酰胺类蚊虫驱避化合物与引诱物氨分子缔合作用的计算

【目的】为了探究驱避机理,此前选择萜类驱避化合物及与DEET(避蚊胺)具有类似结构的酰胺类驱避化合物,开展了驱避化合物与引诱气味组分(L-乳酸、羧酸等)缔合作用对驱避活性影响的研究。为了扩大驱避化合物的类型,本研究选择另外一组43个酰胺类驱避化合物,计算了它们与蚊虫引诱物氨之间的双分子缔合作用,以及该缔合作用对驱避活性的影响,从而为驱避机理研究提供帮助。【方法】用Gaussian 03软件优化驱避化合物单体和双分子缔合体的三维结构式;通过Ampac和Codessa软件建立结构与驱避活性之间的定量构效关系模型。【结果】驱避化合物与氨分子的缔合距离、角度和缔合能量分别是2.2~3.0,128~180°和14~25 k J/mol;最佳四参数模型中R2为0.8987,其中2个参数来自驱避化合物单体,分别是(1/6)X GAMMA polarizability(DIP)和ESPminimum net atomic charge for an H atom,另外2个参数来自双分子缔合体,分别是ESP-DPSA-2 difference in CPSAs(PPSA2-PNSA2)[Quantum-Chemical PC]和Minimum valency of a C atom。模型检验中训练集和测试集的相关系数平方的平均值分别为0.9013和0.8666。【结论】驱避化合物与氨分子之间存在弱氢键力缔合作用,驱避化合物分子的极化度及其与氨分子之间的极性相互作用、缔合体中分子间键相互作用及其电荷分布均对驱避活性产生显著影响,说明双分子缔合对驱避活性具有显著影响。模型检验表明最佳四参数模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力。本研究可为寻找新型蚊虫驱避剂和揭示蚊虫驱避剂的作用机理提供参考。     

Olfactory antennal responses to plant volatiles in apterous virginoparae of the vetch aphidMegoura viciae

Electroantennogram (EAG) responses were recorded from apterous virginoparae of the vetch aphidMegoura viciae Buckton (Homoptera, Aphididae) to more than eighty volatile compounds in order to investigate its sensory ability to perceive plant odours. The response profile ofM. viciae reveals a differential sensitivity for the array of plant volatiles tested. The whole group of general green leaf volatiles is very stimulatory. In addition to (E)-2-hexenal, the following compounds of this group elicit large EAG responses: (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octenol-3, hexyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexanol-1, hexanal, 2-heptanone and 3-octanone. Relatively large EAGs are also produced by 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (p-anisaldehyde), hexanonitrile, heptanonitrile, 1,6-hexanedithiol, butyl isothiocyanate, 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate, (−)-(1S)-β-pinene, (+)-(S)-carvone, (−)-(R)-carvone, α-terpineol, linalool and citronellal. The nitriles are the most effective of all plant volatiles tested. Structure-activity relationships occur in various groups of chemicals and members of the green leaf volatiles, benzaldehydes, isothiocyanates and monoterpenes are ranked accordingly. In the group of green leaf volatiles, aliphatic aldehydes are more stimulating than the corresponding alcohols. EAG responses to series of saturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes reveal that C₆ and C₇ compounds are the most stimulatory. Dose-response curves show that the rank order of EAG response amplitudes hardly changes at lower dosages. It is concluded thatM. viciae perceives general plant volatiles as well as more-specific components, such as nitriles and isothiocyanates, associated with the odour blends of non-host plant species.     

Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Col., Curculionidae) to Agave tequilana volatiles

Abstract:  The weevil Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal (Col., Curculionidae) is the most important insect pest of cultivated agaves in Mexico. The objective of this study was to search for potential attractants for this weevil species from the freshly cut fleshy leaves of healthy Agave tequilana Weber var. Blue plants. Combined gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAD) analysis of A. tequilana volatile extracts showed that seven peaks elicited antennal responses from males and females. Five of these peaks were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as o -xylene, α -pinene, 3-carene, γ -terpinene and linalool. Electroantennogram (EAG) records of both sexes to 1-, 10- and 100- μ g-stimulus load of these five compounds showed that there was a dose effect on the EAG responses for linalool, 3-carene and α -pinene, but not for γ -terpinene and o -xylene. There were no sexual differences between male and female EAG responses to any of the compounds tested. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays of the compounds showed that males and females were attracted to α -pinene, 3-carene, γ -terpinene and/or linalool at doses of 1 and 10  μ g, while weevils were repelled by linalool at a dose of 100  μ g.     

性诱剂在沙棘木蠹蛾监测和控制中的应用

利用性诱剂在全国7个省9个地区对沙棘木蠹蛾Holcocerus hippophaecolus Hua,Chou,Fang etChen进行连续3年的野外监测和控制,结果表明：沙棘木蠹蛾性诱剂具有较好的野外监测和诱集效果,其中,平均诱蛾量最高的达26.6头/诱捕器,日诱蛾量最高的为45.9头/d,诱捕器之间的最佳设置距离为120 m,诱捕效率达50%以上。沙棘木蠹蛾性诱剂已成为沙棘木蠹蛾控制中最重要的措施之一,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) alley cropping. I. Spatio-temporal variation in soil juglone in a black walnut–corn (Zea maysL.) alley cropping system in the midwestern USA

A study was conducted to quantify the spatial and temporal variation in soil juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) in a 10-year-old black walnut (Juglans nigra L.)–corn (Zea mays L.) alley cropping system. Two treatments (root barrier and no barrier) were applied to determine if soil juglone in the alley can be minimized by preventing black walnut root growth into the alley. Although no significant seasonal variation in soil juglone existed, a distinct spatial pattern was observed. Juglone concentration decreased as much as 80% as the distance increased to 4.25 m from the tree row. Installation of polyethylene root barriers minimized juglone concentration to trace levels in the alley. However, this treatment increased juglone levels within the tree row as compared to the no barrier treatment, probably as a result of increased rooting density within a limited volume of soil.     

