提高春小麦花粉植株诱导率的研究

本文研究了影响春小麦花粉植株诱导率的几种主要因素。供试材料为1990年温室种植的杂种F_1代,试验结果表明,诱导培养基中附加细胞分裂素BA或BA与KT相结合能显著提高愈伤组织分化率;0.17M的葡萄糖加0.17M的蔗糖比用0.26M的蔗糖愈伤组织诱导率高60％以上;愈伤组织在18～25℃比在23～25℃下培养绿苗率显著提高;接种前2～3℃预处理幼穗72小时对提高出愈率和绿苗分化率有明显效果。     

佛手瓜简化培养基诱导小麦花粉植株的研究

我们研究了佛手瓜简化培养基(表1)诱导小麦花粉植株;以马铃薯简化培养基(简称“薯“)作为诱导愈伤组织的对照培养基和MS 吲哚乙酸0.5毫克/升 激动素2毫克/升(简称MS)作为愈伤组织分化的对照培养基。 愈伤组织的诱导结果是“薯”和“瓜 激素”两种培养基的诱导频率因不同材料而异(表2,表3)。多数的材料是“薯”的诱导频率较高,但这两种培养基诱导的愈伤组织转移至MS分化培养基时,前者分化白苗率较高,后者分化绿苗率较高。值得注意的是“瓜”培养基诱导的愈伤组组频率高于“瓜 激素”(表3)。 愈伤组织的分化是“瓜(分)”对愈伤组织的分化频率仅为MS的二分之一;同时前者比后者分化绿苗率也较低(表4)。然而,“瓜(分) Fe”与MS对愈伤组织的分化频率几乎相等,绿苗分化率前者高于后者(表5)。     

籼稻花药培养的研究——提高愈伤组织诱导率与分化率及根芽分化

3年来通过对籼稻(Oryza sativa subsp.hsien)花药培养的研究,愈伤组织的诱导率从0.2%提高到平均为2.85%,最高达18.75%;绿苗分化率从5%以下提高到平均为13.1%最高达到45.5%。在6个籼稻品种、38个籼×籼杂种中成功地诱导出了绿苗。本文着重研究了提高诱导率的有关因素。以单核晚期花粉的花药愈伤组织诱导频率最高。籼稻花粉去分化过程相对地要求较低浓度的培养基,籼稻花药对高浓度的改良 RM-1964培养基完全没反应。用杂种的诱导率较亲本材料为高。以易于诱导愈伤组织或易于分化绿苗的品种作亲本的杂种后代,诱导率与绿苗分化率亦较高。籼稻形成愈伤组织的高峰是在接种后的50—60天之间。愈伤组织分化的高潮是在转移后10—30天之间。籼稻愈伤组织的分化以先分化根的类型最多,在先分化根的愈伤组织中有36.74%能再分化出芽来。     

马铃薯未传粉子房离体培养诱导双单倍体植株

以MS为基本培养基,附加不同水平的生长素,培养未传粉马铃薯子房,经三年试验,从两个品种中获得了双单倍体的绿色小植株,(2n=2x=24);从分化绿苗力很强的球状愈伤组织中,又不断地分化出许多绿色小植株。绝大多数品种,都可以诱导出愈伤组织,一般诱导率为70％左右。品种的基因型和培养基中的生长素种类与水平在愈伤组织分化绿苗中起着重要作用。通过扦插和试管微型薯培养,可以大量繁殖试管苗,这为马铃薯单倍体育种提供了较有利的条件。     

不同培养基对水稻胚性愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响

以水稻成熟胚为材料诱导愈伤组织,统计在不同基本培养基上的愈伤诱导率以及绿苗分化率,分析不同基本培养基及外源激素的含量和比例对愈伤组织生长及分化的影响。结果表明,试验材料对基本培养基具有选择性,MS培养基对籼稻种胚愈伤的诱导培养效果较好,NB培养基则更适合粳稻种胚愈伤的诱导培养;诱导继代培养基中加入多种氨基酸组合可有效提高出愈率和分化率,特别是粳稻的愈伤组织的诱导和分化需要多种氨基酸的共同作用;不同基因型水稻材料对激素和氨基酸组合的需求不同。     

