放牧对黄土高原退耕草地土壤有机碳储量的影响

放牧是影响草地土壤碳固存的重要因素。本研究选取黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区西部、中部、东部地区及水蚀区,以各区20年以上退耕封禁地为对照,分析3个放牧强度下(羊粪球密度分别为0～10、10～20、>20 ind·m^-2)退耕草地0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量的分布特征,研究放牧及其强度对退耕草地土壤固碳效应的影响。结果表明: 放牧对交错区西部0～20 cm、东部0～10 cm,水蚀区0～5 cm土层土壤有机碳储量有显著影响,对交错区中部各土层均无显著影响;羊粪球密度0～10、＞20 ind·m^-2强度的放牧使交错区西部0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量显著降低了34.8%～50.9%,而在其他3个区域,放牧对有机碳储量的影响较退耕封禁地差异不显著。在交错区东部,放牧强度是影响退耕草地土壤有机碳储量的主要因素,而其他3个区域有机碳储量主要受土壤理化性质和(或)枯落物生物量的影响。羊粪球密度10～20 ind·m^-2强度的放牧对各区域退耕草地0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量无显著影响。     

三江源区不同建植年限对人工草地土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

明确三江源区不同建植年限人工草地土壤微生物功能多样性的变化规律,探索高寒地区人工草地恢复措施,可以为退化高寒草甸恢复治理提供理论依据。试验于2014年8月在青海省果洛州选择建植4年、8年和12年的多年生禾本科人工草地为试验样地,利用常规实验室分析和Biolog-ECO生态板法对土壤养分和土壤微生物功能多样性进行分析。结果表明:在0~10 cm土层,土壤pH与TN含量在建植4年显著高于其他建植年限;TK和速效养分含量随建植年限增加而升高;在10~20 cm土层,土壤pH在建植4年显著大于其他年限;TK含量在建植12年时显著小于其他年限,AN和AK则呈现建植8年12年4年;AWCD值在0~10 cm土层表现为建植8年12年4年,而在10~20 cm土层随建植年限的增加而增加;在0~10 cm土层,Shannon指数和Pielou指数均是建植12年显著小于建植4年和8年;在10~20 cm土层,Mc Intosh指数表现出建植12年8年4年,且差异显著,而Shannon指数和Pielou指数则表现出建植4年显著小于8年和12年。主成分分析表明,氨基酸类和酯类是土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型。冗余分析表明,有机碳、速效钾、速效氮、全钾和pH是影响不同建植年限人工草地土壤微生物功能多样性和代谢活性的主要因子。不同建植年限人工草地土壤微生物功能多样性存在差异,随着建植年限的增加,土壤养分状况、微生物群落稳定性和生态环境得到改善。     

黄土高原植被自然恢复和人工造林对土壤碳氮储量的影响

土地利用方式变化能对土壤碳氮储量产生重要影响.为了探讨不同土地利用方式对土壤碳氮的影响,研究了黄土高原子午岭林区自退耕还林(草)工程实施以来(15年)自然恢复草地和人工油松林地0～100 cm土层土壤碳氮储量、碳氮比以及根系生物量的差异.结果表明:自然恢复草地和人工油松林地土壤有机碳均表现出表聚效应,自然恢复草地0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量显著低于人工油松林,而其他土层差异均不显著.人工油松林0～100 cm土层土壤总碳储量为117.94 Mg·hm^-2,比自然恢复草地增加28.4%.两种植被类型土壤全氮储量在各土层间差异均不显著,但自然恢复草地0～100 cm土层土壤全氮总储量为7.69 Mg·hm^-2,比人工油松林高17.7%.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤铵态氮储量在各土层间差异均显著,自然恢复草地铵态氮储量显著高于人工油松林,且随土层增加表现为先增后降的趋势.而自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤硝态氮储量只在0～20 cm土层差异显著,且自然恢复草地高于人工油松林.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤碳氮比表现为0～20 cm土层差异不显著,随土层的加深表现为人工油松林碳氮比显著高于自然恢复草地,且差异逐渐增大.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤碳氮储量与根系生物量均呈显著正相关.因此,自然恢复草地土壤有利于氮储量的积累,人工油松林土壤有利于土壤碳储量的增加,且根系是影响土壤碳氮储量分布的重要因子.     

