唇卷瓣兰的中萼片全缘前部具一粒状附属物,唇瓣基部两侧具耳。长柄虾脊兰的中裂片非常小并具三条褶片。黄花毛兰的花黄绿色,唇瓣不裂。     

Vegetative anatomy and systematics of subtribe Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae)

Anatomy of leaf, stem, and root of more than 100 species in subtribe Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae) was studied with the light microscope to provide a comparative anatomical treatment of these organs, to serve as an independent source of evidence that might be taxonomically important, and to recommend such reinterpretations of existing classifications as are suggested by a phylogenetic assessment of data. We based our classification on that of Rudolf Schlechter as the most complete and widely accepted today. We found that the anatomy of plants in subtribe Dendrobiinae reflects a high degree of morphological diversity, and many of the anatomical characters appear to be homoplasous. When these anatomical data are used to interpret the systematic relationships among the genera, they indicate that Dendrobium is not monophyletic and that Cadetia and Pseuderia are apparently nested within the structure of Dendrobium when section Grastidium is chosen as a functional outgroup. Lack of resolution in the strict consensus tree illustrates the difficulty of determining the phylogenetic relationships of many of Schlechter's sections using anatomical characters. Nevertheless, we recommend that his sectional classification, with appropriate modifications based on available data, be retained for the present, pending a more detailed understanding of the phylogeny of Dendrobiinae based on morphology, micromorphology, anatomy, and DNA studies.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

杆状病毒出芽病毒粒子膜融合蛋白的研究进展

杆状病毒是一类感染节肢动物的病原微生物,其基因组为双链环状DNA,大小为80～180kb.