野生稻不同外植体的离体培养

野生稻不同外植体离体培养时的幼穗愈伤组织诱导率差异在８．７％￣９４．７％之间,成熟种胚愈伤组织诱导率普遍高于幼穗,但很少能再生绿苗。野生稻幼穗直接分化培养再生绿苗率普遍高于通过愈伤组织培养分化的再生绿苗率。     

提高玉米花粉植株诱导频率的研究

当前,在玉米花药培养中普遍存在着花粉 植株诱导频率低的问题,因而限制了花粉植株 在育种实践中的广泛应用。为了提高玉米花粉 植株的诱导频率,1978-1979年我们进行了一 些初步研究。1978年共接种花药51,290枚,诱 导出胚状体和愈伤组织1,683块,平均诱导率 （每100个花药产生的愈伤组织和胚状体数,下 同）为3.28%,分化出绿苗345株,绿苗诱导率 （每100个花药产生的绿苗数,下同）为0.67%。 1979年愈伤组织的平均诱导率达8.81%,分化 出975株绿苗,绿苗诱导率为1.61%。现将试 验结果简要报道如下。     

水稻花药液体培养下影响愈伤组织诱导和分化的一些因素的研究

水稻花药液体漂浮培养能大幅度提高愈伤组织诱导频率,但这些愈伤组织的分化能力很低。为了提高液体培养下愈伤组织的分化频率,试验了5种诱导培养基和4种分化培养基。结果表明,诱导培养基对愈伤组织分化能力的高低起主要作用,其中以过滤灭菌的马铃薯提取液培养基的效果最好,绿苗分化率可高达50％;分化培养基对愈伤组织分化频率的影响较小,且不甚规律。浮在液面上的愈伤组织比沉在培养液底部的愈伤组织有较高的分化能力。愈伤组织转移时间的早晚对分化频率也有很大影响。     

釉稻胚培养力与农艺性状的相关分析

木文研究了32个釉稻品种〔品系）的成熟胚愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率与植株农艺性状的相关 系数,并进行逐步回归分析。结果表明,在釉稻成熟种胚离体培养中,绿苗分化率除与愈伤组织诱导率 有极显著正相关（r二0.758**）外,与生育期、粒长、千粒重、穗长等农艺性状也有显著或极显著相关, 但逐步回归分析表明,绿苗分化率仅与粒长有关,决定系数仅。.21夕。     

八倍体胜利油菜下胚轴和花粉愈伤组织的植株再生

从八倍体油菜的下胚轴愈伤组织分化成苗。无根苗接种于一定的发根培养基后,新根诱导率达100％。采用试管苗扦插法,在发根培养基上能有效地扩增绿苗数量。研究了不同培养基以及不同生长激素配比对诱导八倍体油菜下胚轴愈伤组织绿苗分化的影响,并就各种生长激素之间的相互作用作了初步分析。从八倍体油菜花药培养分化成苗成功。愈伤组织的质量对于分化率的高低是一个重要因素。     

用花药培养创建小麦加倍单倍体作图群体

用花药培养创建加倍单倍体作图群体是构建数量性状基因作图群体的有效途径,但通过花药培养生产小麦加倍单倍体的成功率较低。该文考查了小麦幼穗发育时期、低温处理幼穗及高温处理接种花药对花粉愈伤诱导率的影响。采用春播小麦做为花药供体,推迟花药接种时间,避免试管苗在低温条件下越夏,有利于早移栽,培育冬前壮苗,同时加强试管苗移栽后的田间管理,保证安全越冬,有效地提高了花药培养生产加倍单倍体的成功率。通过花药培养创建了一个具有１９１个个体的小麦加倍单倍体作图群体,该群体将用于小麦有关抗旱性状及产量性状基因的遗传作图     

