HSV-2 LAT ORF2在Vero细胞中的表达及对细胞的作用

旨在研究人单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)潜伏相关转录体(LAT)开放读码框2(ORF2)对体外培养的非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)形态和活性的作用。将构建好的带绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)标签的HSV-2LAT ORF2真核表达载体pEGFP-ORF2,转染vero细胞,荧光显微镜观测细胞形态的改变和MTT法进行活性分析。结果:显示,HSV-2LATORF2诱导细胞形态发生明显变化,绿色荧光蛋白在细胞的定位也发生了改变,细胞活性降低。由此证实,HSV-2LAT ORF2对细胞有损伤作用,为阐明HSV-2LATORF2的功能提供了资料。     

人单核细胞系U_（937）和T细胞系HSB_2细胞的HSV－1感染

用ＨＳＶ－１接种人单核细胞传代株Ｕ＿（９３７）和Ｔ淋巴细胞传代株ＨＳＢ＿２细胞,通过对病毒滴度、细胞增殖与病变、病毒抗原表达及病毒ＤＮＡ的动态观察,研究了ＨＳＶ－１感染两种细胞的特点。结果发现接种病毒后,Ｕ（９３７）细胞仅允许病毒短时间低滴度复制,培养上清中病毒滴度在１２天内降至测不出水平,细胞经过１～２周后增殖受抑、死亡增多,然后又逐渐恢复;用ＬＰＳ持续刺激则能提高病毒感染滴度,延长感染时间,形成短期持续感染。ＨＳＢ＿２细胞允许病毒复制至较高滴度,呈现急性杀细胞性感染;用ＰＨＡ持续刺激也不改变细胞感染的特点。     

HSV-2LAT ORF1在Vero细胞中的表达特性及其对细胞活性的影响

目的:研究单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(HSV-2)潜伏相关转录体(LAT)开放读码框1(ORF1)的表达特点及其对Vero细胞活性的影响.方法:双酶切和测序验证本实验室构建的HSV-2 LAT ORF1真核表达载体pEGFP-ORF1,并以转染试剂盒Xfect介导其转染至Vero细胞,通过RT-PCR和绿色荧光蛋白检验其在细胞中的表达,用MTT法进行细胞活性分析.结果:重组质粒表达的融合蛋白主要集中细胞核,而空质粒表达的绿色荧光蛋白在细胞核和细胞质中分布均匀;重组质粒对Vero细胞没有损伤作用.结论:HSV-2 LAT ORF1影响了绿色荧光蛋白的分布,可降低空质粒对细胞的损伤作用;其作用位点可能主要定位在细胞核中,为阐明HSV-2 LAT ORF1在潜伏复发中的功能奠定了实验基础.     

Immunization with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) genes plus inactivated HSV-2 is highly protective against acute and recurrent HSV-2 disease

To date, no vaccine that is safe and effective against herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) disease has been licensed. In this study, we evaluated a DNA prime-formalin-inactivated-HSV-2 (FI-HSV2) boost vaccine approach in the guinea pig model of acute and recurrent HSV-2 genital disease. Five groups of guinea pigs were immunized and intravaginally challenged with HSV-2. Two groups were primed with plasmid DNAs encoding the secreted form of glycoprotein D2 (gD2t) together with two genes required for viral replication, either the helicase (UL5) and DNA polymerase (UL30) genes or the single-stranded DNA binding protein (UL29) and primase (UL52) genes. Both DNA-primed groups were boosted with FI-HSV2 formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and alum adjuvants. Two additional groups were primed with the empty backbone plasmid DNA (pVAX). These two groups were boosted with MPL and alum (MPL-alum) together with either formalin-inactivated mock HSV-2 (FI-Mock) or with FI-HSV2. The final group was immunized with gD2t protein in MPL-alum. After challenge, 0/9 animals in the group primed with UL5, UL30, and gD2t DNAs and all 10 animals in the mock-immunized control group (pVAX-FI-Mock) developed primary lesions. All mock controls developed recurrent lesions through day 100 postchallenge. Only 1 guinea pig in the group primed with pVAX DNA and boosted with FI-HSV2 (pVAX-FI-HSV2 group) and 2 guinea pigs in the group primed with UL5, UL30, and gD2t DNAs and boosted with FI-HSV2 (UL5, UL30, gD2t DNA-FI-HSV2 group) developed recurrent lesions. Strikingly, the UL5, UL30, gD2t DNA-FI-HSV2 group showed a 97% reduction in recurrent lesion days compared with the mock controls, had the highest reduction in days with recurrent disease, and contained the lowest mean HSV-2 DNA load in the dorsal root ganglia.     

