我国某些蔷薇属花卉的核型研究

本文报道了我国产的5种和14个品种的蔷薇属花卉的染色体数目和核型,结果如下:小花型为二倍体,2n=2x=14,少数为混倍体;中花型为三倍体,2n=3x=21;大花型为四倍体,2n=4x=28。大部分种的核型均由其中部和近中部着丝点染色体组成,少数种具近端着丝点染色体。它们可以区分为3种核型类型,即1A、2A和1B。     

Karyotype of Four Species in Buddleja ( Loganiaceae) *

The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of the 4 species in genus Buddleja were reported. The karyotype formulas are 2n= 2x= 38= 22m+ 16sm ( B1 yunnanensis) , 2n= 2x= 38= 26m+ 10sm+ 2st ( B1 crispa) , 2n= 2x= 38= 20m+ 16sm + 2st ( B1 off icinalis ) , and 2n= 2x= 38= 20m+ 16sm+ 2st ( B1japonica) . Karyotype of B1japonica belongs to Stebbins. s 2B type and other 3 species belong to Stebbins. s 2A type. Based on the cytological data ( karyotypes and the recorded chromosome numbers) and the species morphologies, the evolution trend of the two series in Sect1Neemda was briefly discussed.     

葱属根茎组8种21居群植物的核型研究

对葱属根茎组Allium sect.Rhiziridium的8种21个地方居群的核型进行研究,以期为解决该组的种间亲缘关系和物种进化机制提供依据。贺兰韭A.eduardii和阿拉善韭A．flavovirens2个种的核型以及辉韭A．strictum的六倍体核型均属首次报道。研究结果表明：贺兰韭A.eduardii、阿拉善韭A.tlavovirens、北韭A.lineare、蒙古韭A.mongolicum和滩地韭A．oreoprasum的各居群均为二倍体,核型类型为Stebbins的2A型;韭A．tuberosum和野韭A.ramosum的各个居群均为四倍体,核型类型为2A型：辉韭A．Jtrictum的4个居群均为六倍体,核型类型为2B型。通过研究可以得出如下推论：（1）该组植物中存在着大量的多倍体或多倍体系列,染色体数目变化与物种进化具有密切相关性,多倍化可能是根茎组植物核型进化的重要机制之一;（2）随体染色体多为st或t染色体,均位于短臂末端;（3）可以认为辉韭是以增加倍性来克服该物种扩大新的生存空间所带来的困难;（4）现今栽培的韭可能是由野生的二倍体韭和四倍体韭经过长期人工驯化而来的,现今栽培的三倍体韭可能是二倍体韭和四倍体韭杂交而来,并且以无性繁殖方式保存三倍体类群的存在。     

云南省库态按蚊复合体的亲缘种型研究(双翅目,蚊科)(英文)

库态按蚊是1个由5种亲缘种型组成的按蚊复合体,这些种型分别被命名为A、B、C、D 和 E 型。在使用PCR 检测还没有条件的地区,鉴定库态按蚊亲缘种型的一个重要方法是作染色体组型分析。使用库态按蚊幼虫作染色体涂片,对云南地区的库态按蚊种型作了初步研究,并首次报道了该地区存在的亲缘种型成员,认为在云南省库态按蚊 A型和 B 型在同一个地区并存。同时,还展示了库态按蚊复合体的染色体组型、核型模式图及种型在中国毗邻国家的分布地图。     

Studies on Karyotypes of 5 Species in Ranunculus from Jiangxi

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 5 species in Ranunculus from Jiangxi. The result is shown in Table 1-2. The chromosome numbers of R. ternatus Thunb. (2n=4x=32; 2n=2x=16=8m+2sm+6st) , R. polii Franch. (2n = 2x = 16 = 8m+2sm+6st) and R. sieboldii Miq. (2n = 8x-1 = 63 = 15m+18sm+22st+8t) are first reported. The essential points are as follows: (1) The karyotypes of R. ternatus Thunb. and R. polii Franch. are rather similar, which shows a close relationship between the two species. (2) Polyploid complexes are common in Ranunculus. (3) According to the taxonomical system of Wang Wen-cai, the karyotypes of the two species investigated in Sect. Auricomus belong to “2A” of Stebbins; that of the only species in Sect. Hecatonia belong to “2B'; the karyotypes of the two species investigated in Sect. Ranunculus belong to “3A” or “3B”. The relationships among the three sections from thekaryotype are basically consistent with those based on morphology.     

