芦荟属14种2变种植物的核型分析

报道了芦荟属14种2变种植物的核型,实验结果表明所研究种类的体细胞染色体基数均为X=7,二倍体,由4对长染色体和3对短染色体组成。根据Stebbins（1971）的核型分类标准,Aloeaffinis Berger等3种芦荟的核型为“3B”型,Aloe graciliflora Groenewald等3种芦荟的核型为“4B”型,A．mitriformis Mill等3种2变种芦荟的核型为“3C”型,A．saponaria（Air．）Haw等5种芦荟的核型为“4c”型。其中有6种1变种芦荟的核型为首次报道。另外,还对芦荟的系统分类进行了讨论。     

沙棘组织培养技术的研究

本试验选用中国沙棘的种子和休眠枝条作为材料,研究沙棘不同外植体的离体培养技术,试验结果表明,沙棘的无菌苗子与休眠枝条上的休眠芽都可以作为离体培养的良好外植体,沙棘的最适分化培养基是：1／4MS＋6－BA0．30mg/L NAA0．002mg/L,增殖,壮芽培养基是：1／4 MS＋6－BA 0．1mg/L NAA 0.004mg/L;最适生根培养基是：1／4MS＋NAA0.05mg/L iBA 0.2mg/L;愈伤组织诱导培养基是：1／4MS＋2,4－D 0．3mg/L。     

最优化制备沙棘膏工艺研究

沙棘果为制备沙棘膏的原料,以沙棘膏中总黄酮含量为考察影响工艺因素的指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定最优化制取沙棘膏工艺为:料液比1∶20(g/mL),温度75℃,提取溶剂为80%乙醇,综合考虑成本因素,提取时间4 h。按照该工艺沙棘膏中总黄酮的得率为15.64%。     

沙棘属植物弗兰克氏菌研究进展

弗兰克氏菌(Frankia spp.)能够与沙棘等非豆科植物形成根瘤进行共生固氮,其固氮效率远远高于豆科植物根瘤菌,与沙棘共生的弗兰克氏菌还能够促进沙棘对旱寒等各种不同生境的适应性,是自然界一类具有开发潜力的放线菌资源。为了更好地开发利用弗兰克氏菌资源,推进弗兰克氏菌分类鉴定工作,加强弗兰克氏菌与寄主植物共生结瘤固氮的机制研究,促使弗兰克氏菌在农业生产中得到尽快应用,本文简要介绍沙棘属(Hippophae L.)物种多样性、结瘤状况与分布特点、沙棘根瘤形态结构与功能、弗兰克氏菌物种多样性与分布特征,讨论弗兰克氏菌的结瘤机制、生理生态效应与作用机制以及影响沙棘属植物与弗兰克氏菌共生的主要因子,以期为进一步开展沙棘属植物弗兰克氏菌的系统研究提供有价值的参考。     

盐胁迫下沙棘的渗透调节效应

分别用含有0、100、200和300mmol LNaCl的Hoagland培养液处理1年生沙棘(HippophaerhamnoidesL.)苗30d后,测定其鲜重,干重,含水量,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和无机离子(Na 、Cl-)的含量及叶片渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明:100mmol LNaCl处理的沙棘地上部和根的鲜重和干重最大,其含水量也最大;NaCl浓度超过100mmol L时,沙棘地上部分和根的鲜重和干重随盐浓度增加而逐步下降,其下降的趋势为地上部大于根部。随NaCl浓度不断升高,沙棘体内Na 和Cl-浓度随之升高,茎叶和根系中Cl-含量明显高于Na ,对Na 的相对吸收量多于Cl-。沙棘对盐胁迫有一定的适应能力,随NaCl浓度的升高,沙棘叶内脯氨酸含量升高,可溶性糖含量增加,渗透势降低,渗透调节能力增强。本结果可为盐碱地营造沙棘林提供依据。     

苍耳X anthium strumarium L.染色体数目和核型的观察

苍耳Xanthium strumarium L. (X. sibiricum Patr. ex Widder, X. iaponicum Widder) 为菊科苍耳属的一年生草本,广布于欧亚大陆和北美洲;我国各地也均有分布。苍耳为常用中药,其果实入药,能发汗通窍、祛风湿,解表镇痛,用于治风湿性关节痛及鼻炎等症。     

大果良种沙棘愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的研究

大果良种沙棘的幼嫩茎尖,茎段外植体接种在MS,1／2MS附加不同浓度配比的IAA,IBA,BA,NAA培养基上可诱导茎尖及腋芽生长,将诱导产生的无性系芽接种在MS或1／2MS附加BA0．3－0．5mg/L,NAA0．05mg/L的培养基上可形成丛生芽,同时在小叶片和嫩茎上诱导产生愈伤组织,继续培养愈伤组织表面形成大量的绿色突起,进一步分化成不定芽,在相同培养基上,不定芽上可直接产生不定芽,从而形成多达数百个的不定芽族,不定芽长至3cm时切下转至1／2MS附加IAA或IBA 0．2mg/L的培养基上可生根而形成完整 的再生植株。     

