关于中药巴戟天生药研究及《本草》重考

巴戟天(Morinda officinalis How)系茜草科巴戟天属植物,本文对它作了宏观和微观的形态结构观察及植物学和《本草》重新考察;对三个混淆种亦进行了解剖研究,并根据它们的解剖要征,如同在第326页的分种检索表中一样,彼此间能够加以区别;此外,对二个非常难以区分的种类,即副巴戟和正品巴戟天,在外部形态的研究过程中,发现它们在花冠上的毛状体的分布和特征,彼此间也可以区别。     

环柄菇属两中国新记录种

报道了环柄菇属距孢环柄菇组的2个中国新记录种:红斑环柄菇(Lepiota erythrosticta)和黄栗环柄菇(Lepiota luteocastanea).根据中国的标本对其特征进行了详细的描述,并就重要显微特征进行绘图,讨论了它们与相近种的区别,总结了其分布、生境等特点.     

子囊菌二新种

本文报道在我国东北地区发现寄生在落叶松(Larix Mill.)上的二个子囊菌新种——多孢小黑腐皮壳(Valsella multispora sp.nov.)及落叶松隐腐皮壳(Cryptovalsa laricina sp.nov.)。其形态特征有汉文和拉丁文描述以及显微照像图版。     

Alpha-methyl-homocysteine thiolactone protects trachea and lung of BALB/c mice irradiated with 6 Gy — A qualitative morphological study

Summary Alpha-methyl-homocysteine thiolactone (AMHCTL) was shown to increase survival of irradiated bacteria. Based upon these observations we administered 100 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally female BALB/c mice prior to whole body irradiation from a Co-source at a dose of 6 Gy. Unirradiated mice as well as irradiated and L-cysteine and saline pretreated mice served as controls. Light microscopical, scanning electron microscopical and transmission electron microscopical examinations showed a radioprotective effect: Tracheal epithelium including ciliae were preserved in the experimental group, studies on the lung revealed radiationprotection as no transudation or exsudation and no proliferation of capillaries was detected.     

中国人精母细胞和卵母细胞联会复合体的电镜观察

以微铺展技术结合硝酸银染色,对中国人精母细胞和流产胎儿卵巢联会复合体的形态和行为作了电镜观察。列出中国人的SC核型和模式图。根据减数分裂前期XY的复杂形态变化,XY的配对可分为5种类型。对XY短臂之间形成的SC和XY长臂顶端的次级联合以及XY配对的性质和机理作了描述和讨论。本文还报道了一个罕见的三倍体精母细胞,对三倍体精母细胞中SC的配对行为以及和人类染色体疾病病因的可能关系作了分析和讨论。     

Temporality, sequential iconography and linearity in figures: the impact of the discovery of division in infusoria

The paper analyses the impact of the discovery of the division of infusoria on eighteenth century microscopical iconography. In Autumn 1765, when reproducing the antispontaneist experiments of Lazzaro Spallanzani, Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740-1799) discovered a new method of generation of the animalcules of the infusions, namely their division. Drawing a dividing animalcule raised particular problems, notably the question of how to depict the time sequence of a microscopical creature. Although Saussure's journal of microscopical experiments remained unpublished, the discovery was soon diffused and acknowledged by the European naturalists who began to repeat the observations and quickly faced iconographic problems similar to those experienced by Saussure. Indeed, linearity, used to picture time, is a construction, and, notably for public images, scholars had to contend with the conventions of drawers and engravers. The analysis of microscopical iconographic material of the period 1740-1786 shows that during this period, certain naturalists invented new solutions for depicting time, but diffusion of their innovations was not immediate. Nevertheless, in regards to the illustration of microscopical creatures, it is between 1765 and 1776 that the use of linearity was established as a solution enabling an audience to read an iconographic time process as a text.     