伞形科3个种5个居群的核型分析

对伞形科前胡属(PeucedanumL.)2个种以及羌活属(NotopterygiumH.Boiss.)1个种3个居群的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。研究表明,它们的染色体数目均为2n=22,核型公式可分别表示为长前胡:2n=2x=22=22 m(1 SAT),属1A型;松潘前胡:2n=2x=22=20 m 2 sm,属2A型;宽叶羌活的3个居群分别是:马边大风顶居群1为2n=2x=22=6 m 12 sm 4 st,属2A型;马边大风顶居群2为2n=2x=22=12 m 4 sm 6 st,属2B型;屏山老君山居群为2n=2x=22=4 m 14 sm 4 st,属2A型。其中长前胡和松潘前胡的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。     

Chromosome Studies of 10 Chinese Species of Adenophora Fisch.

This paper is a cytological part of biosystematic studies on Adenophora Fisch. in Heilongjiang, China. Chromosomal numbers and karyotypes of 10 spp. and 1 var. are reported. The results are summarized in Table 1. The chromosomal numbers and karyotypes of 6 spp. and 1 var. are first reported, including tetraploid species (2n=68) (A. pereskiifolia var. alternifolia, A. amurica and A. gmelinii). The basic number of chromosomes in the genus is mainly 17 (x=17), but that of A. trachelioides and A. remotiflora (2n=36) is 18 (x=18), an unique one in the genus. The karyotypes of all the species examined are relatively uniform, which means that they are derived from a common ancestral type. The chromosomes are smaller, varying between 2-4 μm. The majority of chromosomes are m and sm ones. And a pair of sat-chromosomes and a pair of st chromosomes are always present. The centromeric terminalization value of chromosomes is 57.5-61.9%, showing higher symmetry of karyotypes in the genus. The karyotype of A. tetraphylla (2n=34) is the most symmetrical among these species. Based on its morphological characters and distribution, the species may be considered as a relatively primitive member of the genus. The results show two revolutionary trends in karyotypes of the genus: number variation (including polyploidy and aneuploidy) and structural variation. The polyploidy is one of the principal patterns of speciation in the genus. Combined with the other characters, these species are taxonomically discussed, and two new taxa (A. amurica Fu et Liu and A. pereskiifolia ssp. alternifolia (Fuh ex Y. Z. Zhao) Fu et Liu) are confirmed. A. trachelioides and A. remotiflora (both 2n=36) with obvious petioles seems more advanced than the other species (2n 34).     

A Study on Karyotypes of Eight Species and Geographical Distribution of Angelica (Umbelliferae) in Sichuan

Nearly 32 species of Angelica occur in China, taking up one third of total species number of the genus in the world, with 12 species in Sichuan. In the present paper karyotypes of 8 species from Sichuan are first reported with x = 11. The parameters of chromosomes of 8 species are given in Table 1 and the karyotypes are shown in Plate 1, 2. The karyotype formulae are as follows: A. valida Diels K(2n) =22=20m+2sm (Wulong Xian, alt. 1900m); A. dielsii Boiss. K(2n) =22= 18m+2sm^sat+2sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 3000m); A. laxifoliata Diels has 2 kinds of karyotypes in 3 populations: K(2n) =22= 18m+4sm (Hanyuan Xian, alt. 1900m) and K(2n) =22= 16m+6sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2500m and Baoji in Shaanxi, alt. = 1500m); A. setchuensis Diels K (2n) = 22 = 16m+2sm^sat+4sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2800m); A. maowenensis Yuan et Shan K(2n) =22= 16m+ 6sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2800); A. chinghaiensis Shan ex K.T.Fu K (2n) = 4x= 44 = 36m+8sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 3500m); A. Sinensis (Oliv.)Diels K(2n) =22= 14M+8sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2900m); A. omeiensis Yuan et Shan K (2n) = 22 = 10m+2sm+ 10st (Mt. Omei, alt. 2100m). The karyotypes of A. valida and 2 populations of A. laxifoliata belong to “1A” and those of one population of A. laxifoliata and the rest 6 species “2A”. By analysing the correlation between the karyotypic symmetry and vertical distribution of A. laxifoliata and A. chinghaiensis, it is considered that as altitude rises, the karyotypic asymmetry and ploidy increases. Comparing with the karyotypes of other species distributed in Northeastern China and Japan previously reported, the karyotype of A. valida with oblong-ovoid fruits and 1-2-pinnate leaves is most primitive and that of A. omeiensis with nearly rounded fruits and 3-ternate-pinnate leaves is most advanced in Angelica. Based on the fact that many species including the most primitive and the most advanced species are concentrated in Sichuan, it may be suggested that the center of origin and diversity of Angelica be inSichuan characterized.     