五种中国苏铁属植物的核型分析

报道五种苏铁的染色体数目和核型,其中红河苏铁 (Cycas hongheensis)、叉孢苏铁 (C.segmentifida)和十万大山苏铁 (C.shiwandashanica) 为首次报道。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘抗旱性的分析

近年来随着干旱发生频率的增加,研究植物的抗旱性已成为十分重要的任务,许多学者对此曾作过工作,蒋瑾[1]认为,旱生植物的蒸腾强度小,且变化稳定;刘家琼[2]发现,旱生植物在相同的环境条件下水势越低,吸水力越强,抗旱能力越强;山仑[3]研究结果表明在适度干旱的情况下,水分亏缺在一定程度上有利于植物生长;汤章成[4]研究发现,植物对逆境的抵抗是多方面的,是整体性的.     

Multifunctional antistress effects of standardized aqueous extracts from Hippophae rhamnoides L.

This study aims to screen and identify the multi-mechanism antistress effects of an extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR) leaves on corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and serotonin 6 (5-hydroxytryptamine 6, 5-HT₆) receptor activity tests (in vitro), electric foot shock and forced swimming tests (FSTs) (in vivo), and tests for hippocampal CORT and monoamine levels (ex vivo), in search of active principles and underlying mechanisms of action. We confirmed that the water extract of HR (HRW) and various ethanol extracts of HR confer protective effects against CORT-induced impairments in SH-SY5Y cells and antagonistic effects on NMDA receptors and the 5-HT₆ receptor by using primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons and a stable 5-HT₆ receptor-expressing cell line, respectively. In addition, we confirmed the antistress effects of HRW in an electric foot shock stress model in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms of its action. We observed that HRW treatment significantly reversed the reduction in immobility times and increased climbing times in FSTs induced by electric foot shocks in the stress model. The levels of CORT, dopamine, and norepinephrine were increased, and the level of serotonin in the hippocampus was decreased in the electric foot shock stress model. The standardized HRW effectively restored abnormal CORT and monoamine levels in the hippocampus that were induced by stress. The results of the present study demonstrate that the standardized HRW produces novel multifunctional antistress effects.     

小叶锦鸡儿的核型分析

本文对小叶锦鸡儿进行细胞水平的核型分析,可得出结论：小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla Lam.)体细胞染色体数目为2n=16,其核型公式为2n=2x=14m(2SAT) 2M,桉stebbins的核型分析原则,小叶锦鸡儿的核型属1A型。     

沙棘属植物种子微形态特征研究

应用解剖镜和扫描电镜对沙棘属(Hippophae Linn.)6种6亚种植物种子形态、种皮微形态特征进行了观察.结果表明:沙棘属植物种子形态、种皮微形态等性状具有一定程度的稳定性,同时种间存在明显的差异,对于种及种下类群的分类、鉴定有重要参考价值.其中种皮微形态可分为4种类型:拟脑纹状纹饰、线纹-穴状纹饰、近平滑-细疣状纹饰、浅穴-疣状纹饰.从内果皮和种皮结合程度及种皮表面光泽一致性等方面可明显地将沙棘属植物划分为二者紧密结合与分离两种情况,基本支持将沙棘属植物划分为有皮组和无皮组两大类群的观点,但观察结果存在一些差异.     

Karyotype Analysis of Eight Species of Polygonatum Mill.

Meiosis and mitosis of eight species of Polygonatum from Sichuan, China, were investigated. Ten bivalents (n=10) at meiosis of pollen mother cells were observed ih P. odoratum (Mill.) Druce. Meiotic observation on pollen mother cells in P. punctatum Royle ex Kunth shows 16 bivalents (n=16) at diakinesis, P. kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. 13 bivalents (n=13) at diakinesis. P. zanlanscianense Pamp. 15 bivalents (n=15) in MI, P. cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle 28 bivalents at diakinesis. Somatic chromosomes were observed in root tip cells. The karyotype formulae are as follows: P. odoratum (Mill.) Druce K(2n)=20=4st+6sm+10m; P. cyrtonema Hua K(2n)=20=6sm+14m; P. punctatum Royle ex Kunth K(2n)=32=2t+8st+ 2sm+20m; P. kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. K(2n)=26=8st(2SAT)+14sm+4m; P. alternicirrhosum Hand.-Mzt. K(2n)=32=6st+8sm+18m(2SAT); P. zanlanscianense Pamp. K(2n)=30= 2t+6st+6sm+16m(2SAT); P. sibiricum Delar. ex Redouté K(2n)=24=2t+14st(2SAT)+6sm +2m; P. cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle K(2n)=56=18st+10sm+28m. The karyotypes of P. punctatum, P. kingianum, P. alternicirrhosum and P. cirrhifolium are reported for the first time. Both the chromosome number and structure in our materials are certainly different from thoses in previous reports. Of numerical variation polyploidy and aneuploidy have been recorded, and aneuploidy is frequent. According to degree of asymmetry of the karyotype, the 8 species are divided into three types: 2B, 3B, 2C. The increasing asymmetry is correlated with the increasing of the chromosome number. There are no obvious differences in chromosome number and karyotype between Alternifolia Baker and Verticillate Baker. They are not two natural groups. This opinion is different from that of Therman and Suomalainen.     

