同源四倍体萝卜雄配子体发育

利用爱氏苏木精染色-冬青油透明"技术,首次报道了同源四倍体萝卜(2n=4x=36)雄配子体的动态发育过程.结果表明:同源四倍体萝卜小孢子核经一次有丝分裂产生营养核与生殖核,生殖核再经一次有丝分裂形成两个精核,最终形成3-细胞型成熟花粉,与相应的二倍体雄配子体的整个发育过程相似;四倍体花粉具2个、3个或4个萌发孔,二倍体多为3孔花粉;四倍体雄配子体发育过程中异常频率为32%,比二倍体高20%,败育主要发生在四分体时期和单核期.     

3种不同皮色萝卜种质染色体核型分析

本研究采用根尖压片法,对3种不同肉质根皮色的萝卜种质进行染色体数目和核型分析,以获得准确的细胞遗传学信息.研究结果表明,Nau-dqp08,Nau-txbyw07和Nan-chhong108这3种不同皮色萝卜的染色体数目均为18,核型公式分别为2n=2x=18=14m+4sm,2n=2x=18=18m和2n=2x=18=16m+2sm,且核型都属于1A型;核不对称系数分别为59.48%、55.39%与58.08%;核型不对称性大小为Nau-dqp08＞Nan-chhong108＞Nau-txbyw07,其中Nau-txbyw07核型较为原始.本研究结果可为萝卜种质鉴定、遗传变异和亲缘关系分析提供细胞学依据.     

Ultrastructural studies on the embryo sac ofViscum minimum I. Megasporogenesis

Summary Changes taking place during megasporogenesis of a mistletoe (Viscum minimum) were examined at both light and electron microscopy levels. No distinct ovules, integuments, or ovarian cavity are present at any stage of development. The multicellular archesporium originates in the center of a solid ovary. Several functional megasporocytes are developed from the archesporial cells, either adjacent to each other or separated by unspecialized cells. The megasporocyte is much larger than surrounding cells, is invested by a thick wall, and possesses a large nucleus and amyloplasts. Although plasmodesmata are absent even between the adjacent megasporocytes, cells enter meiosis simultaneously. Following meiosis a linear tetrad is formed. Double and treble linear tetrads are frequently observed. The development of the embryo sac conforms to the monosporic or Polygonum type of megasporogenesis. However, the bisporic or Allium type of development is occasionally observed in preparations. Factors determining the pattern of development are discussed. As in other plant species which follow the monosporic type of development, only one functional megaspore cell undergoes further development while others degenerate. Unlike the healthy functional megaspore cell, the degenerating cells have large starch grains and electron-dense cytoplasm. At a later stage of development, the degraded cells are absorbed by the surrounding tissue.     

胭脂萝卜红色素的研制

本文报道了胭脂萝卜红色素的生产工艺,并结合生产方法与相关条件开展讨论。同时报道了胭脂萝卜红色素的三种物理性状,即溶解性、坚牢度、染着性     

Effect of Light Quality on Nitrogen Metabolism of Radish Plants

The long-term action of blue or red light on nitrogen metabolism was studied in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants. The potential activity of nitrate reductase (NR) in vivo and its maximum activity in vitro, the content of soluble protein and free amino acids were determined in the course of the growth of a third leaf of radish plants. The effect of light quality on NR activity was found to depend significantly on the stage of leaf development. Blue light (BL) stimulated NR activity in leaves, when their areas were about 11–13% of the fully developed leaves. The efficiency of red light (RL) was significantly lower, because the maximum NR activity was observed in the leaves developed to the stage, when their areas were 38–40% of the final one. The comparative analysis of the pool of free amino acids in expanding leaves of BL- or RL-grown plants revealed significant changes in the contents of individual amino acids. Despite a higher accumulation of two amino acids in the leaves of BL-grown plants, namely, Asp (27% as compared to 13–16% in the RL-grown leaves) and Gly (5% against 2.5% in RL-grown leaves), the BL-grown leaves also demonstrated a significant decrease in Ala (10% as compared to 23% in the RL-grown leaves) and some decrease in the amounts of Ser and Gly. The content of soluble protein in a juvenile BL-grown leaf was observed to decrease gradually during leaf development. However, the protein content in the BL-grown leaf was always higher than in the RL-grown leaf of the same age. We concluded that the photoregulatory action of BL on NR activity determined the different rates of nitrogen assimilation in BL- and RL-grown plants.__________Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 3, 2005, pp. 349–356.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Maevskaya, Bukhov.     

