黑藻早期个体发育的研究

对黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）个体发育中的胚胎发育（从合子到种子胚）和种苗发育（从种子到种苗）进行了研究。发现沉水植物黑藻与挺水植物泽泻（Alisma orientale）在胚柄只有1～2个细胞、种子胚苗端发达根端未分化、萌发后根端始分化、分生区之上产生根环与下胚轴毛、初生根短命等特点上基本相同,并对这些特点进行了讨论。     

不同浓度氨氮对轮叶黑藻的生理影响

在实验室条件下,比较研究了不同浓度（0.5、1、2、4、8、16mg/L）的氨氮（NH4＋-N）对沉水植物黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）的生理生化影响,测定了黑藻生物量、叶绿素、可溶性糖、蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷氨酰氨合成酶（GS）的活性变化。实验结果表明低浓度的氨氮（0.5、1、2mg/L）对轮叶黑藻的生长稍有促进作用,但培养液中氨氮浓度超过4mg/L时,黑藻的相对生长率（R）明显下降,当浓度达到16mg/L时,黑藻在20多天内全部死亡。在低浓度氨氮条件下,黑藻叶绿素和可溶性糖含量随氨氮浓度增加呈上升趋势,当培养液中氨氮浓度超过4mg/L时,叶绿素和可溶性糖含量在第24、32、40天取样时较对照组明显降低。低浓度氨氮处理组（0.5、1、2mg/L）的蛋白质含量先下降后又上升,而对照组的蛋白质含量一直在上升,高浓度氨氮处理组（8、16mg/L）的蛋白质含量则呈明显下降趋势。POD、SOD和GS活性变化趋势基本一致,在高浓度氨氮条件下增加显著,并表现为先上升再下降的格局,在第16天或第24天达到最大值。研究结果提示在富营养化条件下氨氮氨氮条件下增加显著,并表现为先上升再下降的格局,在第16天或第24天达到最大值。研究结果提示在富营养化条件下氨氮浓度的升高将影响其生理功能,过高浓度的氨氮对轮叶黑藻是一种逆境胁迫,可抑制其生长甚至导致植物死亡。轮叶黑藻对氨氮浓度变化虽有一定耐性,但耐性会随时间延长而变弱。     

Lanthanum- and cerium-induced oxidative stress in submerged Hydrilla verticillata plants

Oxidative stress was induced in 10-day treated with lanthanum and cerium Hydrilla verticillata plants. Low 10 μM concentrations did not exert harmful effects. The plants treated with higher concentrations showed higher H₂O₂ content and lower chlorophyll and soluble protein contents as compared to control plants. At the same time, malondialdehyde content rose with increasing concentrations of La and Ce. As La and Ce concentrations increased, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities declined progressively, while peroxidase activity increased. Proline content decreased slightly at 10 μM La or Ce and then rose with higher concentrations. The results indicated that La and Ce caused oxidative damage as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and decreased chlorophyll and protein levels. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2007, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 781–785. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

水体泥沙对黑藻幼苗生长发育的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60NTU和90NTU的浑浊水体,将黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)幼苗分别种植于上述水体中,水深约60cm,定期统计植株的节间距、株高、分枝数、叶宽、叶长、鲜重和泥沙附着量,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定叶片的Fv/Fm,并测定附着泥沙叶片和未附着叶片快速光响应曲线。结果表明,前40d随着水体浊度的增加黑藻植株的节间距、株高呈显著的增加趋势,而分枝数和生物量增长速率呈显著降低趋势。植株生长接近水面后接受的光照强度增加,第60天时株高和叶宽增长受到显著抑制,但植株上层的分枝受到促进,生物量显著增加。同时,随着水体浊度的增加植株上的泥沙附着显著增加,第100天时在30、60NTU和90NTU水体中植株的叶宽分别比对照宽71.4%、57.1%、48.6%,叶长分别为对照的113.0%、85.5%和75.1%,差异极显著(P0.01);在高浊度(60NTU和90NTU)水体中,水体下部生物量显著降低,冠层叶片的Fv/Fm分别仅降低了5.5%(P0.05)、2.9%(P0.05),rETRmax分别降低了2.0%(P0.05)、16.8%(P0.01)。表明在水深较浅的泥沙水体中可以适当引种黑藻幼苗,植株可以正常生长发育。     

