耐辐射的产黑色素酵母状真菌

从1945年7月美国第一次核试验至今,全世界已进行了几千次的核试验,对周边环境造成了不同程度的污染,对人类及其生存环境造成了极大危害。而耐辐射微生物因其惊人的耐辐射能力,以及特殊的生命现象和生理机制,使其不仅成为研究生命起源、物种进化等理论科学的重要材料,而且也在环境工程、人类健康、生物技术等方面具有极大的应用前景,从而成为世界各国竞相发掘的重要资源。     

The taxonomy of the anascosporous yeast-like fungi

Conclusion The species of yeast-like anascosporogenous fungi most frequently isolated from man were found to be the following: albicans, tropicalis, pseudotropicalis, Krusei, parakrusei, stellatoidea and Guilliermondi. A restudy of old cultures maintained in culture bureaus for long periods of time has allowed investigators to add other species to this list. These old cultures, representing single isolations, were thought to be partially dissociated because both rough and smooth colonies developed on blood agar plates at 37°C. when streaked from Sabouraud's glucose broth. When the smooth colony was picked for study, the culture could be identified as one of the most frequently isolated species.The rough colonies, however, showed certain differences which allowed them to be classified as distinct species. To avoid characterizing new species on the basis of dissociative changes, freshly isolated cultures should be identified immediately by some rigidly standardized technique giving constant results.A single genus, to be used internationally, has been proposed for these fungi which were obviously too closely related to be separated generically. Since Syringospora Quinquaud 1868 was the first validly published genus, it can be replaced by a more recently published genus only by establishing the latter as a nomen conservandum with appropriate emendation and the selection of the proper type species.1. Presented at the Third International Congress for Microbiology, Sept. 2–9, 1939, New-York, New-York.Aided by a grant from the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation.     

Reactivity of human lymphocytes to yeast-like and mold fungi

The capacity of the allergens of mold fungi (Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor pusillus, Alternaria tenuis, Cladosporum herbarum, Fusarium oxysporum) and yeast-like fungi (Candida albicans) to induce the production of lymphokins by human lymphocytes was studied. All these preparations were active in reactions with lymphocytes obtained from adult donors, but did not activate lymphocytes of newborns (obtained from umbilical blood). In equal doses (10 micrograms/ml) C. albicans allergen was more active than the preparations of mold fungi. The capacity of bacterial allergens to stimulate human lymphocytes was found to be either more pronounced (in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) than that of the preparation of C. albicans or equal to it (in Streptococcus faecalis). The results thus obtained may be regarded as the manifestation of immunological contacts with the antigens of different microorganisms, as well as the evidence of the immunological nature of lymphocytic reactions to preparations intended for use in clinical allergology.     

Carbon assimilation and extracellular antigens of some yeast-like fungi

Many yeast-like fungi assimilated n-hexadecane, butylamine and putrescine as sole carbon sources. Methanol was not assimilated. This points to a physiological similarity to endomycetous, hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts. Stephanoascus ciferrii assimilated uric acid, adenine and allantoin as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. All strains of Geotrichum candidum and many other yeast-like fungi assimilated acetoin and butan-2,3-diol. Assimilation tests for adenine, uric acid, allantoin, acetoin and butan-2,3-diol were found to be suitable for taxonomic purposes.Extracellular antigens immunologically related to those produced by Geotrichum candidum were detected in the cell-free culture liquids of several yeast-like fungi. The extracellular antigen excreted by Stephanoascus ciferrii was species-specific.     

The ingestion and digestion of yeast-like fungi by the sponge,microcionia prolifera

Summary Previous studies involving the redbeard sponge (Microcionia prolifera Verrill), its antibiotic, and its effects on the bacterial flora of its surroundings have indicated that this animal plays an important role in the elimination of organisms associated with fecal contamination. Since certain yeast-like fungi, notably Candida albicans, have been found to live, reproduce, and maintain their infectivity in the marine milieu, a study was designed to investigate the possible ecological relationships between this fungus and the redbeard sponge. The results indicated that the sponge ingested and, after an initial concentration, digested the fungal cells. The disappearance of the yeasts from the water surrounding the sponges could not be ascribed to its previously isolated antibiotic, but was the result of active digestion by the animals through the probable elaboration of what seems to be a chitinolytic principle.     

Biosynthesis of amylolytic enzymes during continous cultivation of the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuliger 55-13

Growth of the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuliger 55-13 during continous cultivation was studied. The microorganism produced amylolytic enzymes during flow cultivation. As a result of the three-stage cultivation the productivity increased two-fold and the time of cultivation decreased by 6 hrs as compared with periodic cultivation.     

Mycocinogeny in smut yeast-like fungi of the genus Pseudozyma

The fungistatic agent secreted by Pseudozyma prolifica VKM Y-2835 shows activity against some representatives of the Ustilaginales under acidic conditions. This mycocin, with a molecular mass of no less than 15 kDa, is thermolabile and sensitive to proteolytic cleavage.     