萝卜种子萌发的逆温耐性诱导研究

以萝卜种子为试材,研究不同温度预处理对萌发期萝卜种子逆温耐性的影响。结果表明:萝卜种子在低于15℃和高于35℃下萌发,种子活力显著下降,而通过适度的温度胁迫处理,可提高萝卜种子在高温（35℃）下的萌发活力。15℃和25℃分别是预处理的适宜低温和高温,6 h是低温（15℃）预处理的适宜时间。萝卜种子经高温（30℃）预处理12 h后,在随后的低温（10℃）下萌发,也提高其种子活力,说明萝卜种子对高温和低温胁迫具有交叉适应性。     

不同萝卜品种游离小孢子的诱导及培养体系优化研究

以19个萝卜品种为试验材料,研究各种因素对萝卜游离小孢子培养的影响.结果表明:(1)13个品种可诱导出胚状体,诱导率达到68.4%,但不同品种间产胚量存在较大差异,其中路路通翠雪产胚量可达每蕾10个,而圆白萝卜的产胚量最小为每蕾0.125个,进一步培养有8个品种得到再生植株;(2)在NLN-13液体培养基中添加活性炭和6-BA对萝卜游离小孢子出胚有较好的促进作用,小孢子分离30d后将胚状体转移至固体MS培养基上,子叶型胚可获得大量的再生植株,而畸形胚状体转移后不能获得正常的再生植株.     

利用氟乐灵进行同源四倍体萝卜种质创制研究

本研究应用除草剂氟乐灵处理两叶一心幼苗生长点,进行同源四倍体萝卜种质诱导,对变异植株进行形态、细胞学鉴定和花粉母细胞染色体数目鉴定。结果表明,应用 0.2 mmol/L 和 1.0 mmol/L 氟乐灵处理,6个萝卜品种都获得同源四倍体植株,10 mmol/L 处理仅在 Nau-zhqh 得到同源四倍体;其中 0.2 mmol/L处理 Nau-dy 和 1.0 mmol/L 处理 Nau-xbch 获得四倍体最高诱导率(40%);四倍体种质与二倍体种质相比,形态性状、气孔大小、保卫细胞内叶绿体数目、花器官大小、花粉粒大小及花粉萌发率都存在显著差异,将形态、气孔鉴定和染色体计数结合可以准确确定变异株的倍性。研究表明利用氟乐灵诱导是进行萝卜同源四倍体种质创新的有效途径之一。本研究应用除草剂氟乐灵处理两叶一心幼苗生长点,进行同源四倍体萝卜种质诱导,对变异植株进行形态、细胞学鉴定和花粉母细胞染色体数目鉴定。结果表明,应用 0.2 mmol/L 和 1.0 mmol/L 氟乐灵处理,6个萝卜品种都获得同源四倍体植株,10 mmol/L 处理仅在 Nau-zhqh 得到同源四倍体;其中 0.2 mmol/L处理 Nau-dy 和 1.0 mmol/L 处理 Nau-xbch 获得四倍体最高诱导率(40%);四倍体种质与二倍体种质相比,形态性状、气孔大小、保卫细胞内叶绿体数目、花器官大小、花粉粒大小及花粉萌发率都存在显著差异,将形态、气孔鉴定和染色体计数结合可以准确确定变异株的倍性。研究表明利用氟乐灵诱导是进行萝卜同源四倍体种质创新的有效途径之一。     

Non-Random Mating in a Wild Radish, Raphanus sativus

Abstract When mating is non-random among several, compatible donors, the fitness of pollen donors, maternal plants, and offspring may be affected. Although this process may be important, it is much less studied than other forms of non-random mating such as incompatibility and avoidance of inbreeding. Therefore, the amount and consequences of non-random mating were investigated in greenhouse studies with wild radish, Raphanus sativus . Six compatible donors differed in the number, position, and weight of seeds sired, so mating was non-random at the level of mate identity. Mate number also affected mating patterns; fruits with more fathers were allocated more resources. This keeps mate number per fruit high. In contrast, other processes appear to keep mate number below the maximum so that mate number per fruit is regulated at an intermediate level. Mate identity had clear consequences as offspring with different fathers were of different sizes after 11 weeks. The effects of mate number on offspring success were less clear. These and other data suggest that non-random mating among compatible donors is a relatively common process in wild radish. It may occur through mechanisms controlled by the pollen tubes, the maternal plants or the embryos. While this non-random mating is the raw maternal for sexual selection in plants, whether sexual selection actually occurs and how important it may be is still nuclear.     

