The HCN Potential of Chinese Sorghum and Sudangrass Varieties and the Changes of HCN Potential During the Growth of Seedling

In this paper, we measured the HCN potential (HCN-p) of 148 sorghum (Sorghum hicolor (L.) Moench) and sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) varieties and the changes of HCN-P during seedling growth. The results showed that most of the varieties had their HCN-p more than 1000 ppm (94:59%). Among them, 33.11% belonged to 1400–1600 ppm, 22.97% to 1200–1400 ppm, 17.57% to 1000–1200 ppm, and 14.86% to 1600–1800 ppm. The varieties which HCN-p were less than 1000 ppm or higher than 1800 ppm had a little proportion (11.44%). The varieties with the lowest HCN-p were “Xinliang 80” (672 ppm), “sudancao” (753 ppm), “Huangke Sudancao” (856 ppm), “Limuji” (860 ppm), and “MI03” (876 ppm). Those with the highest HCN-p were “Yuanxin lA” (1967 ppm), “Shisanjie” (1904 ppm), “Mi- bangz” (Da Lai (1900 ppm), “7503 A” (1889 ppm), and Mijia Honggaoliang (1883 ppm). Sudangrass had the lowest HCN-p (about 700 ppm), sweet sorghum had higher HCN-p (about 1500 ppm). with the seedling growth, HCN-p reached its highest value in 4-day-old seedling. The first leaf had the highest HCN-p content, the second leaf and sheath had lower and root had the lowest.     

Molecular weight distributions of milk fat triglycerides from seven species

The triglyceride compositions of the milk fats of man, dog, guinea pig, cow, sheep, goat, and horse were compared by gas-liquid chromatography of the intact triglycerides and of the butyl esters of the component fatty acids. The milk fats of man, dog, and guinea pig, which were largely made up of long-chain fatty acids, showed a common pattern with major contributions made by the glycerides with 48-54 acyl carbon atoms. The milk fats of cow, sheep, and goat, which were rich in short-chain acids, showed significant proportions of triglycerides with 28-54 acyl carbon atoms. Horse milk, which contains large amounts of medium-chain fatty acids, gave a characteristic triglyceride pattern in the 26-54 carbon atoms range. The experimentally determined distributions of the molecular weights of the triglycerides of all milk fats deviated significantly from the distributions predicted by random association of the fatty acids from a single pool. The data suggest that in all species the milk fat may be formed by a partial resynthesis of preformed glycerides.     

Triglyceride Interesterification by Lipases: 2. Reaction parameters for the reduction of trisaturated impurities and diglycerides in batch reactions

A model system consisting of pure triolein and palmitic acid and LipozymeTM, an immobilized lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3.). has been used to determine the effects of various reaction parameters on the reaction rate and the formation of by-products in the interesterification reaction. The goal was to minimize the level of diglycerides and eliminate trisaturated triglycerides at an endpoint chosen so that the results could be applied to the production of cocoa butter substitutes. The levels of diglycerides, which are essential reaction intermediates, and trisaturated glycerides, which are believed to be formed as a result of spontaneous acyl migration of mono- and diglyceride intermediates, were determined at a defined endpoint. A lag period was observed in which no tripalmitate was formed. The content of Lipozyme used was the most powerful factor in eliminating tripalmitate formation and reducing diglycerides; by using large quantities of Lipozyme, the reaction reached the endpoint before the tripalmitate formation became measurable and low levels of diglycerides were formed. The effects of varying the ratio of palmitic acid to triolein were investigated. A complex relationship between the ratio of substrate components emerged in which the diglyceride content increased with increasing triolein concentration and the tripalmitate content was lowest at a molar ratio of palmitic acid to triolein of 3.5. The reaction was run at 70, 80, and 90°C; best results were obtained at 70°. The water activity of the reaction was adjusted prior to catalysis and maintained during the reaction by equilibrating the reaction mixture and enzyme and running the reaction in an atmosphere of controlled water activity. A direct relationship between diglycerides and water activity was observed, and the level of tripalmitate formed corresponded to the time required to reach the endpoint. The reaction system was tested using ethyl palmitate instead of palmitic acid as acyl donor; the diglyceride content again increased with increasing water activity, but larger amounts of diglycerides were formed. Much shorter reaction times were required, with small quantities of tripalmitate formed.     

