有机酸在植物解铝毒中的作用及生理机制

酸性土壤上铝毒是限制作物产量的一个重要障碍因子,具有螯合能力的有机酸在植物铝的外部排斥机制和内部耐受机制均具有重要作用,在铝的外部排斥解毒过程中,植物通过根系分泌有机酸进入根际,如柠檬酸,草酸,苹果酸等与铝形成稳定的复合体,阻止铝进入共质体,从而达到植物体外解除铝毒害效应的目的,且分泌的有机酸对铝的胁迫诱导表现出高度的专一性,分泌的关键点位于根尖,不同的物种间分泌的有机酸种类,分泌的模式及生理机理存在差异,在铝积累型植物的内部解毒过程中,有机酸与铝形成稳定的化合物,降低植物体内铝离子的生理活性,从而降低细胞内铝离子的毒害效应,如绣球花中铝与柠檬酸形成1：1的复合体,荞麦内铝与草酸形成1：3的复合体,本文就有机酸在植物忍耐和积累铝中的作用及生理机制作一简要综述。     

有机酸在植物解铝毒中的作用及生理机制

酸性土壤上铝毒是限制作物产量的一个重要障碍因子。具有螯合能力的有机酸在植物铝的外部排斥机制和内部耐受机制均具有重要作用。在铝的外部排斥解毒过程中,植物通过根系分泌有机酸进入根际,如柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸等与铝形成稳定的复合体,阻止铝进入共质体,从而达到植物体外解除铝毒害效应的目的,且分泌的有机酸对铝的胁迫诱导表现出高度的专一性,分泌的关键点位于根尖。不同的物种间分泌的有机酸种类、分泌的模式及生理机理存在差异。在铝积累型植物的内部解毒过程中,有机酸与铝形成稳定的化合物,降低植物体内铝离子的生理活性,从而降低细胞内铝离子的毒害效应,如绣球花中铝与柠檬酸形成1:1的复合体,荞麦内铝与草酸形成1:3的复合体。本文就有机酸在植物忍耐和积累铝中的作用及生理机制作一简要综述。     

分离和收集耐铝植物细胞的方法

日本Ｙａｍａｇａｔａ大学的科学家Ｔ．Ｗｎｇａｔｓｕｍａ及其同事描述了一种从铝－耐受和铝－敏感植物细胞混合物中收集耐铝植物细胞的新技术。基于以前发现耐铝品种的原生质体比铝－敏感品种的原生质体质膜表面的负电荷少,Ｗａｇａｔｓｕｔｍａ小组用新准备的带正电的二氧化硅小珠与来源于水稻（Ａｌ－耐受）,玉米（中等Ａｌ－耐受）或豌豆（Ａｌ－敏感）根细胞的纯化原生质体混合,然后以一个Ｆｉｃｏｌｌ不连续梯度高心混合物。他们从离心管底部级分得到来自铝－耐受植物（水稻）的原生质体,从上部级分得到来自铝－敏感植物（豌豆）…     

植物铝毒害及遗传育种研究进展

本文简单概述了目前植物铝毒害及遗传育方面的研究进展,Al^3 可以通过与细胞骨架的作用,影响根的正常生理功能和形态建成,植物可以通过根尖分泌有机酸或磷酸等将离子态的为成螯合态的铝,通过吸收H^ 提高根尖周围的pH,将Al^3 变成难溶性的Al(OH)3或磷酸铝从而解 除铝毒害,也可以通过在细胞内与Ａl^3 形成无毒害的复合结构从而解除铝毒害,国外通过基因工程和突变体筛选已经获得了一批耐铝的植物材料,国内一些研究者通过变体筛选也获得了一些耐铝的植物材料,对植物耐铝性的遗传研究表明,植物的耐铝性既可以是受单基因控制的,也可以是受多基因控制的。     

植物地上部对铝毒的生理响应及其耐性

全世界50％以上潜在的可耕地属于酸性土壤,铝毒害是酸性土壤上植物生长最有害因素之一。近年来,为了阐明植物铝毒害及其耐性,前人已进行了大量的研究,并有一些综述性文章发表。然而,大多数文章主要综述铝对植物根系的影响及其耐性,因为根生长受抑是最早的铝毒害症状之一和溶液培养时最容易辨认的铝毒害症状。为此,本文综述了铝对植物地上部光合作用、光保护系统、水分利用效率、含水量、碳水化合物含量、矿质营养、有机酸和氮代谢的影响,并对富铝植物的解铝毒机制（铝与小分子有机酸螯合和把铝隔离在对铝不敏感的表皮细胞和液泡内）进行了综述。本文还对植物耐铝遗传学和分子生物学及今后需要研究的问题进行了讨论。     