Screening and production of erythritol by newly isolated osmophilic yeast-like fungi

Twenty-eight erythritol-producing strains were isolated from pollen, honey and high sugar food samples collected in Taiwan. Amongst these, six strains (166-2, 262-1, 278-3, 440, 441 and 442) were high erythritol-producers with a yield higher than 30% for 30% glucose. The erythritol productivity of these strains ranged from 90.9 to 116.4 g l⁻¹. ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR analyses confirmed that the fermentation product was erythritol. The results of morphological and physiological studies indicate that strains 166-2, 262-1, 278-3, 440, and 442 may be members of the genus Moniliella. More studies are required to determine the taxonomic position of strain 441. The use of a medium containing 30% glucose and 1% yeast extract gave the highest erythritol productivity. On batch fermentation in a 5-l fermentor using strain 166-2, a maximal erythritol productivity of 111.0 g l⁻¹ was obtained after cultivation for 144 h.     

浅部真菌病病原酵母菌构成调查及药敏研究

目的了解本地区浅部真菌病病原酵母菌感染菌种的构成及其耐药性特点,为临床提供病原学诊断和合理使用抗真菌药物的依据。方法采用改良沙氏培养基对1354份临床标本进行酵母菌培养和菌株分离,用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基和YBC鉴定卡对所分离的酵母菌进行鉴定,用ROSCO纸片扩散法检测分离菌株对6种常见抗真菌药物的耐药性。结果共分离出10种219株酵母菌,甲真菌病检出率最高(43.80%),其次是股癣(16.70%)、体癣(13.00%)、足癣(11.11%),手癣最低(9.40%)。其中白念珠菌为63.47%;近平滑念珠菌为17.81%;热带念珠菌为6.85%;季也蒙念珠菌为5.94%;无名念珠菌为2.28%,其他酵母菌为3.65%。219株酵母菌对特比萘芬(TBE)、伊曲康唑(ITC)、氟康唑(FLC)、制霉菌素(NYS)、咪康唑(MIC)和酮康唑(KTC)的敏感性分别为53.42%、87.21%、97.26%、100%、80.35%和100%,耐药性分别为20.55%、11.11%、2.28%、0.0、12.72%和0.0。结论本地区浅部真菌病酵母菌感染菌谱以白念珠菌为主,其次是近平滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌,体外药敏显示对制霉菌素、酮康唑和氟康唑有很好的敏感性,对特比萘芬、伊曲康唑和咪康唑产生了较高的耐药性。     

临床酵母样真菌的感染特点及耐药性研究

目的了解临床酵母样真菌的感染类型、分布以及耐药情况,为临床诊断治疗提供合理的用药依据.方法采用常规方法进行真菌培养,用科玛嘉显色培养基联合法国生物梅里埃API 20C AUX鉴定条进行鉴定,药敏试验采用微量稀释法.结果864株酵母样真菌中,白色念珠菌619株（71.6%）,其次为热带念珠菌116株（13.4%）和克柔念珠菌47株（5.4%）,非白色念珠菌感染的比例逐年上升（21.5%）.其中,呼吸道标本酵母样真菌检出率最高,达79.7%,其次是消化道为8.8%,泌尿道为4.7%.科室分布依次为干部科、呼吸科、急诊内科、血液科等;白色念珠菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶高度敏感,达90%以上,对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感性有所降低.结论酵母样真菌的检出率与患者基础疾病密切相关;对氟康唑等药物的敏感性有下降的趋势,未发现对4种药物同时耐药的菌株,提示在治疗中,药敏监测是非常必要的.     

Bioconversions of maize residues to value-added coproducts using yeast-like fungi

Agricultural residues are abundant potential feedstocks for bioconversions to industrial fuels and chemicals. Every bushel of maize (approximately 25 kg) processed for sweeteners, oil, or ethanol generates nearly 7 kg of protein- and fiber-rich residues. Currently these materials are sold for very low returns as animal feed ingredients. Yeast-like fungi are promising biocatalysts for conversions of agricultural residues. Although corn fiber (pericarp) arabinoxylan is resistant to digestion by commercially available enzymes, a crude mixture of enzymes from the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium partially saccharifies corn fiber without chemical pretreatment. Sugars derived from corn fiber can be converted to ethanol or other valuable products using a variety of naturally occurring or recombinant yeasts. Examples are presented of Pichia guilliermondii strains for the conversion of corn fiber hydrolysates to the alternative sweetener xylitol. Corn-based fuel ethanol production also generates enormous volumes of low-value stillage residues. These nutritionally rich materials are prospective substrates for numerous yeast fermentations. Strains of Aureobasidium and the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma utilize stillage residues for production of the polysaccharide pullulan and the carotenoid astaxanthin, respectively.     

Yeasts and yeast-like fungi in tap water and groundwater,and their transmission to household appliances

In the present study we describe the occurrence of fungi in 100 tap water and 16 groundwater samples from Slovenia. We used culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. 28 fungal species belonging to 16 genera were isolated with selected culturing conditions, targeting human opportunistic yeasts and yeast-like fungi. Of special concern was the detection of Aureobasidium melanogenum, Exophiala dermatitidis, Rhinocladiella similis, Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The DGGE analysis of ITS1 rDNA revealed from 6 to 16 bands hypothetically corresponding to different taxa, while pyrosequencing showed the presence of Aspergillus and Exophiala. According to the statistic machine learning methodology, the profile of fungi in water is determined by the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions and the presence of nitrate. Exophiala spp., C. parapsilosis and R. mucilaginosa are known as dominant contaminants of household appliances. It appears that they are transferred with water to dishwashers and washing machines, where they subsequently proliferate.