小檗科鬼臼亚科植物的核型研究

本文首次报道了中华山荷叶与川八角莲的核型,分别为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝８ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ＋２ｔ及Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝４ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）十４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｔ,核型类型均为ＺＡ型。本文报道的桃儿七及八角莲的核型与前人的结果有一定差异,前者为：Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝６ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＋２ｔ,２Ｂ型,后者为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝８ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｔ,为２Ａ型。本文分析了小檗科鬼臼亚科４个属共７种植物的核型,结果是该类植物的核型极为相似,染色体数目均为２ｎ＝１２,由８条ｍ或ｓｍ,２条ｓｔ以及２条ｔ染色体组成。核型的相似性反映了这类植物的亲缘关系,这４个属的植物是一个自然类群。但随着系统发育,核型的不对称性有所增加,其中以山荷叶属最为对称,八角莲属居中,桃儿七属与足叶草属最不对称。笔者认为,核型上的高度相似是该类植物在系统发育上不发达,属内种类稀少,通常为寡种属或单种属的重要原因。     

Chromosomal relationships among cultivars of Citrus reticulata Blanco, its hybrids and related species

Karyotypes of 93 individuals belonging to 18 accessions of mandarins, mandarin hybrids and two related species were analysed with the fluorochromes CMA and DAPI, to identify marker chromosomes. The karyotypes revealed highly differentiated banding patterns and could be classified in four groups (I–IV) according to the presence/absence of chromosomes with three bands (type A) or with two bands (one proximal and one terminal, type B, or both terminal, type C). The accessions of group I exhibited the simplest and homozygous karyotypes (lacking chromosome types A, B and C), represented by `Sunki' and `Cleopatra'. Group II (lacking chromosome types A and B) included three accessions of Mediterranean mandarins and `Cravo' mandarin, all of them with very similar and almost completely homozygous karyotypes. All other karyotypes of groups II and III (lacking chromosome type A) were heterozygous for one or more chromosome pairs and most of them seemed to be hybrid derivatives from non-mandarin accessions. Group IV (with chromosome types A and B) was represented only by two heterozygous hybrids (`Murcott' and `King'). The karyotype of most hybrids agrees with one of the possible combinations resulting from chromosome types segregation from their putative ancestor karyotypes, but at least `Orlando' seemed to be a more complex hybrid. Comparing with banding patterns of other Citrus species, those of group I and the Mediterranean mandarins (group II) are the best candidates to represent C. reticulata (sensu Swingle) as a true species.     

Karyotypes of 16 populations of eight species in the genus Polygonatum (Asparagaceae) from China

The karyotypes of 16 populations belonging to eight species of Polygonatum from China were analysed. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of P. omeiense, P. adnatum and P. hirtellum and the diploidy of P. tessellatum are reported for the first time. The basic chromosome numbers were x = 11, 13, 14 and 15. Based on Stebbins' karyotypic classification, the four karyotypes were recognized as 2B, 3B, 2C and 3C. Considering the arm ratio and individual chromosome size, it was concluded that the possible evolutionary trend of the karyotypes in Polygonatum was from 2B to 3C. The results show that: (1) satellite heterozygosity occurs in many species of this genus; (2) mixoploidy and B chromosomes occur in some species; and (c) karyotypes are different in different species and even in different populations of the same species. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 245–254.     