2型单纯疱疹病毒毒力蛋白ICP34.5的真核表达及其对Ve-ro细胞活性的影响

目的:在非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero细胞)中表达2型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-2)毒力蛋白感染细胞多肽34.5(ICP34.5),并检测其对Vero细胞活性的影响。方法:PCR扩增HSV-2的ICP34.5基因,连接至pEGFP-C2载体,并对重组真核表达载体pEGFP-ICP34.5进行双酶切测序验证;将重组子瞬时转染Vero细胞,RT-PCR检测其在mRNA水平的表达,荧光倒置显微镜观察融合蛋白的表达,MTT法检测细胞活性。结果:经双酶切和测序验证表明pEGFP-ICP34.5构建成功,转染细胞后经RT-PCR验证有目的基因的转录,荧光显微镜下观察到融合蛋白在转染的Vero细胞中表达,MTT法检测结果证实重组质粒可以抵消空质粒对细胞的损伤作用。结论:构建了pEGFP-ICP34.5真核表达载体,其能在Vero细胞中高效表达,并能抵消空质粒对细胞的损伤作用。     

HSV-2阴道感染并诱导小鼠阴道粘膜上皮细胞凋亡

最近的报道指出,某些病毒有诱导体外细胞凋亡的作用,借以限制病毒的扩散.为探讨HSV-2在体内诱导细胞凋亡的效果及其形态学特点,用HSV-2 333株感染小鼠阴道,于感染后不同天数处死动物,取其阴道,固定于10%中性福尔马林,TUNEL末端标记染色显示凋亡的细胞,光镜下进行原位观察.结果显示感染后的第1天粘膜上皮内即出现大量的凋亡细胞,第2天至11天凋亡细胞的数量及在上皮内的分布范围达最高水平.早期的凋亡细胞见于感染后所有标本,其核染色质形态及分布似正常细胞,但它被TUNEL标记染成棕黄色;晚期的凋亡细胞亦见于所有标本,其胞核缩小,染色质浓缩并在核周边集聚,核中心空化.载有凋亡细胞的上皮在阴道粘膜上分布很广,最广的可占全阴道上皮的2/3.同时可见HSV-2引起的上皮细胞坏死及疱疹形成,二者均由凋亡细胞包围.凋亡细胞不断地由上皮表面脱落至阴道,未见凋亡小体及吞噬现象.结果提示,HSV-2 333株阴道感染可同时诱导细胞坏死及凋亡,细胞凋亡可能在限制病毒产生子代及限制感染区域扩展起重要作用.     

HSV—2阴道感染并诱导小鼠阴道粘膜上皮细胞凋亡

最近的报道指出,某些病毒有诱导体外细胞凋亡的作用,借以限制病毒的扩散。为探讨ＨＳＶ－２在体内诱导细胞凋亡的效果及其形态学特点,用 ＨＳＶ－２ ３３３株感染小鼠阴道,于感染后不同天数处死动物,取其阴道,固定于１０％中性福尔马林,ＴＵＮＥＬ末端标记染色显示凋亡的细胞,光镜下进行原位观察。结果显示：感染后的第１天粘膜上皮内即出现大量的凋亡细胞,第２天至１１天凋亡细胞的数量及在上皮内的分布范围达最高水平。早期的凋亡细胞见于感染后所有标本,其核染色质形态及分布似正常细胞,但它被ＴＵＮＥＬ标记染成棕黄色;晚期的凋亡细胞亦见于所有标本,其胞核缩小,染色质浓缩并在核周边集聚,核中心空化。载有凋亡细胞的上皮在阴道粘膜上分布很广,最广的可占全阴道上皮的２／３。同时可见ＨＳＶ．２引起的上皮细胞坏死及疱疹形成,二者均由凋亡细胞包围。凋亡细胞不断地由上皮表面脱落至阴道,未见凋亡小体及吞噬现象。结果提示,ＨＳＶ－２ ３３３株阴道感染可同时诱导细胞坏死及凋亡,细胞凋亡可能在限制病毒产生子代及限制感染区域扩展起重要作用。     

Modeling the synergy between HSV-2 and HIV and potential impact of HSV-2 therapy

Mounting evidence indicates that genital HSV-2 infection may increase susceptibility to HIV infection and that co-infection may increase infectiousness. Accordingly, antiviral treatment of people with HSV-2 may mitigate the incidence of HIV in populations where both pathogens occur. To better understand the epidemiological synergy between HIV and HSV-2, we formulate a deterministic compartmental model that describes the transmission dynamics of these pathogens. Unlike earlier models, ours incorporates gender and heterogeneous mixing between activity groups. We derive explicit expressions for the reproduction numbers of HSV-2 and HIV, as well as the invasion reproduction numbers via next generation matrices. A qualitative analysis of the system includes the local and global behavior of the model. Simulations reinforce these analytical results and demonstrate epidemiological synergy between HSV-2 and HIV. In particular, numerical results show that HSV-2 favors the invasion of HIV, may dramatically increase the peak as well as reducing the time-to-peak of HIV prevalence, and almost certainly has exacerbated HIV epidemics. The potential population-level impact of HSV-2 on HIV is demonstrated by calculating the fraction of HIV infections attributable to HSV-2 and the difference between HIV prevalence in the presence and absence of HSV-2. The potential impact of treating people with HSV-2 on HIV control is demonstrated by comparing HIV prevalence with and without HSV-2 therapy. Most importantly, we illustrate that the aforementioned aspects of the population dynamics can be significantly influenced by the sexual structure of the population.     