Retraction: microRNA-588 is upregulated in human prostate cancer with prognostic and functional implications

The above article, from Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, “microRNA-588 is upregulated in human prostate cancer with prognostic and functional implications” by Nan Zhao, Tao Lin, Changbo Zhao, Shikai Zhao, Shiming Zhou, and Yuqiao Li published online on 5 October 2017 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been withdrawn by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief Gary S. Stein and John Wiley and Sons, Inc. The retraction has been agreed because the authors are not responding to requests to finalize their article for publication in the journal as the Version of Record.     

Batch growth of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica on animal fats

Summary Solid animal fats aggregated when first added to aqueous media and strong agitation was necessary to accomplish and maintain their dispersion. The growth rate of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica accelerated as fat dispersion proceeded until similar rates of exponential growth were attained with either lard, mutton tallow or beef tallow as sole carbon source. The major fatty acids in all substances were oleic, palmitic, and stearic. A major proportion of both saturated acids were consumed during the yeast's growth on animal fats, but the growth rates were greatly reduced after exhaustion of the preferentially consumed unsaturated acid. At this time, substantial amounts of saturated acids, present both as free fatty acid and in glycerides, remained. The amounts of these residual acids were markedly affected by the distribution of acyl groups within the original triglycerides. With individual fatty acids as the sole carbon source, the yeast grew at comparable rates on palmitic and oleic acids but did not grow on stearic acid.     

Occurrence of Pinus sibirica Du Tour in Da Hinggan Mountains

Based on the morphological and anatomical characteristics of vegetative organs,as well as the ecology and geography, Zhao Guang-yi et al. have reported the occurrence of siberian pine(Pinus sibirica) in the Da Hinggan Mountains continuously since 1981, that arouses disputing, The pine cones of the disputing pine were collected in the Mangui Forestry Bureau in the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China, in autumn of 1989. By comparing it with those of Pinus sibirica and P. koraiensis it is proved that the disputing pine in the Da Hinggan Mountains is P. sibirica, but not P. koraiensis. And the 30-year old wrong name of “Mohe Korean Pine” has been corrected. A map showing the distribution of the P. koraiensis and P. sibirica in the DaHinggan Mountains and its adjacent regionswas drawn according to the 10-year investigation.     

CYP2E1 Rsa Ι/Pst Ι polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility: A meta‐analysis involving 10,947 subjects

The above article, published in the Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine on 14 September 2016 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and in Volume 19, pp. 2136‐2142, has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Stefan Constantinescu, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to unattributed overlap of the language used in the “Materials and method” and “Discussion” sections of this study and the following article published in Lung Cancer: “CYP2E1 Rsa I/Pst I polymorphism is associated with lung cancer risk among Asians” by Ping Zhan, Jing Wang, Yu Zhang, Li‐Xin Qiu, Su‐feng Zhao, Qian Qian, Shu‐Zhen Wei, Li‐Ke Yu and Yong Song, Volume 69, 2010, pages 19‐25. REFERENCE Shen Z‐T, Wu X‐H, Li B, Shen J‐S, Wang Z, Li J, Zhu X‐X. CYP2E1 Rsa Ι/Pst Ι polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility: a meta‐analysis involving 10,947 subjects. J Cell Mol Med. 2015;19:2136‐2142. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12579     

Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Butter Content and Hardness in Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao L.)

Cocoa butter is an important raw material for the chocolate, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The butter content and quality in cocoa beans are genetically controlled characteristics, and affect its commercial value and industrial applicability. In the present work, an F₂ population derived from the cross between the ICS-1 and Scavina-6 cocoa clones was used for molecular mapping. A linkage map was constructed based on amplified fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and simple sequence repeat markers, resulting in a total of 273 markers, distributed in 14 linkage groups (LGs). Phenotyping of butter content was performed after ether extraction and butter hardness was determined by sweeping differential calorimetry. One quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated to butter content was mapped at linkage group 9 (LG9) and two QTLs for butter hardness were identified at linkage groups 9 and 7 (LG9 and LG7). The two QTLs mapped at the LG9 explained 51.0% and 28.8% of the phenotypic variation for butter content and hardness, respectively. These QTLs were concentrated in the same map region, suggesting a close genetic linkage or pleiotropic effect. The QTLs identified may be useful in further marker-assisted selection breeding programs aimed at cocoa butter quality improvement.     