芝麻染色体核型及似近系数分析

芝麻（Sesamum indicum L.）是世界上最古老的油料作物之一,在植物进化中具有重要地位。以8个二倍体栽培种、4个四倍体栽培种以及2个野生种S.radiatum Schum ＆ Thonn和S.schinzianum Asch.为材料,比较分析了芝麻不同种的核型特征。结果表明：栽培种与野生种的核型及结构具有明显的差异,栽培种的着丝点类型有m、sm和st,臂比均值（AAR）为2.11–2.25,核型不对称系数（AKC）为66.05%–66.99%,核型分2B、3A和3B三类;野生种S.radiatum和S.schinzianum仅有M和m两种着丝点类型,AAR值分别为1.09和1.08,AKC为52.12%和51.68%,核型分1B和1A两类。核型聚类结果表明,野生种与栽培种的似近系数范围介于0.027–0.107之间,亲缘关系较远;与地理来源相比,种皮颜色能够显示不同种间的进化地位,推测芝麻进化方向为野生种→栽培种黑芝麻→栽培种白芝麻。     

六种云杉的核型分析

对６种（含１变种）云杉属植物的染色体数目及形态特征进行了分析研究。研究树种均为我国特有种,其中４种在本文中首次报道。分析材料全部取自各树种中心产区的原始林内。其核型公式：鳞皮云杉（Ｐ．ｒｅｔｒｏｆｌｅｘａ）Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２２ｍ＋２ｓｍ;云极（Ｐ．ａｓｐｅｒａｔａ）Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ;青插（Ｐ．ｗｉｌｓｏｎｉｉ）Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋１Ｂ;紫果云极（Ｐ．ｐｕｒｐｕｒｅａ     

秦岭百合科部分类群的细胞学研究

对分布于秦岭地区的4属5种百合科植物进行了细胞学研究。结果表明,这5种百合科植物均为二倍体,其核型公式分别为：大花韭(Allium macranthum),2n=14=8m 2sm 4st,“2B”核型;多叶韭(A．plurifoliatum),2n=16=14m 2sm,“2A”核型;山竹花(Disporum cantoniense),2n=16=8sm 8st(2SAT),“3B”核型;假百合(Notholirion bulbuliferum),2n=24=2m 2sm 20t(4SAT),“3B”核型;黄花油点草(Tricyrtis maculata),2n=26=8m 12sm 4st 2t,“3B”核型。除多叶韭和假百合外,其余各种的染色体数目和核型均为秦岭地区的首次报道。     

豆科山羊豆族2属5种植物的核型分析

报道了产于中国西北地区豆科山羊豆族2属5种植物的核型.结果表明,这5种豆科植物均为二倍体,其核型公式分别为:单叶黄耆(Astragalus efoliolatus),2n=16=12m 4sm,2A"核型;鸡峰山黄耆(A.kifonsanicus),2n=16=12m 4sm,2A"核型;太原黄耆(A.taiyuanensis),2n=16=8m 6sm 2t(2SAT),2B"核型;变异黄耆(A.variabilis),2n=16=14sm 2t(2SAT),3A"核型;贺兰山岩黄耆(Hedysarum petrovii),2n=16=12m 4sm(2SAT),2A"核型.除变异黄芪外,其余各种的染色体数目及核型均为首次报道.     

醉鱼草属四个种的核型分析

报道了醉鱼草属（Btuldleja）4个种的染色体核型。云南醉鱼草（B.yunnanensis）的核型公式为2n=2x=38=22m＋16sm,皱叶醉鱼草（B．crispa）为2n=2x=38=26m＋10sm＋2st,密蒙花（B．officinalis）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st,口本醉鱼草（B．japonica）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st。日本醉鱼草的核型为2B型,其它3个种的核型为2A型。根据核型分析结果,结合形态学特征和已有的细胞学资料,初步讨论了醉鱼草组（Sect．Neemda）两个系（Series）可能的演化关系。     

Robertsonian translocations and B chromosomes in the Wellington tree weta, Hemideina crassidens (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)

Two karyotypes within the species Hemideina crassidens are described, 2n = 15 (XO) and 2n = 19 (XO). These two karyotypes have a NF of 28. The 19-karyotype was found exclusively in the southern part of the species range and the 15-karyotype was found in the north. The differences between the two karyotypes are interpreted as arising from two Robertsonian translocations (fission/fusion). Laboratory matings between weta with the two karyotypes produced viable offspring. During meiosis in F1 intraspecific hybrids metacentric and acrocentric autosomes aligned to form two trivalents, confirming homologies predicted by Robertsonian translocations. The subspecies H. c. crassicruris, (confined to Stephens Island) was found to be polymorphic for a metacentric B chromosome. An unusual association of sex and presence of B chromosome was observed in this island population with Bs found only in male weta.     