黑藻对水体和沉积物理化性质的改善和营养元素的去除作用

通过人工模拟实验,研究了不同种植密度(50、100和150株/ m2)的黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)对富营养湖泊水体和沉积物理化性质的改善和营养元素的去除作用。结果表明：种植黑藻能显著提高水体溶解氧(DO)和沉积物的氧化还原电位(Eh), DO由3.95mg/L提高到10.42mg/L;沉积物Eh提高了58.6-109.4mV。黑藻的生长有效地降低了水体和沉积物中的氮、磷含量,水体中TP降低了38.9%-57.1%;NH4+-N的含量降低了90.2%; 沉积物中TN的含量比试验前中期降低了70.0%。50、100和150株/ m2 三个种植密度间对水质和沉积物的改善效果差异不明显,说明当单位面积生物量达到一定程度后改善效果也趋于饱和,故在富营养湖泊的植被恢复中种植密度不宜过大。     

黑藻花粉粒形态结构的观察

为了研究沉水植物特殊的生物学特性 ,观察了水鳖科黑藻 (Hydrillaverticillata)花粉粒的光学显微镜和电子显微镜的形态与结构 ,其花粉粒的壁极薄且极易破裂 ,无萌发孔 ,内含许多淀粉粒。在自然状态下 ,无法完整保存其干燥的花粉粒。     

水体悬浮泥沙对黑藻生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用粒径小于100 μm的泥沙调制水体浊度分别维持在30、60和90 NTU,将黑藻幼苗种植于上述水体中,定期测定植株的分枝长、分枝数和鲜质量,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪（DIVING-PAM）测定叶片在光化光下的荧光参数.结果表明：随着泥沙含量的增加,植株分枝数受到明显抑制,生物量逐渐降低,而分枝长则呈显著增加趋势;随着试验时间的延长,浑浊水体中光化学最大量子产量（F_v/F_m）值呈明显〖JP2〗降低趋势,但显著高于对照.在17 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光化光照射下,与第30天相比,第60天时30、60和90 NTU组植株叶片的有效荧光产量（△F_v′/F_m ′）分别增加了48.9%、36.8%和17.2%（P<0.01）,相对光合电子传递速率（rETR）分别增加了56.7%、42.2%和21.4%（P<0.01）;而在104 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光化光照射下,第60天时植株的△F_v′/F_m′、光化学淬灭系数（q_P）和rETR显著降低,且热耗散能力（q_N）也显著降低,表明黑藻植株适应低光环境, 且在高光强条件下黑藻叶片易受到光伤害.可引种黑藻幼苗于混浊的浅水水体中.     

控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响

采用固定滴灌(根区一侧固定供水)、控制性分根区交替滴灌(根区两侧交替供水)和常规滴灌(紧贴幼树基部供水)3种灌水方式和3种灌水定额(固定滴灌和交替滴灌均为10、20和30 mm,常规滴灌为20、30和40 mm),对比研究了控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响.结果表明： 交替滴灌的根区两侧土壤出现反复干湿交替过程,常规滴灌的根区两侧土壤含水率差异不显著.在灌水定额相同时,灌水侧的土壤含水率在3种灌水方式间差异不显著.与常规滴灌和固定滴灌相比,交替滴灌显著增加了苹果幼树的根冠比、壮苗指数和根系水分传导,在30 mm灌水定额处理下,交替滴灌的根冠比分别增加31.6%和47.1%,壮苗指数增加34.2%和53.6%,根系水分传导增加9.0%和11.0%.3种灌水方式下,根干质量和叶面积均与根系水分传导呈显著线性正相关.控制性分根区交替滴灌增强了苹果幼树根系水分传导的补偿效应,促进了根系对水分的吸收利用,有利于干物质向各个器官均衡分配,显著提高了根冠比和壮苗指数.     

黑藻cpDNA分子标记的筛选及其遗传多样性的初步研究

本研究从18个叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）分子标记中筛选出3个有效分子标记trnL-trnF、trnH-psbA和RPL16,利用它们对中国黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata（L.f.）Royle）8个居群进行了遗传多样性研究。结果显示,黑藻8个居群40个样本共有12个单倍型,总变异位点数为135个;单倍型多样性指数为0.9064,遗传多样性主要存在于居群间（89.6%）。其中单倍型Hap4同时存在于地理距离相隔较远的陕西汉中（SXHZ）和浙江余姚（YY）居群中。研究结果表明黑藻可以通过无性繁殖的方式快速完成居群扩张,同时,地理隔离和生境差异可能导致居群间基因流较低,奠基者效应和遗传漂变可能对黑藻的遗传结构产生重要影响。     