Physiological changes during colony establishment in the termite Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen): Water balance and energy content

The changes in dry mass, wet mass and energy content were determined during the establishment of the incipient colony. The winged reproductives of H. mossambicus are weak fliers. It is postulated that the alates compensate for the large quantity of reserve material by reducing their body water. The wet mass of both males and females increased significantly (twice original mass) from emergence until the first larvae appeared which tends support to this view. Furthermore, although the termites maintained in groups imbibed water, it is also clear that the reproductives, as long as they remain social, maintain the same low body-water content. This desiccated physiological condition appears to be and adaptation which assists flight and dispersal. In contrast with sterile eggs, fertile eggs absorbed water during development. The paired females (normal and homosexual) maintained the same energy/unit wet mass from egg production until the first workers appeared. Thus the possibility exists that the hydrophobic reserves (e.g. triglycerides) were converted to the hydrophilic reserves (e.g. carbohydrates). The same applied to the eggs and offspring.The changes in dry mass, wet mass, body water and energy content of females per unit of eggs (specific mass) produced were 0.005, 8.696, 21,276 and 12.820 respectively. The small specific dry mass value can probably be ascribed to the use of small amounts of glycerides and the increase in dry mass by the conversion from relatively light and “compact” glycerides to relatively heavy and “bulky” glycogen.Females utilised far more dry mass and energy in comparison to males to survive until the first workers appeared. Wet mass, body water and energy used in rearing of the offspring shows clearly that males made a larger contribution to the water and energy requirements of the offspring.     

Side by Side Battery Technologies with Lithium‐Ion Based Batteries

In recent years, the electrochemical power sources community has launched massive research programs, conferences, and workshops on the “post Li battery era.” However, in this report it is shown that the quest for post Li‐ion and Li battery technologies is incorrect in its essence. This is the outcome of a three day discussion on the future technologies that could provide an answer to a question that many ask these days: Which are the technologies that can be regarded as alternative to Li‐ion batteries? The answer to this question is a rather surprising one: Li‐ion battery technology will be here for many years to come, and therefore the use of “post Li‐ion” battery technologies would be misleading. However, there are applications with needs for which Li‐ion batteries will not be able to provide complete technological solutions, as well as lower cost and sustainability. In these specific cases, other battery technologies will play a key role. Here, the term “side‐by‐side technologies” is coined alongside a discussion of its meaning. The progress report does not cover the topic of Li‐metal battery technologies, but covers the technologies of sodium‐ion, multivalent, metal–air, and flow batteries.     

Composition of acyl groups in the neutral glycerides from mouse brain

The neutral glycerides of brain are quite active metabolically, the diacylglycerols being intermediates in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (Rowe. 1969; Sun and Horrocks, 1969a, and unpublished data). Only trace amounts of the neutral glycerides are normally present in the brain but they can become elevated in pathological conditions (Smith and Whtte, 1968). Except for the triglycerides of rat brain (Rowe, 1969), the neutral glycerides of brain have not been characterized because of the complications in their separation from the large amounts of sterols. This communication reports the composition of acyl groups of the mono-, di- and triglycerides of mouse brain.     

Performance of the tobacco aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Oriental and Virginia tobacco varieties

Abstract 1 The life parameters of one red and one green clone of Myzus persicae reared on 11 Oriental tobacco type varieties (KP7, K63, KZ10/z, MA13/b, BX2/a, N34/4, KP14/a, Kolindros, S79, TA21 and BX81) and on five Virginia ones (VE9, VE3, SPG28‐VE2, Kleio‐KN1 and Niki‐NK3) at 20 °C and LD 16 : 8 h were examined. 2 In general, the clones, performed better on Oriental than on Virginia type varieties. The varieties TA21 and Kolindros could be considered as the most resistant among the Oriental ones. Aphids on Virginia varieties showed longer developmental time (9.1–9.6 days), a lower intrinsic rate of increase (0.2347–0.2647) and higher nymphal mortality (27.9–52.5%) than on Oriental varieties. The corresponding values in the latter were 7.3–9.0 days, 0.2784–0.3302 and 10.0–47.9%. 3 The leaves of Virginia type varieties (188–471 hairs/cm²) and one Oriental (K63) 273 hairs/cm² were more hairy than the other Oriental type varieties (61–150 hairs/cm²). The Virginia type varieties showed also a lower level of reducing sugars (3.5–7.2%) than the Oriental ones (7.0–9.8%). Trichome density and level of reducing sugars were significantly negatively correlated with developmental time and intrinsic rate of increase. 4 An interclonal variation in performance, possibly related to the colour of aphids, was observed. The red clone performed better than the green one. The same trend was observed when the results of the previous clones on the variety KP14/a were analysed with the data obtained on the same variety from two other clones (one red and one green).     