Cytological evidence for a complex of species within the taxon Bactrocera tau (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand

Analysis of mitotic karyotypes of wild specimens of larvae of the Bactrocera tea-like fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand has revealed seven distinct chromosome forms, based on the amount and distribution of heterochromatin in sex chromosomes and autosomes. Such cytological differences are perfecdy correlated with morphological observations and molecular genetics data. These findings clearly suggest that B. tau is a cluster of at least seven closely related species temporarily designated as species A (= B. tau) , B, C, D, E, F and G. On die basis of the gross quantity of heterochromatin accumulation in the genome, three groups of mitotic karyotypes can be recognized. Group 1 comprises species A and E. Species E specifically occurs only in fruits of Strychnos thorelii while species A attacks many kinds of host plants. Group 2 contains species B, F and G. Species B has been found only in Siphonodon celastrineus fruit, whereas species F and G attack die same host species, the medically important plant, Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus , albeit in different localities. Group 3 includes species C and D, each of which comprises larger amounts of pericentric heterochromatin in all chromosomes than die other two groups. Hence, diese two species are cytologically remote from those of groups 1 and 2. Species C and D occur allopatrically but they attack the same host plant species, Momordica cochinchinensis. Thus, genetic differentiation at the chromosomal level to specific host plant species and geographic isolation seem to play an important role in speciation of members of the B. tau complex.     

Studies on the Karyotypes and Pollen Morphology of Brassica oleracea L.and B. alboglabra Bailey

The karyotypes and pollen morphology of Brassica oleracea L. and B. alboglabra Bailey were studied by preparing mitotic chromosome specimens and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. the karyotypes of the 4 varieties in B. oleracea L. and of B. alboglabra Bailey are similar, all with the same chromosome number (2n=18) satellite number (one pair) and a type of karyotype, but different in respect to satellite position and karyotype symmetry 2. The pollengrains of 2 varieties of B. oleracea L. are 3-colporate and reticulate, distinctly different from those in B. alboglabra, which are pantoporate with smaller lumina. Based on the results we tend to regard that B. alboglabra Bailey is an independent species.     

中国栎属九种植物的核型分析

报道了中国栎属 ( Quercus L inn.) 9种植物的核型。结果如下 :帽斗栎 ( Q.guyavaelofia) :2 n=2 4 =2 2 m+2 sm,属于“1A”类型 ;富宁栎 ( Q.setulosa) :2 n=2 4 =2 0 m+4sm,属于“2 A”类型 ;炭栎 ( Q.utilis) :2 n=2 4 =2 4 m,属于“2 A”类型 ;乌冈栎 ( Q.phillyraeoides) :2 n=2 4 =2 0 m+4sm,属于“2 B”类型 ;匙叶栎 ( Q.dolicholepis) :2 n=2 4 =2 0 m+4sm,属于“2 B”类型 ;岩栎( Q.acrodonta) :2 n=2 4 =2 2 m+2 sm,属于“2 B”类型 ;麻栗坡栎 ( Q.marlipoensis) :2 n=2 4 =2 4 m,属于“1B”类型 ;锥连栎 ( Q.franchetii) :2 n=2 4 =2 2 m +2 sm ,属于“1B”类型 ;麻栎 ( Q.acutissima) :2 n=2 4 =2 0 m+4sm,属于“2 B”类型 .其中除麻栎外 ,另 8种的核型系首次报道。研究结果表明 ,上述核型在种间较相似 ,但以组为单位进行比较时 ,则有一定的价值 ,有可能为揭示栎属的系统演化提供新的证据。