Improvement of the microcinematography technic for the study of cell cycles

An improvement of time-lapse microcinematography technique is described. It consists in directly printing the time on the microscopical frame, at the moment of the shooting. The time (digital watch), as well as other relevant parameters (temperature etc.) are displayed on a "parameter board", the image of which is encrusted into the microscopical frame by means of an auxiliary two-component lens system. These lenses (current type of microscopical and photographical objectives) are centered on an axis perpendicular to the microscope-camera axis and provide a reduced image of the "parameter board", which is projected on the film edge after deflection by a 45 degree mirror. The latter (aluminized perspex sheet) is located above the photographical eyepiece; it is pierced at the place of the eyepoint in order to give way to the light rays coming out of the cellular culture.     

Prospects for microscopical cytochemistry

Synopsis This review is devoted mainly to an evaluation of the status of microscopical cytochemistry seen as a discipline aiming at both the localization and the quantification of molecular processes in cells. Its relationships to ultramicrochemistry, as well as, in a broader sense, to biochemistry and cell biology, are discussed from both the historical and the methodological points of view. Recent developments in quantitative cytophysical techniques, such as automated cytophotometry using microscopes fitted with flying spot systems, TV cameras, or scanning stages, and the development of rapid flow cytometers are discussed. Analytical electron microscopy is touched upon too.The main part of the review is devoted to recent trends that strengthen the analytical basis of cytochemical staining methods. The special character of staining procedures as a kind of matrix chemistry is discussed and the potentialities of the use of matrixincorporated compounds for the fundamental study and calibration of microscopical staining procedures are elaborated. Parallel developments in the theory and practice of matrix chemistry in biochemistry are stressed. Growing interrelations between microscopical cytochemistry and related fields of investigation, such as the controlled fragmentation of cells, and methods like ultramicroanalysis of individual cells are indicated.     

中年女性红细胞计数正常参考值与地理因素的相关分析

目的：为制定中国中年女性红细胞计数正常参考值的统一标准提供科学依据.方法：收集了中国331个单位用显微镜计数法测定的41003例中年女性红细胞计数正常参考值,运用相关分析和回归分析的方法,研究了其与八个地理因素的关系.结果：发现中年女性红细胞计数正常参考值与中国地理因素之间有很显著的相关关系（F=364.76,P=0.000）.用逐步回归分析的方法推导出了一个回归方程：Y^=4.184＋0.0002421X1-0.02921X4＋0.0002582X7＋0.08144X8±0.47.结论：如果知道了中国某地的地理因素,就可以用回归方程计算这个地区的红细胞计数正常参考值.依据红细胞计数正常参考值与地理因素的依赖关系,把中国分为八个区.     

两个小型猪种群的部分细菌携带状况调查

目的检测巴马和五指山小型猪细菌携带状况,为制定北京市实验用小型猪微生物检测标准提供基本数据。方法采集毛发、鼻拭子、气管分泌物、肛拭子和粪便等标本,采用分离培养、形态观察、生化反应等方法,检测不同部位细菌携带状况。结果两个品系小型猪群中均检出猪链球菌2型,大肠杆菌,绿脓杆菌,肺炎克雷伯杆菌,耳葡萄球菌和木糖葡萄球菌。结论采样部位和检测方法会影响细菌的检出率。     

Symptomatological and Morphological Study of the Resistance of Wild Beet Species of the Patellares Section to Cercospora beticola Sacc.

The reactions of Beta procumbens C. Sm. and Beta webbiana Moq. were compared to those of Beta vulgaris L. with regard to an infection by Cercospora beticola Sacc. The fleck reaction obsrved in B. webbiana may be interpreted as hypersensitivity based on symptomatological, light microscopical, fluorescent microscopical and electron microscopical data. The B. procumbens clone was found to show resistance characteristics similar to those of B. webbiana and B. vulgaris, as it reacted both by flecks (B. webbiana) and leaf spots (B. vulgaris) to a C. beticola infection.     