Karyotype Analysis of Reineckia carnea (Andr.) Kunth (Liliaceae)

Karyotype analysis for the species Reineckia carnea (Andr.) Kunth of the monotypic genus Reineckia Kunth is given for the first time. The number of chromosomes in root-tip cell was found to be 38, which is in accord with those reported by most of the previous authors^{[5,7,8,9,11,12,]}. The somatic complement shows a slight variation in size, i.e., the 2, 3, 5, 6, 7th pairs of the chromosomes have submedian constrictions, while the other pairs have median centromeres. The karyotype is therefore a rather symmetrical one, and according to the chromosomal terminology defined by Levan et al^[4], the karyotype formula of the species is 2n=38=28 m+10 sm. In spite of the presence of two nucleoli in the telophase as observed by the authors and Noguchi^[8] as well, the two corresponding Sat-chromosomes have not been found. Photomicrograph of the chromosome complement and idiogram are given in Fig. 1 and 2 respectively.     

中国沙棘属植物资源及其开发利用现状

我国沙棘资源蕴藏量大,野生资源丰富.沙棘属植物是一种具有重要经济价值和极好生态效应的野生浆果,其研究和开发利用倍受国内外重视,本文对我国沙棘属植物的资源情况作了简要介绍,并重点介绍了沙棘在医药、食品、饮料、化妆品、生态保护等领域的研究进展及应用价值.     

西施舌的核型分析

以西施舌囊胚期胚胎为材料,5—10μg／ml秋水仙素海水处理2h,50％海水蒸馏水低渗0．5h,热片法制片,对西施舌的核型进行分析。结果表明,西施舌的二倍体数目2n＝38,核型为14m 16sm 8st,NF＝68。染色体实际长度CL为1．10—3．47μm,染色体总长度TCL为80．72μm。整个核型的染色体长度依次减小,相邻各对之间差异不明显。其中l、3、7、10、11、16和19号为中着丝粒染色体;5、6、8、9、13、14、17和18号为亚中着丝粒染色体;2、4、12和15号为亚端着丝粒染色体。     

德保苏铁的核型分析

首次报道了德保苏铁(Cycas debaoensis Y．C．Zhong etC．J．Chen)的染色体数目和核型,其核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=6m 4sm 12T,属于“3B”类型,全组染色体总长度为93．49μm,核型不对称系数为85．53％。实验结果显示其核型与又叶苏铁(Cycas micholitzii Dyer)和多岐苏铁(Cycas multipinnata C．J．ChenetS．Y．Yang)相似,仅稍有差异。     

内葵杂3号染色体核型分析

对内蒙古地区的栽培品种内葵杂3号三交种和单交种了进行了核型分析。其结果为:内葵杂3号三交种和单交种的染色体数均为2n=34,各具一对随体染色体。三交种第2对染色体具随体且为近中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体,染色体相对长度变异范围4.105%～7.703%,核型公式为2n=2x=34=32m+2sm(2sat),核型类型属于1A型;单交种均为中部着丝粒染色体,第4对染色体具随体,染色体相对长度变异范围3.661%～8.128%,其核型公式为:2n=2x=34=34m(2sat),核型类型属于1B型。     

黄土丘陵区人工沙棘蒸腾作用研究

通过对沙棘叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其相应环境因子的测定,探讨黄土丘陵区安塞人工沙棘林的水分生理生态特征.结果表明沙棘蒸腾速率和气孔导度具明显的日变化,两者的变化趋势相似,5、7月份日变化曲线呈单峰型,6、8、9月份日变化曲线呈双峰型;在生长季(5～9月份)中7月份蒸腾速率最大,5、9月份较小,5月份(0.3900g/(g·h))仅为7月份(0.9350g/(g·h))的41.95%;沙棘林在生长季的蒸腾耗水量为257.56mm(占同期降雨量的63%),与降雨量间有极显著的相关关系.沙棘林的蒸腾耗水量在降雨量不同的月份有明显的差异,9月份(降雨量为43.2mm)的蒸腾耗水量为7月份(降雨量为130.1mm)的25.9%.黄土丘陵区安塞的环境条件基本满足沙棘生长的要求,沙棘可作为该区造林恢复植被的先锋树种.     

三褶虾脊兰的核型分析

采用压片法研究了三褶虾脊兰[Calanthe triplicata(Willem.)Ames]的染色体数目和核型.结果表明:三褶虾脊兰的染色体数目2n=38,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=38=28m 8sm 2st.主要由中部和近中部着丝点染色体组成.核型分类为2B型,比较对称.