华北低丘山地不同退耕年限刺槐人工林土壤质量评价

以华北低丘山地退耕还林区的耕地、农田撂荒地、退耕10年刺槐林和退耕43年刺槐林为研究对象,采用土壤质量综合指数探讨退耕措施对土壤质量的影响.结果表明: 随着退耕年限的增加,退耕刺槐人工林土壤养分的表层富集作用显著,且0～5 cm土层土壤改良效果增强;与耕地相比,退耕刺槐人工林的土壤物理性状得到改善,养分含量增加,土壤微生物生物量显著提高.不同土地利用类型的土壤质量综合指数为退耕43年刺槐林(0.542)>退耕10年刺槐林(0.536)>撂荒地(0.499)>耕地(0.498),说明退耕地人工造林改善了华北低丘山地退耕地区的土壤质量.
     

水蚀风蚀交错带不同退耕模式对土壤有机碳及全氮的影响

以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同退耕模式为研究对象,分析了不同模式退耕地(农地退耕后自然恢复草地、退耕后种植苜蓿和退耕后种植柠条)和相邻未退耕农地土壤有机碳和全氮含量的差异以及它们随退耕年限的动态变化.结果表明:不同退耕模式均能提高0~10cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,但效果受退耕年限的影响.与相邻未退耕农地相比,退耕后自然恢复草地在演替10年时0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量不受影响,而在演替20年时均显著增加;退耕种植苜蓿后0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别增加51.6%~82.9%和43.4%~67.0%,其储量的增加速率分别为0.17~0.46和0.015~0.043 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),但不同退耕年限间差异不显著;退耕后种植柠条前20年土壤有机碳和全氮含量增加较多,退耕40年时增加量有所降低.农田退耕后种植柠条40年、苜蓿20年,其固存碳、氮的能力优于退耕后自然恢复草地,然而由于受土壤水分条件的限制和自身高耗水的特性,这2种退耕模式可能不具备长期的增碳、增氮能力.     

黄土高原4种植被类型的细根生物量和年生产量

细根(≤2 mm)在陆地生态系统净初级生产力的分配中占有重要地位,在碳循环和水土保持方面具有重要意义. 本文采用土钻法和内生长法,以黄土高原刺槐人工林、落叶灌木、退耕草地和沙蒿群落4种主要植被类型为对象,研究0～40 cm土层细根生物量、垂直分布和细根年生产量. 结果表明： 细根生物量与纬度呈线性负相关. 4种植被类型0～40 cm土层细根生物量的大小顺序为落叶灌木(220 g·m^-2)>刺槐人工林(163 g·m^-2)≈退耕草地(162 g·m^-2)>沙蒿群落(79 g·m^-2). 退耕草地直径≤1 mm细根生物量占直径≤2 mm总细根生物量的74.1%,在4种植被类型中最高;4种植被类型细根生物量随着土层深度的增加而减少,最大值均出现在0～10 cm土层. 退耕草地0～10 cm土层细根生物量占0～40 cm土层总细根生物量的44.1%,显著高于其他3种植被类型;细根年生产量与纬度呈线性负相关. 4种植被类型0～40 cm土层细根年生产量大小顺序为退耕草地(315 g·m^-2·a^-1)>落叶灌木(249 g·m^-2·a^-1)>刺槐人工林(219 g·m^-2·a^-1)>沙蒿群落(115 g·m^-2·a^-1),其中退耕草地显著高于其他3种植被类型. 退耕草地0～10 cm土层细根生产量占0～40 cm土层总细根生产量的40.4%,在4种植被类型中最高. 退耕草地细根周转时间为0.51 a,低于其他3种植被类型.     