Reflection contrast microscopy of ultrathin sections in immunocytochemical localization studies: a versatile technique bridging electron microscopy with light microscopy

Reflection contrast microscopy (RCM) of ultrathin sections was recently introduced as a sensitive technique for visualization with enhanced definition in immunogold histochemistry. Experience of using RCM as a major tool in immunocytochemical research in different fields is summarized, e.g. oncology, nephrology and embryology. The sensitive visualization of immunocytochemical labels, gold particles or peroxidase-diaminobenzidine deposits in or on ultrathin sections, by RCM instead of electron microscopy is demonstrated. RCM of ultrathin sections is an adequate light microscopical alternative for immunoelectron microscopy, since an overview of both label and tissue is obtained with a high image definition and high contrast of label. In the studies presented, RCM is shown to provide a better gradation in staining intensity and staining pattern than other light microscopical methods. Moreover, a precise localization of multiple labels is obtained with this method. Besides the applications shown, ultrathin section visualization by RCM is very useful for correlative light- and electron microscopical studies of fine structures. Commercially available fluorescence microscopes can be adapted for proper RCM functioning; an adaptation scheme and list of microscopes tested is provided.     

Autoradiographic and cytochemical localization of (Na+-K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase in the acini of dog salivary gland (author's transl)

The distribution of Na pump sites (Na+-K+ ATPase) in the acinar cells of dog submandibular gland was demonstrated by light and electron microscopical radioautography of 3H-ouabain binding sites and electron microscopical ATPase cytochemistry. The grains of 3H-ouabain by light microscopical radioautography were localized to the basal parts of acini and/or the striated ducts, and a small quantity of the grains was also present on the luminal parts of acini. The grains of 3H-ouabain by electron microscopical radioautography and the reaction products of ATPase were found to be localized on the basolateral plasma membrane of both serous and mucous cells, while slightly on the microvilli of the luminal plasma membranes. The present evidence that the distribution of ATPase on the acinar cells determined by the cytochemistry is well concomitant with that of 3H-ouabain binding sites on the acinar cells by the radioautography, suggests that the above mentioned ATPase is Na+-K+ ATPase, a Na pump. The relationship of the distribution of the Na+-K+ ATPase and the cation transport of the plasma membranes in the acinar cells of the dog submandibular gland are discussed.     

菌物药竹黄与植物药天竺黄的鉴别方法研究

为鉴别竹黄与天竺黄对菌物药竹黄与植物药天竺黄进行了性状、显微和理化鉴定方法研究。2味药在性状上差异较大;在显微鉴定中,观察了竹黄的显微结构及粉末特征,天竺黄粉末为不规则透明片状物;微量升华试验竹黄粉末随温度升高得到不同形态的结晶,而天竺黄粉末无升华物;竹黄遇KOH变为翠绿色,天竺黄则不变色;用酚酞及甲酚红试剂分别对不同来源的天竺黄进行显色反应,均显2种不同颜色。     

Microwave applications in classical staining methods in formalin-fixed human brain tissue: a comparison between heating with microwave and conventional ovens.

The quality of microwave adaptations of three classical neuroanatomical staining methods (the Nissl, Klüver-Barrera and H?ggqvist stains) was tested on frozen serial sections from human brain specimens which has been stored for up to 10 years in 10% formalin. The conclusion was that the use of microwave irradiation reduces processing time and/or concentrations of the chemicals used, whereas the light microscopical quality of the stains considered is equal or improved as compared to their original counterparts. Next, a comparison was made between microwave adapted stains and classical procedures, which, except for the use of a conventional oven as heat source together with pre-heated solutions, were entirely identical. It appeared, that at light microscopical level no difference can be appreciated between the effect of internally (using microwave irradiation) and externally (using a conventional oven) supplied heat on the staining result.     