Identification of an HSV-1/HSV-2 cross-reactive T cell determinant.

The results from a number of studies have documented that the HSV glycoprotein gD is an important target for neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, little is known about the Th cell determinants present on HSV that are required for anti HSV gD antibody production. In our study we have immunized BALB/c mice with a recombinant source of HSV-1 gD lacking the carboxyl-terminal 93 amino acids. T cell hybridomas produced from the immunized animals recognized a single antigenic peptide (amino acids 246-261) in the context of I-Ad. The determinant expressed by gD peptide 246-261 was generated and presented by both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infected APC. Fine specificity analysis using truncated synthetic gD peptides revealed that the minimal amino acids recognized by the T hybrids were identical between HSV-1 and HSV-2. In addition, the minimal peptide-I-Ad binding analysis demonstrated that the minimal peptide sequence required for the binding to I-Ad and for T cell recognition contained two prolines. Thus, this important HSV antigenic determinant would not be expected to form an amphipathic alpha-helix and could therefore be missed by algorithms currently used to predict which amino acid sequences would be antigenic based on the propensity to form helices.     

表达HSV－2 gD基因的重组痘苗病毒保护小鼠对抗致死量HSV病霉攻击

利用ＰＣＲ方法对单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白Ｄ（ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ）基因进行了修饰,在其５＇端删去约５００ｂｐ的非编码区,仅保留ＡＴＧ上游７个ｂｐ。将修饰后的ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因插入到带有痘苗病毒天坛株ＴＫ基因区段的痘苗表达质粒ｐＪＳＡ１１７５,置于痘苗病毒Ｐ７．５ｋ早／晚期启动子控制下。将此重组质粒用脂质体Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法转染已受野型ＴＫ￣＋痘苗病毒天坛株感染的ＴＫ￣－１４３细胞,通过同源重组机制和标志基因ＬａｃＺ产物的蓝斑显色作用,以及ＢｕｄＲ试剂对ＴＫ表型的选择压力,筛选出整合有ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因的重组痘苗病毒。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ杂交表明,ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因已正确地插入痘苗病毒ＴＫ基因区内;间接免疫荧光检测显示,ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ蛋白已得到有效表达,且主要分布于细胞膜。重组病毒免疫家兔可产生明显的抗ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ中和抗体。用重组病毒免疫小鼠,３周后可使９４％（１７／１８）的小鼠对抗ＨＳＶ－２的致死量攻击,表明重组病毒具有明显的免疫保护作用。     

Role of Proteolipid Protein in HSV-1 Entry in Oligodendrocytic Cells

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has the ability to enter many different hosts and cell types by several strategies. This highly prevalent alphaherpesvirus can enter target cells using different receptors and different pathways: fusion at a neutral pH, low-pH-dependent and low-pH-independent endocytosis. Several cell receptors for viral entry have been described, but several observations suggest that more receptors for HSV-1 might exist. In this work, we propose a novel role for the proteolipid protein (PLP) in HSV-1 entry into the human oligodendrocytic cell line HOG. Cells transfected with PLP-EGFP showed an increase in susceptibility to HSV-1. Furthermore, the infection of HOG and HOG-PLP transfected cells with the R120vGF virus–unable to replicate in ICP4-defficient cells- showed an increase in viral signal in HOG-PLP, suggesting a PLP involvement in viral entry. In addition, a mouse monoclonal antibody against PLP drastically inhibited HSV-1 entry into HOG cells. PLP and virions colocalized in confocal immunofluorescence images, and in electron microscopy images, which suggest that PLP acts at the site of entry into HOG cells. Taken together these results suggest that PLP may be involved in HSV-1 entry in human oligodendrocytic cells.     