云雾山草原区不同植被恢复阶段土壤团聚体活性有机碳分布特征

以宁夏云雾山草原自然保护区不同植被群落为研究对象,对0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体活性有机碳分布特征进行分析.结果表明:(1)不同植被群落土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量顺序为退耕草地<百里香群落<铁杆蒿群落<大针茅群落<长芒草群落,与退耕草地相比,封育草地各粒径团聚体活性有机碳含量均显著提高 (P<0.05),表明随着植被的恢复土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量提高并趋于稳定,土壤碳汇效应有可能增强.(2)植被恢复主要影响大团聚体(>0.25 mm)中活性有机碳含量,其中0.5～0.25 mm粒径团聚体中活性有机碳含量最高,微团聚体(<0.25 mm)中活性有机碳含量最低.(3)植被恢复前期(退耕草地-铁杆蒿群落)0～10 cm土层>0.5 mm粒径团聚体中活性有机碳含量较10～20 cm土层有所增加,<0.5 mm粒径团聚体活性有机碳含量变化不大,恢复至后期到长芒草阶段时,0～10 cm土层<0.5 mm粒径团聚体中活性有机碳含量也开始提高, 各粒径0～10 cm土层团聚体活性有机碳含量均比10～20 cm土层有所提高.(4)相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量与土壤团聚体总有机碳含量呈极显著线性正相关关系(r=0.9394),团聚体活性有机碳含量可以作为衡量土壤团聚体有机碳动态的一个敏感性指标.     

人工沙棘林水文水土保持作用机理研究

对黄土丘陵半干旱区人工沙棘林冠层、枯枝落叶层、根系土壤层的水文水保作用的研究结果表明：7～10龄沙棘林冠平均年截留率为8．5％;5～10龄沙棘林地枯枝落叶层单次可截留0．89mm的降水。和农地相比,沙棘成林、幼林分别可减小50cm、25cm土层深度的容重。沙棘枯枝落叶层自身和覆盖土壤具有增强土壤抗冲刷的能力,林地覆盖2cm以上厚度的枯枝落叶层可保护表层土壤免受降水侵蚀}沙棘林具有增强土壤抗冲刷和侵蚀的性能,其中：抗冲性能的强弱与同土层中毛根数量呈显著的幂相关,抗蚀性能的强弱与土层中腐殖质含量有关。     

黄土丘陵区典型天然灌丛和人工灌丛优势植物土壤水分利用策略

细裂叶莲蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)是黄土高原农地退耕后长期存在的天然植物群落优势种。柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)灌丛是黄土高原防治水土流失的主要人工群落类型。研究它们的水分利用策略对评价气候暖干化趋势下黄土高原生态建设可持续性具有重要意义。该研究以退耕7年的天然草地细裂叶莲蒿群落、退耕30年的天然草地细裂叶莲蒿群落和退耕30年的人工灌木林柠条锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,采用氧稳定同位素比率(δ~(18)O)技术研究其对不同土层土壤水分利用的季节性变化,通过Mix SIR模型量化各土层土壤水分利用的贡献。结果表明:在δD-δ~(18)O分布图上,对黄土丘陵区降水样的氢稳定同位素比率(δD)和δ~(18)O回归分析得到当地的大气降水线,土壤水和植物水中的氢氧稳定同位素组成在δD-δ~(18)O分布图上都位于当地大气降水线的右下方,表明研究区土壤水分中的同位素组成受强烈蒸发影响发生了富集作用。随着季节变化,退耕7年的天然草地细裂叶莲蒿和退耕30年的人工灌木林柠条锦鸡儿植物水分来源可在不同土层之间较为灵活地转换,当浅层(0–40cm)土壤水可利用时,植物主要利用40 cm以上的土壤水分;当浅层土壤干燥时,主要吸收40–80 cm土层土壤的水分。退耕30年天然草地中细裂叶莲蒿主要依赖于0–10 cm表层土壤的水分。这表明在未来极端干旱事件发生频率增大的情况下,退耕7年的天然草地细裂叶莲蒿和退耕30年的人工灌木林柠条锦鸡儿具有更大的生存优势,而退耕30年的天然草地细裂叶莲蒿受干旱等极端天气影响更为严重。     