Effect of Choline Chloride on the Lipid Content and Composition in the Leaves of Principal Magnetically-Oriented Radish Types

The effects of radish seed treatment with choline chloride on the number and weight of leaves, the weight of roots, as well as the content and composition of polar and neutral lipids and their component fatty acids in the leaves of principal magnetically-oriented types (MOTs) of radish (cv. Rosovo-krasnyi s belym konchikom), that is, North–South (NS) and West–East (WE) ones, were investigated. It was shown that seed treatment with 1% choline chloride increased the proportion of WE MOT in plant population. In spring and in autumn, this treatment increased the weight of roots of the NS MOT plants, but did not affect this index in the WE MOT plants. In the spring NS MOT plants, choline chloride treatment did not change the absolute content of polar lipids as compared to the control, but in autumn, this index increased. Meanwhile, in the WE MOT plants, it increased in spring and did not change in autumn. In the spring NS MOT plants, the content of neutral lipids increased, but in the autumn plants, it did not change. At the same time, in the WE MOT plants, this index decreased both in spring and in autumn. Seed treatment with choline chloride resulted in a substantial increase in the total content of phospholipids, in particular, that of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, in the NS and WE MOT plants sampled both in spring and in autumn. In addition, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, as well as that of linolenic to linoleic fatty acids, somewhat increased in the NS MOT leaf lipids, but decreased in the WE MOT ones. Presowing treatment of radish seeds with choline chloride variously and sometimes oppositely affected the content and composition in the NS and WE MOT leaf lipids. This seems to be caused by different response of these MOTs to the environmental factors.     

RNAi抑制过氧化物酶基因Rsprx1表达促进萝卜花青素的积累

过氧化物酶是一类广泛存在于生物中的氧化还原酶,被认为参与植物花青素的代谢．本实验利用RNAi技术,干扰萝卜过氧化物酶基因Rsprx1表达. 结果表明, RNAi干扰载体的萝卜植株中过氧化物酶基因(Rsprx1)表达被抑制,过氧化物酶活性显著降低,过氧化物酶同工酶条带减少|而花青素含量在处理第9 d达到最大值|花青苷种类和含量有较大变化: 天竺葵素-3-阿魏酰葡糖苷-5-丙二酰基葡糖苷、天竺葵素-3-ρ-香豆酰二葡糖苷-5-丙二酰基葡糖苷、天竺葵素-3-阿魏酰二葡糖苷-5-丙二酰基葡糖苷和天竺葵素-3-二ρ-香豆酰二葡糖苷5-丙二酰基葡糖苷含量升高; 天竺葵素-3-二葡糖苷-5-葡糖苷、天竺葵素-3-葡糖苷-5-葡糖苷和天竺葵素-3-酰化二葡糖苷-5-葡糖苷含量降低|花青素合成相关基因（Chs、Chi、Dfr、F3h和Ldox）及转录因子（Tt8）的mRNA表达水平在RNAi处理后早期有明显上调．这些结果均表明,萝卜过氧化物酶Rsprx1参与花青素的合成代谢．     

心里美萝卜营养生长期肉质根过氧化物酶同工酶谱及组化分析

过氧化物酶［peroxidase,POD,EC 1. 11. 1. 7 (X)］为一类多基因家族的同工酶,其聚合形式对其功能具有重要影响．心里美萝卜(Raphanus sativus var.L) 肉质根富含花青素和POD等．本文采用不同的电泳技术、组化定位和活性测定研究了心里美萝卜营养生长期肉质根中POD在不同时期和不同组织中的表达、分布特点及同工酶的组成和性质．结果显示,心里美萝卜营养生长期肉质根的皮和肉中POD活性均先升高后降低,分别在播种后第40 d和60 d出现峰值,30 d时皮中POD活性高于肉,之后则相反,酶活性最高时同工酶数目也最多,不同时期,皮和肉中同工酶种类不同;皮中POD同工酶由5个单体和4个二聚体组成,而肉中由5个二聚体或2个单体、2个二聚体和1个四聚体组成,均以酸性同工酶为主;组化定位显示POD主要分布在肉质根的周皮、形成层、木射线、木质部导管和肉的初生木质部等的细胞壁附近．从上述结果得出结论： 酸性POD同工酶在植物体中以多种形式存在．     