底质营养盐负荷对轮叶黑藻生长和光合荧光特性的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了用不同营养盐负荷底泥作为底质培育的轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata(L.f)Royle)的生长的效应,结果表明,在上覆水TN/TP为20-50,TP变化范围在0.03-0.05mg/L内,底质磷相对释放速率为0.33mg/(m.2d)时培育的轮叶黑藻生长最好。轮叶黑藻对环境有较强的适应性,培育期间各组光合荧光参数Fv/Fm,qP,ETRmax随培养时间均明显的升高;在非最佳生长条件下轮叶黑藻能通过自身光合荧光参数qN的升高,耗散掉过剩的光能,来对自身进行保护。     

温度和光照对黑藻生长及净化污水效果的影响

研究温度和光照对黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata(Linn.f.)Royle)生长和净化污水效果的影响。结果表明在35℃、25℃的培养中黑藻生长旺盛,经过15d的培养,植株生物量显著高于5℃的处理(P0.05),对总氮(TN)的去除率达到78%,对总磷(TP)的去除率达到98%;在15℃中黑藻生长较慢,对污水的净化效果有所下降,但对TN和TP的去除率仍达到76%和82%;在5℃的培养中黑藻的生长受到抑制,对TN和TP的去除率都仅为46%,显著低于15、25℃和35℃的处理(P0.05)。在较高光照强度(2000—4000lx)的培养中黑藻的生长和对污染物的去除率无显著差异,而在较低光照强度(1000lx)下,黑藻生长量和对TN和氨态氮(NH4-N)的去除率显著降低(P0.05)。     

10种叶籽银杏染色体核型分析

本研究以叶籽银杏幼叶为试材,对来自河南、广西、云南、湖北以及山东等省的10个种质进行核型分析及倍性鉴定,并对核型与进化的关系进行了分析和探讨.结果表明:该10个种质的染色体数目均为2n=2×=24,核型主要由中部着丝粒染色体(m)和近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)组成,共有2A、3A、2B和3B四类核型;染色体相对长度组成中以中短(M1)、中长(M2)染色体为主,稀有长(L)染色体;邓肯检验表明:山东叶籽实生子代(未表达)和湖北种质的染色体长度比(3.97、1.87)及广西种质和山东叶籽实生子代(未表达)的核型不对称系数、平均臂比值(68.65%和2.36,62.14%和1.72)差异显著;四川种质较原始,广西种质的进化程度最高.     

Genetic diversity of the submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle in a river system in Japan

The genetic diversity of Hydrilla verticillata was studied in the Kako River system, Hyogo Prefecture, southwestern Japan, including some of its tributaries. Sex expression (monoecy or dioecy), ploidy level (diploid or triploid), and isoenzyme phenotypes were investigated for plant samples collected from 51 sites along the water course. Monoecious plants occurred at 10 sites and dioecious plants at 47 sites. Among dioecious plants, diploid and triploid plants occurred at 1 and 46 sites, respectively. Seven multienzyme phenotypes (MEPs) were recognized by electrophoretic analysis among dioecious triploid plants. The distribution pattern of nine biotypes based on sex expression, ploidy level, and MEPs suggested the possibility of ecological differentiation among different biotypes. The implications of genetic diversity demonstrated in this study were discussed in relation to the conservation strategy of biodiversity in a river system. Received: April 12, 1999 / Accepted: July 7, 1999     

Subcellular distribution,chemical forms,and physiological response to cadmium stress in Hydrilla verticillata

This study investigated the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium (Cd) in Hydrilla verticillata and the physiological mechanism underlying H. verticillata responses to Cd stress. Hydrilla verticillata was grown in a hydroponic system and was treated with various Cd concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 125, and 150?µM) for 7?days. Cadmium analysis of the leaves at the subcellular level showed that Cd was mainly stored in the soluble fraction (77.98–83.62%) and in smaller quantities in the cell wall fraction (11.99–17.30%) and the cell organelles (4.30–4.88%). The Cd taken up by H. verticillata was in different chemical forms. In the leaves and stems, the Cd was mostly extracted using 1?M NaCl and smaller amounts of Cd were extracted using 2% acetic acid. The malondialdehyde content significantly increased at all Cd concentrations, which indicated oxidative stress. The superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase activities were enhanced. The proline, ascorbate, and glutathione contents increased at lower Cd concentrations, but decreased consistently as the Cd concentration rose. These results suggest that H. verticillata can be successfully used in the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated water.     

The Karyotype Analysis of Triticum monococcum

The comparisom of karyotypes between 10 different materials of T. monococcum and T. boeoticum was carried out using flame-drying slides prepared by smear method. Cytological observation shows that their karyotypes appear very similar and may belong to the genome A of wheat. They both are found to possess 7 pairs of chromosomes (2n=14), i.e. 5 pairs of metacentric and 2 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. All the No. 5 chromosomes have a satellite.     