皇甫川流域退化草地和恢复草地土壤微生物生物量的研究

土壤微生物生物量常被作为植物所需营养元素的转化因子和资源库,是表明土壤发育状况和生化强度的一项主要指标。在内蒙古伊盟准格尔旗皇甫川流域,对退化草地和恢复草地土壤微生物生物量进行了研究。结果表明,土壤微生物生物量的垂直分布依次为0～10>10～20>20～30>30～40>40～50cm,随土层加深而递减;0～10cm土层细菌和丝状微生物生物量超过其他土层;恢复草地各土层中的土壤微生物生物量均高于退化草地;恢复草地的土壤微生物生物量与土壤肥力密切相关。     

Six years of in situ CO2 enrichment evoke changes in soil structure and soil biota of nutrient-poor grassland

Nutrient‐poor grassland on a silty clay loam overlying calcareous debris was exposed to elevated CO₂ for six growing seasons. The CO₂ exchange and productivity were persistently increased throughout the experiment, suggesting increases in soil C inputs. At the same time, elevated CO₂ lead to increased soil moisture due to reduced evapotransporation. Measurements related to soil microflora did not indicate increased soil C fluxes under elevated CO₂. Microbial biomass, soil basal respiration, and the metabolic quotient for CO₂ (qCO₂) were not altered significantly. PLFA analysis indicated no significant shift in the ratio of fungi to bacteria. 0.5 m KCl extractable organic C and N, indicators of changed DOC and DON concentrations, also remained unaltered. Microbial grazer populations (protozoa, bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes, acari and collembola) and root feeding nematodes were not affected by elevated CO₂. However, total nematode numbers averaged slightly lower under elevated CO₂ (?16%, ns) and nematode mass was significantly reduced (?43%, P = 0.06). This reduction reflected a reduction in large‐diameter nematodes classified as omnivorous and predacious. Elevated CO₂ resulted in a shift towards smaller aggregate sizes at both micro‐ and macro‐aggregate scales; this was caused by higher soil moisture under elevated CO₂. Reduced aggregate sizes result in reduced pore neck diameters. Locomotion of large‐diameter nematodes depends on the presence of large enough pores; the reduction in aggregate sizes under elevated CO₂ may therefore account for the decrease in large nematodes. These animals are relatively high up the soil food web; this decline could therefore trigger top‐down effects on the soil food web. The CO₂ enrichment also affected the nitrogen cycle. The N stocks in living plants and surface litter increased at elevated CO₂, but N in soil organic matter and microbes remained unaltered. Nitrogen mineralization increased markedly, but microbial N did not differ between CO₂ treatments, indicating that net N immobilization rates were unaltered. In summary, this study did not provide evidence that soils and soil microbial communities are affected by increased soil C inputs under elevated CO₂. On the contrary, available data (¹³C tracer data, minirhizotron observations, root ingrowth cores) suggests that soil C inputs did not increase substantially. However, we provide first evidence that elevated CO₂ can reduce soil aggregation at the scale from µ m to mm scale, and that this can affect soil microfaunal populations.     

垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦田的土壤呼吸

通过大田试验研究了垄沟覆膜栽培条件下冬小麦生长过程中土壤呼吸规律。结果表明,垄沟覆膜栽培条件下垄脊土壤呼吸速率高于平作栽培,而垄沟部土壤呼吸速率小于平作。冬小麦生育期内垄脊平均呼吸速率为(2.06±0.44)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,垄沟为(0.75±0.11)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,而平作栽培为(1.14±0.20)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1。土壤呼吸季节变化显著,越冬期低,夏季高。不同生育期土壤呼吸日变化规律不同,越冬前和返青期土壤呼吸与土壤温度成正相关,随着土壤温度的升高而增加,呈单峰曲线;拔节期后垄脊部的土壤呼吸日变化明显,呈现双峰曲线;而平作和垄沟的土壤呼吸速率平稳,没有明显峰值。5 cm土壤温度与土壤呼吸之间的相关性最好。在一定范围内(<24—31℃),土壤呼吸随着温度的增加而增加,温度过高反而会抑制土壤呼吸速率。土壤呼吸f(R)与5 cm土壤温度之间的关系可以用二次函数表示;5 cm土壤温度T和土壤含水量W的交互效应可用函数:f(R)=a(bT2+cT)(1+dln(2W)/T)+e表示。垄沟覆膜栽培显著改变了冬小麦田的土壤呼吸作用。     

Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy

In order to investigate the annual variation of soil respiration and its components in relation to seasonal changes in soil temperature and soil moisture in a Mediterranean mixed oak forest ecosystem, we set up a series of experimental treatments in May 1999 where litter (no litter), roots (no roots, by trenching) or both were excluded from plots of 4 m². Subsequently, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture in each plot over a year after the forest was coppiced. The treatments did not significantly affect soil temperature or soil moisture measured over 0–10 cm depth. Soil respiration varied markedly during the year with high rates in spring and autumn and low rates in summer, coinciding with summer drought, and in winter, with the lowest temperatures. Very high respiration rates, however, were observed during the summer immediately after rainfall events. The mean annual rate of soil respiration was 2.9 µ mol m^?2 s^?1, ranging from 1.35 to 7.03 µmol m^?2 s^?1. Soil respiration was highly correlated with temperature during winter and during spring and autumn whenever volumetric soil water content was above 20%. Below this threshold value, there was no correlation between soil respiration and soil temperature, but soil moisture was a good predictor of soil respiration. A simple empirical model that predicted soil respiration during the year, using both soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for more than 91% of the observed annual variation in soil respiration. All the components of soil respiration followed a similar seasonal trend and were affected by summer drought. The Q₁₀ value for soil respiration was 2.32, which is in agreement with other studies in forest ecosystems. However, we found a Q₁₀ value for root respiration of 2.20, which is lower than recent values reported for forest sites. The fact that the seasonal variation in root growth with temperature in Mediterranean ecosystems differs from that in temperate regions may explain this difference. In temperate regions, increases in size of root populations during the growing season, coinciding with high temperatures, may yield higher apparent Q₁₀ values than in Mediterranean regions where root growth is suppressed by summer drought. The decomposition of organic matter and belowground litter were the major components of soil respiration, accounting for almost 55% of the total soil respiration flux. This proportion is higher than has been reported for mature boreal and temperate forest and is probably the result of a short‐term C loss following recent logging at the site. The relationship proposed for soil respiration with soil temperature and soil moisture is useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in Mediterranean forest ecosystems in response to forest management and climate change.     

Effects of soil physics,chemistry, and microbiology on soil carbon sequestration in infertile red soils after long-term cultivation of perennial grasses

Determining the effect of perennial energy crop (PEC) cultivation on soil organic carbon (SOC) in marginal land soil is vital for carbon neutrality and bioeconomy development. However, a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the response of SOC content to different PECs and its underlying drivers is still lacking. We used soil data collected from infertile red topsoil (0–20 cm) after 10 years of cultivation with Miscanthus (MS), Panicum virgatum (SG), and Saccharum arundinaceum (SA) to explore the changes in SOC stock induced by PEC. The roles of physical, chemical, and microbiological factors driving the increase in the SOC stock were investigated. Results revealed that SA and MS enhanced SOC stock by 87.97% and 27.52% relative to the uncultivated control. Conversely, PEC increased the percentage of soil mega-aggregates, geometric mean diameters, soil chelate iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) oxides, and reduced soil acidity for the infertile red soils. In addition, fungal richness and diversity for PEC soils were enhanced compared to the unplanted soil. It is possible that PEC cultivation reduced the relative abundance of copiotrophic fungi but increased the relative abundance of oligotrophic fungi. Furthermore, variance partitioning analysis revealed that chemical and microbiological factors accounted for 80.54% of the total variation for the SOC stock. The partial least squares path model showed that PEC cultivation enhanced soil carbon (C) stock via soil deacidification and increased soil bacterial function. In conclusion, this study confirms the SOC sequestration potential of PEC cultivation in marginal land and the underlying mechanism driving SOC stock. The main positive factors controlling soil C sequestration included “pH,” while the negative factors were “bacterial community,” “fungal community,” and “bacterial function.” Our research may help encourage and support decision-makers of wasted marginal land conversion to PEC cultivation.     