萝卜溶菌酶诱导条件的研究

分别以不同浓度（Ａ_（４５０ｎｍ）表示）的高压灭活白色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及水杨酸对萝卜溶菌酶进行不同时间的诱导．结果表明,诱导时间２４ｈ效果最好,白色葡萄球菌最适浓度Ａ_（４５０ｎｍ）为０．９４,酶的活力提高了２．３４倍;大肠杆菌最适浓度是Ａ_（４５０）ｎｍ为０．５５,诱导酶活力提高了０．７５倍,以０．２％的水杨酸为诱导物时,第４ｄ和第８ｄ的效果最好,酶活力分别提高了２．４和１．７倍．以酶作用产物进行田间叶面喷施和叶面喷施加根部灌施进行诱导,４８ｈ后酶活力提高２．１６和３．６６倍．     

裸项栉鰕虎鱼的全人工繁殖及其胚胎发育

目的研究裸项栉鰕虎鱼全人工繁殖及胚胎发育,为该鱼的实验动物化研究奠定基础。方法对胚胎和仔稚幼鱼各个发育期的连续取样,系统地观察了裸项栉鰕虎鱼各发育期的形态变化及生长特征。结果水温25．8℃～26．5℃,裸项栉鰕虎鱼受精后约82h仔鱼开始出膜,初孵仔鱼全长1．42～1．73mm,1d开口摄食,3d卵黄囊消失,23d第一背鳍形成,鳞片出现;33d全身被鳞;初孵仔鱼经97d发育成熟,繁殖周期约为36d;雌鱼性腺成熟系数可达40％,个体相对生殖力达每克8193．5粒。结论裸项栉鰕虎鱼具有个体小、性成熟早、生殖季节长、繁殖周期短、繁殖力强等特点,可进行室内规模化人工繁殖和培育。     

Temporal Pattern of Photosynthesis under Continuous Illumination of Radish Plants

Changes in photosynthetic activity, redox state of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), as well as starch and sucrose content were studied on the source leaves of 18- to 20-day-old radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants that were dark-adapted for 12 h and then exposed to continuous white light (170 mol quanta/(m² s)). The kinetic pattern of photosynthetic activity comprised three phases. Within the first 6 h of light adaptation (first phase), the maximum photosynthetic rate and the quantum yield of photosynthesis increased 1.6 times in the illuminated leaves compared to the leaves of plants placed in darkness. Further illumination led to the decrease of both photosynthetic indices by about 20% (12 h after the onset of light exposure, second phase) and finally increased them to the level observed after 6-h light exposure (72 h, third phase). The stationary photooxidation level of PSI primary donor was relatively low within the first 6 h of light adaptation, and then it steeply increased. The linear relationship between the amounts of photoreduced PSII primary acceptor and photooxidized PSI primary donor did not change during prolonged light adaptation, showing a highly coordinated functioning of both photosystems. The amount of sucrose in leaves attained its peak after 12 h of light adaptation and did not change further on. The starch content increased to its peak within 24 h of illumination and decreased gradually upon longer exposures. It is concluded that, despite active export of assimilates to the developing storage organ, the source leaves exhibit a nonmonotonic temporal course of endogenously regulated photosynthetic activity, which was related to changes in the effectiveness and, possibly, the number of the components of photosynthetic apparatus.     

The Plasma Membrane Ca2+-Pump of Plant Cells: A Radiation Inactivation Study

The functional molecular weight of the plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds was determined by measuring the Ca²⁺-dependent ATPase activity and the MgATP-dependent Ca²⁺ transport activity of membrane samples irradiated, in the lyophilized state, with γ rays from [⁶⁰Co] source. The results gave a target size of about 270,000 dalton for both the measured activities, thus confirming (i) that both activities are catalyzed by the same enzyme and (ii) the similarity between the plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase of higher plants and that of the erythrocytes.     

