加快微生物油脂研究为生物柴油产业提供廉价原料

当前国内外致力于发展生物柴油,因其性能优良,成为化石柴油的替代品。由于以植物油脂生产生物柴油原料成本占总成本的70％-85％,所以亟待开发廉价油脂资源。微生物油脂主要是微生物利用碳水化合物合成的甘油脂,其脂肪酸组成和植物油相近。产油微生物具有资源丰富、油脂含量高、碳源利用谱广等特点,开发潜力大。然而,目前微生物油脂生产成本偏高,研究工作仍以富含多不饱和脂肪酸的高附加值菌油为目标。随着现代分子生物学和生物化工技术的发展,对产油微生物菌种筛选、改良、代谢调控和发酵工程的研究日趋深入,将降低微生物油脂生产成本,为未来生物柴油产业提供廉价原料。     

Citronella Oil

In 1948 almost 3,500,000 pounds of this oil were exported by Indonesia, Ceylon, Guatemala and Formosa. The United States is normally the principal consumer, finding many uses for it in perfuming soap, insect sprays, perfume formulas, menthol production, and for the manufacture of certain important synthetic organic chemicals. The Western Hemisphere has achieved a material degree of progress in its efforts at independence from distant sources of the Java type.     

青海油田微生物采油技术研究

从青海油田地层水中分离培养出4株微生物菌种,对其进行了耐温性、耐盐性等进行了探讨,分析了微生物处理前后原油组份及物性变化情况,并采用岩芯流动试验探讨了微生物的驱油效果。结果表明,这几种微生物菌种均能适应青海油田温度及高矿化度地层环境,作用于原油后对原油中的长链饱和烃类物质有较好的降解作用,能使其分子链变短,并产生有机酸或石油羧酸盐类表面活性剂等低分子物质,使原油的粘度、凝点及蜡含量均出现明显的下降,改善原油的流动性能。提高石油采收率。2口井的现场试验证明,微生物采油具有良好的提高石油采收率的效果和清蜡减阻效果。     

A Study on the Triglyceride Composition in Apricot Kernel Oil,Peach Kernel Oil and Plum Kernel Oil

The triglyceride composition of kernel oils from apricot, peach and plum was separated and analysed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that their oils predominantly contained OOO and OLO among 11 triglycerides.     

Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase in Microsomes and Oil Bodies of Oil Palm Mesocarp

Specific acyltransferase activities were detected in microsomesand oil bodies from palm mesocarp in the presence of exogenouslysophosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate.These activities were 2–3 times higher per mg proteinin oil bodies than in microsomes. Diacylglycerol acyltransferasein both preparations required Mg²⁺, dithiothreitol, gelatineand fat free bovine serum albumin for maximum activity at pH8.5. The enzyme had an apparent Km of 0.18 mM for dipalmitin.In both preparations, the enzyme was active with myristoyl-CoA,palmitoyl-CoA, stearoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. When presented witha mixture of two acyl- CoAs, microsomal enzyme showed no selectivitybut oil body enzyme had a preference for oleoyl-CoA over palmitoyl-CoA. (Received October 11, 1991; Accepted December 27, 1991)     

油藏微生物的代谢特征与提高原油采收率技术

油藏是一个高温、高压、少氧、寡营养和封闭的极端环境,油田经过多年注水开发后,在油藏内部形成了相对稳定的微生物群落体系,这些微生物以石油烃分解为起始,形成了一个复杂的食物链,对油藏碳、硫和金属离子的元素地球化学循环起着非常重要的作用。微生物提高原油采收率技术(MEOR)是利用微生物及其代谢产物与油藏和原油发生作用来提高原油采收率的一种新技术,具有成本低、适应性强和环境友好等特点,因此有望成为未来化学驱后油藏和高含水油藏进一步提高采收率的重要手段。对油藏内源微生物及其介导的生化反应,微生物采油原理、发展历程和现场试验进行综述,并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Plant Biotests for Soil and Water Contaminated with Oil and Oil Products

Reactions of higher plants (mustard, oat, rye, lettuce, dill and barley) and microalgae (Euglena gracilis) to the contamination of soil and water with oil and oil products was studied. The germination of seeds was analyzed. The length of sprouts, dry biomass and length of plant roots, as well as the optical density of microalgal broth culture were determined. Negative effects of soil and water contamination with oil and oil products on plant and microalgal parameters examined was shown. After biological destruction of contaminants by an association of destructor strains (Acinetobactersp., Mycobacterium flavescens andRhodoccocussp.), the toxicity of contaminated mediums decreased. The data suggest that the integral toxicity of soil and water contaminated with oil and oil products and toxicity changes during biodestruction of these pollutants can be analyzed by using plant test organisms.