白鱀豚额隆油、下颌油及皮脂油的脂肪酸组成

在齿鲸类的头部,有两个特殊的富含油脂的构造,即额隆和一对下颌脂肪体。在全身的皮下有很厚的皮脂层。Litchfield等(1974,1975)对齿鲸类中近20个属的额隆、下颌脂肪体和皮脂的脂质类型作比较研究,发现不同类群的油脂组分有差别,任何类群的额隆和下颌脂肪体的油脂--头脂的组分,与皮脂油的组分有明显区别,而额隆和下颌脂肪体的油脂组分是相近的。     

Causes of lamb mortality in two highly prolific Booroola crossbred flocks and a Romney flock

The causes of lamb mortality in two highly prolific flocks (mean litter size 1.83–2.45) and a flock of medium prolificacy (litter size 1.4) were determined by autopsy. Causes of death were categorised into six major groups (prenatal, dystocia, prolonged birth, starvation, starvation/CNS, others) and the effects of year, ewe age, and litter size on the distribution of mortality between these groups were examined. Year and litter size effects were large, with ewe age effects relatively small.Dystocia was the dominant cause of death for single lambs (2.5–15.9% of lambs born) while for large litters “prenatal” and “prolonged birth” categories were of increasing importance with increased litter size (6.9–26.1% of lambs born). “Starvation” contributed a smaller proportion of deaths than previously reported for less prolific flocks.     

Field evaluation of the susceptibility of mill and table olive varieties to egg‐laying of olive fly

The susceptibility of 20 widely distributed mill and table olive varieties to Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) as affected by irrigation, and fruit diameter and oil content was evaluated in a 3‐year trial in Southern Spain. Bactrocera oleae was bivoltine life cycle in the experimental site, with significant differences among population size throughout the study. Even though the olive fruit fly damaged all varieties, significant differences in susceptibility were detected. Among the mill olive varieties “Nevadillo Blanco de Jaén” was the most susceptible, with average infestation levels ranging between 6.7% and 52.2% and between 10.3% and 69.2% under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively, and “Arbequina” was the least susceptible, with average infestation levels ranging between 0.6% and 12.7% and between 2.3% and 18.5% under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. Among the table olive varieties, “Gordal Sevillana,” “Ascolana Tenera” and “Ocal” were the most susceptible (with average infestation levels reaching 39.7%, 36.5% and 33.3%, respectively), while “Callosina” was the least susceptible (with infestation levels of only 8.4%). Irrigation tended to promote both B. oleae infestation and its earlier occurrence compared to the rainfed condition. Even though the diameter and oil content were positively correlated with B. oleae fruit infestation (correlation coefficients ranged between 0.5 and 0.95), the present work reveals that other yet‐unknown factors may influence B. oleae oviposition preferences. The results of this study can be useful for breeding programmes to develop olive varieties resistant to B. oleae and provide key information for wide‐area olive fly pest management decisions.     

麦类品种对麦双尾蚜自然感虫性的初步观察

在新疆伊犁地区1993年和1994年分别观察了195个和36个麦类品种对麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko)的自然感虫性。36个品种两年的结果进行比较表明,感虫率级别相同的品种有18个,占50%;其中“一粒小麦”稳定地表现为不感虫性;感虫率稳定地表现在20%以下的品种有13个,即“86-2-4-2-3-3”、“京772”、“M85 189”、“T579”、“永良13”、“T494”、“浮纳尔”、 “Mg4521”、 “广引74”、“Mg5824”、“Mg8586”、“T1008”和“短芒黑边红”; 感虫率稳定在20%～40%的品种2个,即“额敏黑芒”和“白长穗”; 感虫率稳定在40%～60%的品种2个,即“黑芒红”和“勾毛白”。其余品种,有14个两年的感虫率相差一个级别（20%）;“黑芒长穗”、“高原602”、“伊宁黄库尔班”和“82-10-42-1-1”等4个品种感虫率相差二个或三个级别。另外,1996年塔城引种试验的2个品种“春麦雄性不育系 901”和“啤酒大麦(石引1号)”均遭受麦双尾蚜的严重为害。     

Structured triacylglycerol containing medium-chain fatty acids in sn-1(3) facilitates the absorption of dietary long-chain fatty acids in rats