萝卜种质资源对黑腐病的抗性鉴定与筛选

对40份初选萝卜种质分别接种Xcc8004和XccBJ两个菌株,进行黑腐病苗期抗性鉴定,对其中8份代表性萝卜种质肉质根切片接种Xcc8004进行抗性鉴定和27份萝卜种质幼苗接种8个效应物基因进行过敏反应鉴定。结果表明:不同萝卜种质苗期对黑腐病的抗性存在显著差异,筛选出高抗Xcc8004的材料3份、抗病1份、中抗4份,高抗XccBJ的材料1份、抗病2份、中抗5份。萝卜苗期对Xcc8004和XccBJ的抗病性极显著相关,幼苗和肉质根对Xcc8004的抗病性极显著相关。筛选出17份对不同效应物表现过敏反应的萝卜种质。对效应物XC₀241表现过敏反应的种质数最多,对XC₀542和XC₀541表现过敏反应的种质数次之。不同抗源对不同效应物的过敏反应程度有所不同。稳定可靠抗病资源的获得为萝卜抗病育种和抗病机理的深入研究提供了基础材料。     

Development of the herbivore Pieris rapae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia rubecula on crucifers of field edges

Abstract:  Several studies have reported that flowering herbs, which grow naturally or are sown adjacent to agricultural fields, may be an important source of nutrients for natural enemies. Many parasitoids readily feed on plant exudates such as floral nectar, which contain different types of sugars that enable the insects to optimize their longevity, mobility and reproductive success. However, leaf tissues of plants grown in the margins of agricultural fields may also provide food for immature stages of insect herbivores, such as caterpillars, that are in turn attacked by parasitoids. Herbivores and their parasitoids may later disperse into the crop, so the nutritional quality of surrounding plants, as this affects herbivore and parasitoid fitness, may also influence the success of biological control programmes, especially later in the season. Here, we compare the suitability of three species of cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae) on the development of Pieris rapae L. (Lep., Pieridae) and its solitary endoparasitoid, Cotesia rubecula Marshall (Hym., Bracondiae). Insects were reared on a feral population of cabbage, Brassica oleracea , on radish Raphanus sativus , which is widely sown in agricultural margins, and on hedge mustard, Sisymbrium officinale , a wild crucifer which often grows in medium to large stands along road verges and field edges. Development time in both the herbivore and parasitoid were extended on R. sativus , compared with the other two species, whereas C. rubecula completed its development most rapidly on B. oleracea . Moreover, adult butterflies and parasitoids were significantly smaller when reared on R. sativus plants. Our results reveal that differences in the quality of plants growing adjacent to agricultural fields can affect the development of key herbivores and their parasitoids. This should be borne in mind when establishing criteria for the selection of floral biodiversity.     

The evolution of California's wild radish has resulted in the extinction of its progenitors

If two previously isolated taxa mutually assimilate through hybridization and subsequent biparental introgression, and if their introgressed descendants have the same or higher fitness than their parents, then gene flow should result in the local extinction of parental taxa via replacement by hybrid derivatives. These dramatic events may occur rapidly, even in a few generations. Given the speed at which such extinction by hybridization may occur, it may be difficult to identify that the process has occurred. Thus, documented instances of extinction by hybridization are rare, and especially so for cases in which both parents are replaced by the hybrid lineage. Here we report morphological and allozyme evidence for the local extinction of two Raphanus species in California via replacement by their hybrid-derived descendants. The results from a greenhouse experiment demonstrate that California wild radishes have a specific combination of traits from their progenitors, and comparison of our results to that of an earlier report indicate that pure parental types are no longer present in the wild. Our results also show the hybrid-derived lineage has transgressive fruit weight compared to its parents. Allozyme analysis demonstrates that California wild radishes are derived from hybridization between the putative parental species. However, that analysis also demonstrates that California wild radish has now become an evolutionary entity separate from both of its parents. We suggest that the aggressive colonizing behavior of the hybrid-derived lineage probably results from a novel combination of parental traits, rather than genetic variability of the population per se.