In vitro embryonic axis and seedling shoot tip culture of Juglans nigra L.

Embryonic axes and seedling shoot tips of Juglans nitra L., Black walnut, were cultured in vitro. Significant variation existed among progeny from individual trees for growth of radicles and epicotyls and production of callus and axillary shoots from embryonic axes. The concentration of 6-benzyladenine influenced the growth of the radicle and epicotyl and production of callus and axillary shoots of axes. Axes generally initiated growth quicker on solidified woody plant medium than on Driver and Kuniyuki's walnut medium, but axillary shoot proliferation and elongation were eventually better on liquid Driver and Kuniyuki's walnut medium than on woody plant medium which required an etiolation treatment for microshoot elongation. The concentration of BA also influenced both callus growth and axillary shoot proliferation from seedling shoot tips. Axillary shoots which formed in Driver and Kuniyuki's walnut medium rooted best in sterile vermiculite following a 15 s dip in 10 mM indole-3-butyric acid. Micropropagated plants are growing in the greenhouse.     

Attraction of the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, to host plant odors and volatile components

The attraction of the polyphagous grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), to odors from plant foliage or to chemical components of these odors was tested in a glass Y-tube olfactometer. Humidified air was passed at equal flow rates through a sample chamber containing plant material and an empty control chamber and then through the Y-tube to the holding chamber containing the test insect. Solutions of volatile chemicals in water were metered at a constant rate into the sample air stream with a syringe pump. Insects moving upwind were recorded after entering either the sample or control arm of the Y-tube. Both nymphs and adults were strongly attracted to the odor of chopped and intact seedling foliage of perennial ryegrass and wheat. Chopped leaves but not intact leaves of sorghum and alfalfa also were significantly attractive. The major components of ryegrass odor from both chopped and stem-cut leaves were Z-hex-3-en-1-yl acetate, Z-hex-3-en-1-ol, and pent-1-en-3-ol, in that order, with lesser amounts of E-hex-2-enal. Chopped leaves released many more minor components. The major components when tested individually or in binary and ternary mixtures were significantly attractive to grasshoppers compared to humidified air but not to the degree of whole plant odor. However, a quartenary mixture simulating the odor blend had levels of attractancy equal to that of chopped grass odor. Blends of these 5- and 6-carbon unsaturated alcohols, esters, and aldehydes volatilizing from green plants probably play an important role as olfactory cues for orientation of grasshoppers to food plants.

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Résumé L'attraction de M. sanguinipes (F.) par l'odeur du feuillage et des composés chimiques de ces odeurs a été examinée dans un olfactomètre en tube de verre en Y. Des flux identiques d'air humidifié étaient introduits dans une enceinte contenant le matériel végétal et dans une enceinte témoin, et, via le tube en Y, dans l'enceinte contenant l'insecte à étudier. Des solutions aqueuses de substances volatiles étaient introduites à un taux constant dans le courant d'air grâce à une seringue. Les insectes se déplaçant contre le vent étaient enregistrés après pénétration dans une branche déterminée du tube en Y. Larves et adultes étaient fortement attirés par l'odeur de feuillage intact ou coupé de semis de Lolium perenne et de blé (Triticum aestivum). Les feuilles coupées, mais non les feuilles intactes de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor) et de luzerne (Medicago sativa) étaient, elles aussi, significativement attractives. Les principales substances constituant de l'odeur de feuilles de Lolium perenne, tant coupées qu'intactes, étaient dans l'ordre de Z-hex-3-en-1-yl acétate, le Z-hex-3-en-1-ol et le pent-1-en-3-ol, et dans une moindre mesure, E-hex-2-enal. Les feuilles coupées libéraient beaucoup plus de composés secondaires. Les principaux constituants testés, seuls ou en mélanges binaires ou ternaires, étaient significativement attractifs, mais moins que l'odeur totale de la plante. Toutefois, un mélange quaternaire, simulant le mélange odorant, avait le même pouvoir attractif que l'odeur de la plante entière. L'union de ces alcools, esters et aldéhydes à 5- et 6-carbones non saturés, volatilisés à partir des plantes vertes, jouent probablement un grand rôle comme signaux orientateurs lors de l'attraction des criquets par leur plantes alimentaires.

     

Orientation of the Cigarette Beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lasioderma serricorne</Emphasis> (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to Plant-Derived Volatiles

Experiments were conducted to study the orientation of adult cigarette beetles,Lasioderma serricorne (F.), to plant volatiles in a walking bioassay. Seven out of sixteen test materials that displayed attractive responses were further studied for (1) responses to whole extracts from three types of solvents and (2) the effects of sex and mating status of L. serricorne on responses to plant volatiles. Bioassays with extracts revealed that responses of L. serricorne varied among the type of solvent extract. Volatiles from different Capsicum products attracted significantly more adult beetles than did volatiles from other materials. When virgin males, virgin females and mated females were bioassayed, mated females responded significantly more than the other groups to plant volatiles. Semiochemical-based pest management methods may be developed for L. serricorne with plant volatile-based attractants that may be identified and used alone or combined with a synthetic sex pheromone to manipulate beetle behavior. Mention of product or trade name in this paper does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for its use by Oklahoma State University