山西省农业生态经济系统能值分析

采用能值分析方法对2005年山西省农业生态经济系统的投入产出状况、运行效率和环境负荷进行了系统分析.结果表明：2005年,山西省农业生态系统仍处于主要依赖人力有机能和环境资源的传统农业阶段;研究区系统能值投资率（EIR）为1.07,能值产出率（EYR）为0.99,环境负载率（ELR）为6.55;在农业结构调整方面,畜牧业取得了长足发展,而小杂粮、蔬菜和干鲜果的能值产出仍较小,远未成为优势产业;研究区农业生态系统整体的回报效率较低,承受的压力较大.山西省今后应继续转移农业剩余劳动力、控制人口增长,同时加大农业科技辅助能值投入、提高环境资源的利用效率,使系统能值的投入产出向高水平发展.     

东北黑土区农田生物结皮的特征及其对表层土壤崩解的影响

于作物生长季对东北黑土区典型农田中生物结皮的发育特征(类型、物种、厚度、覆盖度、生物量)进行分析,并使用数显推拉力计测定比较了无结皮土壤与不同生物量(以叶绿素含量表征,分别为5～15、15～25、25～35、35～50 mg·g^-1)生物结皮层中土壤的崩解差异。结果表明: 1)东北黑土区农田中发育有藻和藓两类生物结皮,其中,毛枝藻和细叶真藓最为多见;藻结皮的厚度和生物量显著小于藓结皮,并总体上呈现由藻结皮逐渐向藓结皮演替的趋势。2)农田生物结皮的覆盖度、厚度和生物量与耕作扰动的频率和强度呈负相关,传统耕作农田中其平均覆盖度、厚度和叶绿素含量仅为27.8%、1.52 mm和6.49 mg·g^-1,但在免耕地中可增加至83.5%、2.74 mm和34.16 mg·g^-1。3)生物结皮显著削弱了土壤崩解作用,与无结皮土壤相比,4种生物量下生物结皮的土壤崩解速率分别显著降低了43.1%、50.1%、55.5%和59.8%,土壤最大崩解率分别显著降低了11.4%、17.7%、33.2%和36.6%。4)土壤崩解速率和最大崩解率均与生物结皮的厚度和生物量呈显著负相关,即生物结皮对土壤崩解的影响主要缘于其在发育过程中自身特性的改善及其覆盖后对表层土壤物理性质的改变。综上,随着保护性耕作技术推广后耕作扰动的减少,生物结皮在东北黑土区农田中有较高的发育潜力,它们发育后能削弱表层土壤崩解、提高土壤抗冲性,对农田土壤侵蚀防治具有积极意义。     

三种纤毛虫对土壤微生物量和有效氮磷含量的影响

采用土壤培养方法研究了 3种纤毛虫对土壤微生物量及氮磷转化的影响 ,结果表明 ,向土壤接种肾形虫 ( Colopodia sp.)、尖毛虫 ( Oxytricna sp.)和澳毛虫 ( Australothrix sp.) ,特别是澳毛虫 ,显著地降低了土壤微生物碳。说明供试的原生动物与微生物之间存在消长关系。接种澳毛虫显著地降低了土壤有效磷含量 ,而肾形虫和尖毛虫对土壤有效磷含量影响很小 ,仅在培养后期显著地降低了土壤铵态氮含量 ,3种原生动物特别是澳毛虫 ,显著地降低了土壤氮矿化量和硝态氮含量 ,但提高了土壤铵态氮含量 ,说明 3种原生动物抑制了硝化作用 ,而增强了氨化作用。     