Blood morphology of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). IV. Thrombocytes and their developmental stages]

By the aid of histological special stainings, cytochemical proofs, phase contrast and electron microscopical methods the thrombocytes (spindle cells) of the European ell (Anguilla anguilla) and their stages of development were described as an independent series of cells. After an artificial blood loss thrombocytoblasts, prothrombocytes and mature thrombocytes could distinctly be demonstrates. Besides the kidney the spleen was found to be the main place of the thrombopoiesis. Phase contrast investigations provided evidence for the relatively strong locomotion of these cells. By means of cytochemical proofs a further differentiation of the thrombocytes from other white blood cells can be made. Electron microscopical investigations of the thrombocytes yielded a great similarity to the thrombocytes of the amphibians. The endoplasmatic ring and particular inclusions could be shown to be characteritstic features of the fine structure.     

An electron microscope study of nuclear and cell division in a dinoflagellate

Summary Light microscopical observations on the cell division of the small dinoflagellate Woloszynskia micra are correlated for the first time with an electron microscopical study. In prophase, whilst the nucleus enlarges and becomes pearshaped, the chromosomes divide to give pairs of chromatids. This process starts at one end and works to the other giving Y- and V-shaped chromosomes as it occurs. Cytoplasmic invaginations pass through the nucleus and by the end of prophase these are seen to contain a number of microtubules of about 180 Å diameter. There is no connection between the microtubules in the nuclear in vagination and either the flagellar bases or the chromosomes. At anaphase the nucleus expands laterally and the sister chromatids move towards opposite ends. The cell hypocone is now partially divided and the two longitudinal flagella well separate. The nucleus completes its division into two daughter nuclei and for a time portions of the cytoplasmic invaginations remain visible. Cell cleavage is completed by the division of the epicone. The nuclear membrane remains intact throughout division and the nucleolus does not break down.The mitotic division in this organism, which is unusual in comparison with the mitosis of higher organisms, is discussed in the light of other types of mitosis which have been reported and of earlier light microscopical observations on dinoflagellates.     

Electron microscopical demonstration of thiols and disulphides in the porcine epidermis

Summary This study describes the electron microscopical distribution of free thiols and disulphides in the epidermis of the domestic pig and the wild boar, as compared to light microscopical histochemistry. With the silver methenamine method, silver labelling of thiols was clearly achieved on the keratohyalin and cytofilament accumulations in the cells of the living epidermis and the plasma membrane of granular cells. To a certain extent, the envelope and cytoplasm of young corneocytes reacted equally intensively. Disulphides were very abundant in the filaments, keratohyalin granules, and cell envelope of granular cells, and, particularly, in the envelope (marginal band) of corneal cells; the latter structure being distinctly delineated from the background. As a specific feature, the viable epidermis of the wild boar stained strongly for disulphides. The results obtained are discussed in view of actual concepts of epidermal keratinization and corneal cell function.     

Light and transmission electron microscopical studies and amino acid analysis of the metacercarial cyst of Zygocotyle lunata (Trematoda).

Light microscopical studies indicated that the cyst of Zygocotyle lunata consists of outer, inner and ventral cyst walls. Transmission electron microscopical studies showed that the outer cyst and the ventral cyst each consist of two layers. The inner cyst is lamellated and contains a specialized ventral region designated the ventral lid. Amino acid analysis of cyst walls showed only trace amounts of cysteine, indicating that disulphide bonds are not used to stabilize the inner cyst of Z. lunata.     

Immunocytochemical localization of a follicle specific protein of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta

A follicle specific protein (FSP-I) from the hawkmoth Manduca sexia, has been localized in developing follicles by immuno-fluorcscence and immuno-gold labeling techniques. At the light microscopical level, the protein was demonstrated to be present in both the basolateral and apical parts of foilicular epithelial cells, as well as in clearly defined, spherical compartments in the cortex of the developing oocyte. Immuno-gold labeling at the electron microscopical level revealed the localization of FSP-I in cndoplasmic compartments of the foilicular epithelial cells, in the extracellular matrix of the follicle and in endocytic compartments of the oocyte. Our results indicate that M. sexta FSP-I is synthctizcd and secreted by the foilicular epithelial cells, after which it is taken up by the developing oocyte through endocytic routes.