淋洗与植物作用耦合对盐渍化土壤的改良效应

以甘肃秦王川引大灌区盐渍化土壤为背景,以当地5种耐盐植物为材料,采用根袋法盆栽试验动态研究了淋洗结合植物种植对盐渍化土壤改良的效应。结果表明:与种前相比,单纯的淋洗作用对土壤pH值影响不大,而淋洗结合植物种植明显降低了土壤pH值,且根际土壤pH值小于非根际土壤的,5种耐盐植物中霸王根际土壤pH值降低幅度最大,达0.6个单位。K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-和SO2-4在5种植物根际土壤中均有不同程度的富集,富集程度因物种的不同而不同,随培养时间的延长而呈波动状态。5种供试植物和对照组土壤中的6种主要的可溶性盐分离子随淋洗次数和培养时间的延长呈下降趋势。在培养120d后,单纯淋洗的土壤中K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-和SO2-4的含量相比种前平均分别降低了33.3%、26.1%、35.6%、32.5%、35.5%和36.3%,植物吸收带走的上述各离子的含量平均分别占种前的46.2%、8.1%、30.2%、7.2%和21.6%,其中霸王吸收带走的盐分离子最多,而淋洗结合种植植物的土壤中上述各离子的含量与种前相比平均分别降低了67.25%、63.73%、83.8%、67.5%、81.55%和78.46%,由此可见,淋洗结合植物种植的脱盐效果优于单纯淋洗,且土壤中主要的盐分离子Na+、Cl-和SO2-4的含量降低幅度最大,通过计算得出,在Cl-、SO2-4和Na+减少的总量中还有37.73%的Na+、38.22%的Cl-和35.14%的SO2-4的减少量是由植物根系的物理化学作用机制引起的。     

植物铝毒害及遗传育种研究进展

本文简单概述了目前植物铝毒害及遗传育种方面的研究进展。Al3+可以通过与细胞骨架的作用,影响根的正常生理功能和形态建成。 植物可以通过根尖分泌有机酸或磷酸等将离子态的铝变成螯合态的铝,通过吸收H+提高根尖周围的pH,将Al3+变成难溶性的 Al(OH)3或磷酸铝从而解除铝毒害, 也可以通过在细胞内与Al3+形成无毒害的复合结构从而解除铝毒害。国外通过基因工程和突变体筛选已经获得了一批耐铝的植物材料,国内一些研究者通过突变体筛选也获得了一些耐铝的植物材料。 对植物耐铝性的遗传研究表明, 植物的耐铝性既可以是受单基因控制的,也可以是受多基因控制的。     

南疆四种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落结构特征

盐生植物特殊的生境孕育了独特的根际微生物群落。为了解南疆干旱区不同盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落结构特征,探讨影响真菌群落结构的土壤环境因子,选取南疆伽师县同一盐碱地盐爪爪（Kalidium foliatum）、黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）、花花柴（Karelinia caspia）和旱生芦苇（Phragmites australis）四种优势盐生植物,采用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术分析根际土壤真菌群落结构和多样性,并探究其与土壤理化因子的相关性。结果表明,四种盐生植物根际土壤理化特征不尽相同,土壤pH均超过8.0,电导率（EC）由高到低为旱生芦苇 > 盐爪爪 > 花花柴 > 黑果枸杞,黑果枸杞根际土壤的有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）、速效氮（AN）和速效磷（AP）含量均最高,旱生芦苇根际土壤的SOM、TN、TP、TK和AN值均最低,但土壤水分含量（SWC）和EC值最高。四种盐生植物共有的操作分类单元（OTUs）数量为153个,各自特有的OTUs数量不尽相同。根际土壤真菌群落丰富度（ACE、Chao 1指数）依次为盐爪爪 > 旱生芦苇 > 黑果枸杞 > 花花柴,Shannons指灵第和Simpson指数大小依次为盐爪爪 > 黑果枸杞 > 旱生芦苇 > 花花柴。从四种盐生植物根际共检测到真菌8门、21纲、44目、89科、124属,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）在四种盐生植物根际土壤中占绝对优势地位。镰孢菌属（Fusarium）、支顶孢属（Acremonium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）和青霉菌属（Penicillium）是四种盐生植物根际土壤共有优势属,非优势属数量多但相对丰度因植物种类而异。典范对应分析（CCA）显示,土壤速效钾、AP、pH和EC是影响根际土壤真菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子。研究表明南疆四种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落具有相似性,但优势菌属丰度差异明显,具有植物种类特异性。     

公路绿化植物油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和小叶杨(Populus simonii)对重金属元素的吸收与积累

对内蒙古西部公路绿化植物油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）、小叶杨（Populus simonii）及其根际土壤中重金属元素（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr）和类金属元素（As和Se）含量以及根际土壤重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cr）形态、土壤pH值进行了测定。对比分析了公路沿线不同绿化植物及其不同器官对重金属元素的吸收与积累特征。结果表明：绿化植物根际土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度以Cd为最高。随原子序数的递增,小叶杨和油松两种植物的根部和茎叶两种营养器官中重金属的含量均表现出“N”字形变动趋势。而且重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量具有Zn〉Cu〉Ni,Cr,As,Pb〉Cd〉Hg的基本规律。小叶杨茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni和Pb的富集能力较根部为强,油松茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb的富集能力较根部为强。绿化植物根际土壤重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn〉Pb〉Ni、Cr〉Cu,与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列Zn〉Cu〉Ni、Cr、As、Pb〉Cd〉Hg并非趋于一致。公路绿化植物对根际土壤中重金属元素的吸收和积累与重金属元素有效态所占的比例有关。     

汞胁迫对植物细胞结构与功能的影响

由于工业“三废”和机动车尾气的大量排放、污水灌溉以及农药、除草剂和化肥的广泛使用,严重地污染了土壤、水质和大气,其中土壤中的重金属（Hg、Cd、As、Cu和Al）污染更为严重。这些重金属都会被生活在这种环境中的各种植物吸收。然后大量积累在它们的根、茎和叶中,对植物造成严重危害。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.