不同耐盐植物根际土壤盐分的动态变化

以甘肃秦王川引大灌区盐渍化土壤为研究背景,用盆栽根袋法对4种耐盐植物根际和非根际土壤pH和盐分离子的动态变化进行了分析比较。结果表明:4种待测植物随着培养时间的延长土壤pH和EC值呈降低趋势。新疆大叶(Medicago Sativa L.cv.Xinjiangdaye)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)和霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)生长90 d后根际土壤pH明显低于非根际,而裸麦(Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare)根际较非根际pH差异不大。霸王和新疆大叶根际土壤EC值较非根际高,而裸麦和向日葵的根际与非根际差异不大。4种供试植物根际K⁺均出现亏缺,Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、SO^2-₄和Cl^-在新疆大叶、霸王和向日葵3种植物根际均出现富集,对于裸麦:Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和SO^2-₄ 3种离子在植物根际富集,而Cl^-和Na⁺在根际亏缺。随着待测植物培养时间的增加Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和Na⁺/Mg²⁺ 这3个比值呈降低趋势,说明Na⁺相对于K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的含量降低,生物措施对Na⁺的移除效果较显著。     

西宁南山4种灌木根际和非根际土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

西宁南山区植被退化情况严重,人工造林植被恢复被看作是最有效的恢复手段,其中选择合适造林树种尤为关键。选择人工种植的唐古特白刺Nitraria tangutorum、柠条Caragana korshinskii、西北小蘗Berberis vernae和短叶锦鸡儿Caragana brevifolia共4种灌木树种造林试验区为研究对象,通过测定根际和非根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性及养分含量,综合比较种植4种灌木树种根际和非根际土壤肥力差异,科学评价其对土壤的改善效果。研究表明:(1)土壤微生物数量和酶活性总体呈现出根际高于非根际的规律,仅放线菌数量和脲酶活性出现了根际低于非根际现象。(2)土壤养分方面,4种灌木根际土壤和非根际土壤p H值、全N、全P、全K含量差异不显著,有机质、有效P、速效K含量均呈现出根际非根际,而碱解N则是根际非根际。(3)土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量相关性不显著,土壤有机质含量与土壤细菌、真菌数量呈极显著正相关,有效P含量与土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈极显著正相关,速效K含量与过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,全N、碱解N含量均与脲酶活性呈显著正相关。(4)从土壤肥力综合水平来看,根际非根际,其中根际土壤中西北小蘗柠条短叶锦鸡儿唐古特白刺,研究结果表明西北小蘗和柠条能大幅提高土壤肥力,改良土壤效果较好。     

Effect of incubation in natural and autoclaved soil upon potency and viability of Bacillus thuringiensis

Spores and parasporal crystals of a Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai H-serotype 7, strain HD137, streptomycin-resistant mutant, were added to normal and autoclaved aliquots of pH 5 soil incubated at 25°C and ?0.10 MPa water availability. Viable B. thuringiensis in soil samples were estimated by dilution-plating on a streptomycin-based medium, and combined spore and crystal insecticidal activity was bioassayed with larvae of Galleria mellonella. Populations of B. thuringiensis in both soil treatments suffered exponential rates of mortality, which were represented by segmented linear regression. Mortality was far greater in natural than autoclaved soil. Potency also fell in both soil treatments. This loss of potency was greater in natural soil, although the rates of potency loss in either soil treatment correlated poorly with the respective mortality rates of the B. thuringiensis populations, as potency losses were not exponential functions. The results suggest that the presence of indigenous microorganisms in natural soil accelerated the rate of mortality and loss of potency of B. thuringiensis.