Morphological responses to water-level fluctuations of two submerged macrophytes,Myriophyllum spicatum and Hydrilla verticillata

Aims Myriophyllum spicatum and Hydrilla verticillata are common submerged macrophytes in the Yangtze River basin. To investigate their tolerances and adaptations to water-level fluctuations, an experiment was conducted in a pond.Methods We designed five different amplitudes of water-level fluctuations as static, ±15, ±30, ±60 and ±90 cm during the 74 days of the experiment. In each amplitude treatment, two cultivation methods were examined as monoculture and mixed culture.Important findings The results showed that M. spicatum had greater morphological responses to water-level fluctuations than H. verticillata. Fluctuating amplitude had significant effects on branch number, shoot length and root dry weight (DW) of M. spicatum, whereas it only had significant effect on branch number of H. verticillata. Both fluctuating amplitude and cultivation method had significant effects on total DW of M. spicatum, which was higher in monoculture than mixed culture. The total DW of H. verticillata was affected by fluctuating amplitude only, and the largest biomass was in the amplitude of ±30 cm. Fruit DW of M. spicatum was largest in the amplitude of ±30 cm, high amplitude of water-level fluctuations would inhibit flowering and seed production. Root DW proportion was significantly affected by fluctuating amplitude and cultivation method in both species, and the root DW proportion of M. spicatum was significantly higher in the amplitude-of ±90 cm. We conclude that moderate amplitude of water-level fluctuations can promote the distribution and growth of both species, and in order to accelerate the restoration of both species in natural habitats, the optimum amplitude should be keep at ±15 to ±30 cm.     

汞,镉污染对黑藻叶细胞伤害的超微结构研究

黑藻（Ｈｙｄｒｉｌｌａ ｖｅｒｔｉｅｉｌｌａｎ（Ｌ．ｆ．）Ｒｏｙｌｅ）植株分别在Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋梯度浓度的污染水中培养,在培养的时间段中（Ｈｇ＾２＋为３ｘｄ,Ｇｄ＾２＋为６ｄ）,随着浓度的递增,叶片逐渐出现均匀退绿症状。电镜观察发现,叶细胞遭受Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋毒害初期,高尔基体消失,内质网膨胀后解体,叶绿体中的类囊体和线粒体中的脊突胀成呈囊泡状,核中染色质涕 集。随着叶细胞遭受毒害程度     

Ultrastructural Study of Leaf Cells Damaged from Hg2+ and Cd2+ Pollution in Hydrilla verticillata

Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle was cultivated in water medium polluted with Hg2+and Cd2+ of different gradient concentrations for 3 days and 6 days respectively. Leaves of H. verticillata lost their green color gradually with the increasing pollutant concentration. Ultrastructural observation showed, at its early stage, dispersion of dictyosomes, disintegration after swelling of endoplasmic reticulum, swelling or vesiculation of thylakoids of chloroplasts and cristae of mitochondria and condensation of chromatin of nucleus. More serious damage was shown in the plant cells with heavier pollution, such as disappearance of ribosomes, agglutination of chromatin of nucleus, dispersion of nucleolus, disruption of nuclear membrane, disintegration of chloroplasts and mitochondria, collapse of plasmodesmata due to plasmolysis, focal dissociation of cell wall and eventually cells death. The results indicated that Hg2+ and Cd2+ might injure all the membranous and non-membranous structures of cells, though there existed different degrees of endurance of cell structures to the poison. The lethal concentration of Hg2+ to cell of H. verticillata ranged from 1 to 2 mg/L, and that of Cd2+ ranged from 2 to 3 mg/L.     

水体悬浮物浓度对大型沉水植物黑藻反射光谱的影响

沉水植物的恢复是改善富营养化水体和重建水生生态系统的有效措施．应用遥感技术可以实时、大面积监测沉水植物的分布和生长情况,而水体中的悬浮物等物质影响沉水植物的光谱特征,直接影响对湖泊、河流遥感影像中沉水植物的准确解译．本研究利用地物光谱仪在室外实测了不同水体悬浮物浓度条件下沉水植物黑藻群落的光谱反射率．结果表明,在400～900nm波段,水体中悬浮物浓度越高,沉水植物的光谱反射率越大．水体悬浮物浓度与黑藻群落光谱反射率在400～900nm均为显著相关（P〈0．05）,在450～900nm为极显著相关（P〈0．01）．在蓝、绿、红和近红外4个波段,将水体悬浮物浓度与其光谱反射率进行回归分析,均得到了较好的线性关系．利用本研究结果对富含悬浮物水体中沉水植物的反射光谱进行修正,可为准确、快速和大尺度遥感监测沉水植物的分布和动态提供科学依据．