A Single Intramuscular Vaccination of Mice with the HSV-1 VC2 Virus with Mutations in the Glycoprotein K and the Membrane Protein UL20 Confers Full Protection against Lethal Intravaginal Challenge with Virulent HSV-1 and HSV-2 Strains

Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) establish life-long infections and cause significant orofacial and genital infections in humans. HSV-1 is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the western world. Currently, there are no available vaccines to protect against herpes simplex infections. Recently, we showed that a single intramuscular immunization with an HSV-1(F) mutant virus lacking expression of the viral glycoprotein K (gK), which prevents the virus from entering into distal axons of ganglionic neurons, conferred significant protection against either virulent HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) intravaginal challenge in mice. Specifically, 90% of the mice were protected against HSV-1(McKrae) challenge, while 70% of the mice were protected against HSV-2(G) challenge. We constructed the recombinant virus VC2 that contains specific mutations in gK and the membrane protein UL20 preventing virus entry into axonal compartments of neurons, while allowing efficient replication in cell culture, unlike the gK-null virus, which has a major defect in virus replication and spread. Intramuscular injection of mice with 10⁷ VC2 plaque forming units did not cause any significant clinical disease in mice. A single intramuscular immunization with the VC2 virus protected 100% of mice against lethal intravaginal challenge with either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) viruses. Importantly, vaccination with VC2 produced robust cross protective humoral and cellular immunity that fully protected vaccinated mice against lethal disease. Quantitative PCR did not detect any viral DNA in ganglionic tissues of vaccinated mice, while unvaccinated mice contained high levels of viral DNA. The VC2 virus may serve as an efficient vaccine against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections, as well as a safe vector for the production of vaccines against other viral and bacterial pathogens.     

单纯疱疹病毒2型潜伏相关转录体ORF2的表达及其抗凋亡作用

本文探讨了单纯疱疹病毒2型 (HSV-2)潜伏相关转录体 (LAT)的开放读码框2 (ORF2)在细胞中的表达, 及其对5-氟尿嘧啶 (5-FU)诱导的非洲绿猴肾细胞 (Vero)凋亡的影响。通过将重组质粒pEGPF-ORF2转染Vero细胞, 绿色荧光蛋白检测转染效率, RT-PCR验证目的基因的表达, 5-FU 诱导细胞凋亡, 通过荧光显微镜观察凋亡小体, Gimesa染色检测细胞核形态, MTT法检测细胞的存活率, DNA ladder片段分析, 结果表明, 转染后绿色荧光蛋白表达效率很高, RT-PCR验证有目的基因的转录。凋亡诱导后的细胞形态正常, MTT法分析活性率与正常无差异, 而显著高于空质粒组, DNA ladder未见凋亡条带。由此我们认为HSV-2 LAT ORF2 基因在Vero细胞中得到了高效表达, 并且具有抗5-FU诱导的凋亡作用。     

Protection Provided by a Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Glycoprotein C and D Subunit Antigen Vaccine against Genital HSV-2 Infection in HSV-1-Seropositive Guinea Pigs

A prophylactic vaccine for genital herpes disease remains an elusive goal. We report the results of two studies performed collaboratively in different laboratories that assessed immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-seropositive guinea pigs immunized and subsequently challenged intravaginally with HSV-2. In study 1, HSV-2 glycoproteins C (gC2) and D (gD2) were produced in baculovirus and administered intramuscularly as monovalent or bivalent vaccines with CpG and alum. In study 2, gD2 was produced in CHO cells and given intramuscularly with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and alum, or gC2 and gD2 were produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris and administered intramuscularly as a bivalent vaccine with Iscomatrix and alum to HSV-1-naive or -seropositive guinea pigs. In both studies, immunization boosted neutralizing antibody responses to HSV-1 and HSV-2. In study 1, immunization with gC2, gD2, or both immunogens significantly reduced the frequency of genital lesions, with the bivalent vaccine showing the greatest protection. In study 2, both vaccines were highly protective against genital disease in naive and HSV-1-seropositive animals. Comparisons between gD2 and gC2/gD2 in study 2 must be interpreted cautiously, because different adjuvants, gD2 doses, and antigen production methods were used; however, significant differences invariably favored the bivalent vaccine. Immunization of naive animals with gC2/gD2 significantly reduced the number of days of vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA compared with that for mock-immunized animals. Surprisingly, in both studies, immunization of HSV-1-seropositive animals had little effect on recurrent vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA, despite significantly reducing genital disease.     

利用RNAi技术分析VP16对HSV-1增殖过程的影响

目的:探讨在RNAi技术条件下,HSV-1感染Vero细胞过程中,病毒间层蛋白VP16的生物学功能。方法:用T7RNA聚合酶体外合成针对VP16 mRNA的3种T7siRNAs。用Lipofectamine 2000脂质体转染Vero细胞后接种HSV-1,感染后12、24、36、48、60和72h,分别收取实验组和对照组标本,Karber法计算病毒滴度值,绘制子代病毒一步生长曲线。结果:病毒子代一步生长曲线显示,转染siRNAs的实验组Vero细胞接种HSV-1后24h(24h pi),病毒滴度明显低于对照组;12h pi也观察到病毒滴度低于对照组的现象;siRNAs具有协同作用,三种siRNAs同时作用时干扰效果最为明显;实验组病毒滴度高峰出现时间后移12h左右。结论:HSV-1间层蛋白VP16对病毒复制、成熟起重要的生物学作用。