A study was carried out to examine if the positional distribution of medium chain fatty acids (MCF) in triacylglycerol influences dietary fat absorption in rats. Two types of structure-specific fats, one predominantly composed of MCF in sn-1(3) and iinoleic acid in sn-2 [sn1(3)MCF-structured] and the others of MCF in sn-2 and linoleic acid in sn-1(3) [sn-2MCF-structured], were initially prepared, and the two structure-specific fats were interesterified and designated as sn-1(3)MCF-interesterified and sn-2MCF-interesterified. Synthetic fat was mixed with an equal amount of cocoa butter (103 g/kg of diet) and was supplemented to the AIN93G-based diet. Rats were fed on the diets for 4 wk. Long-chain saturated fatty acids were the predominant fatty acids excreted into the feces, and the positional distribution of MCF resulted in an altered fat absorption rate (%) of 81.8, 82.5, 84.2 and 86.3 for the rats fed on the diets containing sn-2MCF-structured, sn-1(3)MCF-interesterified, sn-2MCF-interesterified and sn-1(3)MCF-structured fats, respectively. The proportion of MCF in the serum, liver and adipose tissue triacylglycerols was not affected by the MCF distribution of the dietary fats. These results indicate that the distribution of MCF in dietary triacylglycerol is a determinant of intestinal fat absorption.     

不同品种油茶细根时空分布动态

以赣无1、赣永5、长林4、长林40和赣447 等5个品种的油茶林为研究对象,采用微根管技术对0～40 cm土壤剖面的油茶细根进行了为期一年的观测,并分析了总根尖数(TRT)、平均根长密度(ARLD)、平均直径(ARD)的时空分布动态规律.结果表明: 2016年下半年,各品种的TRT和ARLD变化相对稳定,2017年上半年,各品种的TRT和ARLD变化幅度较大,尤其体现在赣无1与长林40中.赣无1的TRT和ARLD在2017年5月出现峰值,长林4的ARD在2017年3月出现峰值.赣无1的TRT和ARLD 以及长林4的ARD在整个观测期都显著大于其他品种.不同品种油茶细根在土层中的空间分布规律及动态变化存在明显差异,赣无1和赣447的细根主要分布在0～20 cm土层中,长林4和长林40的细根以20～40 cm土层居多,空间分布动态变化较其他3个品种稳定;赣永5的空间分布动态变化幅度较大,根量分布各土层无显著差异;长林4的ARD表现为20～40 cm土层>0～20 cm土层,其他品种的ARD在不同土层中无显著差异.赣无1的细根生物量最多,主要分布在上层;长林4的细根直径最粗,主要分布在下层.     

Fabrication of Hybrid Silicate Coatings by a Simple Vapor Deposition Method for Lithium Metal Anodes

Lithium metal anodes are highly promising for next‐generation rechargeable batteries. However, implication of lithium metal anodes is hampered by the unstable electrochemical behavior. Herein, the fabrication of hermetic coatings of hybrid silicate on lithium metal surface using a simple vapor deposition technique under the ambient condition is reported. Such coatings consist of a “hard” inorganic moiety that helps to suppress lithium dendrites and a “soft” organic moiety that enhances the toughness. Lithium metal batteries, including Li–LiFePO₄ and Li–S batteries, made with such coated anodes show significantly improved lifetime. This work provides a simple yet effective approach to stabilize lithium metal anodes for high‐performance lithium metal batteries.     

3D Vertically Aligned Li Metal Anodes with Ultrahigh Cycling Currents and Capacities of 10 mA cm−2/20 mAh cm−2 Realized by Selective Nucleation within Microchannel Walls

Although metallic lithium is regarded as the “Holy Grail” for next‐generation rechargeable batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low overpotential, the uncontrollable Li dendrite growth, especially under high current densities and deep plating/striping, has inhibited its practical application. Herein, a 3D‐printed, vertically aligned Li anode (3DP‐VALi) is shown to efficiently guide Li deposition via a “nucleation within microchannel walls” process, enabling a high‐performance, dendrite‐free Li anode. Moreover, the microchannels within the microwalls are beneficial for promoting fast Li⁺ diffusion, supplying large space for the accommodation of Li during the plating/stripping process. The high‐surface‐area 3D anode design enables high operating current densities and high areal capacities. As a result, the Li–Li symmetric cells using 3DP‐VALi demonstrate excellent electrochemical performances as high as 10 mA cm^?2/10 mAh cm^?2 for 1500 h and 5 mA cm^?2/20 mAh cm^?2 for 400 h, respectively. Additionally, the Li–S and Li–LiFePO₄ cells using 3DP‐VALi anodes present excellent cycling stability up to 250 and 800 cycles at a rate of 1 C, respectively. It is believed that these new findings could open a new window for dendrite‐free metal anode design and pave the way toward energy storage devices with high energy/power density.