不同组织培养途径对小麦再生能力的研究

从现在推广的小麦优良品种和有苗头的新品系中选用10个小麦基因型品种进行组织培养,从愈伤组织诱导率、绿苗分化率等方面比较了幼穗培养、花药培养、幼胚培养三种培养方式的培养效果。结果表明,幼胚培养效果最好,基因型间差异小,都能获得足够数量的再生植株。幼穗的培养效果最差,愈伤组织分化生根和绿芽十分容易,但分化成完整植株则较为困难。花药培养在基因型间差异非常明显而且有较多白化苗。此外,本研究还分析了影响小麦再生能力的因素,建立了一套高效、可靠的小麦组培再生系统,为小麦的转基因技术提供优良的受体材料。     

低能氮离子注入对小麦组织培养影响的研究

以普通小麦为材料,研究了氮离子注入对小麦花药、成熟胚培养过程中愈伤诱导、植株再生的影响。结果表明：离子注入引起花药出愈率下降,但对分化率基本无影响,而且对成苗有利,在处理剂量下,成苗率比对照提高了４６．２％ ;而离子注入可以在基本不影响成熟胚出愈率的情况下,显著提高愈伤的分化率。     

A Study on the Application of C17 Medium for Anther Culture

Media with varied levels of minor elements and KNO3, NH4NO3, KH2PO4, MgSO4·7H2O, CaCl2· 2H2O and Fe-Salts were screened to obtain high yield of callus from wheat anther by using orthogonal tests. Of all the seven minor elements treated, the one without NaMoO4·2H2O and with 11.2 mg/l MnS04·4H2O was found to be the most effective. Among the five kinds of organic materials tested, biotin appear- ed to have the highest influence on the induction frequency of anther callus and its opimum dosage was 1.5 mg/l. Based on these data, C17 medium was developed and its induction frequency of callus with good quality from wheat anther reached 12.19% in the Institute in 1980. The maximum diffrentiation freguency of anther callus obtained was 50% on C17 medium. C17, medium compositions are as follows (Mg/l): 1400 KNO3, 150 CaCl2-2H2O, 150 MgSO4·7H2O, 300 NH4NO3, 400 KH2PO4, 27.85 FeSO4·7H2O, 37,25 Na2-EDTA, 11.2 MnS04·4H2O, 8.6 ZnSO4·7H2O, 6.2 H3BO3, 0.83 KI, 0.025 CuSO4·5H2O, 0.025 CaCl2·: 6H2O, 8 glycine, 0.5 nicotinic acid, 0.5 thiamine hydrochloride and 1.5 biotin. The re- differentiation medium is supplemented with 2 2,4-D+0.5 KT+7000 agar+90000 sucrose, pH5.8. The dedifferentiation supplemented with 0.5 IBA+2 KT+7000 agar+ 30000 sucrose, pH 5.8.     

Effects of light regimes on anther culture response in bread wheat

This experiment was initiated to further test the effects of light regimes during callus induction and plant regeneration on anther culture response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Spring wheat cultivars 'Edwall' and 'WA 7176' with high callus induction from anther culture but low green plant production were used. Different gro-lux light and dark regimes during callus induction, and gro-lux light and fluorescent light regimes during plant regeneration were used. Callus induction decreased significantly at relatively high light intensity (315 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) applied at any period of culture when compared to continuous dark. Light regimes used continuously and from the 15^th to the last day of callus induction also had a significant negative effect on plant regeneration compared to continuous dark and light application in the first half of callus induction. During plant regeneration, '15 day dark + 7 day gro-lux light' significantly increased plant regeneration compared to both 'gro-lux' and 'fluorescent light' regimes. Light regimes during both callus induction and plant regeneration and their interaction effects were found to be highly significant on green plant proportion and green plant yield. 'Continuous light' application during callus induction increased green plant proportion more than other applications in contrast to its negative effect on plant regeneration. During plant regeneration, '15 day dark + 7 day gro-lux light' had the higher green plant proportion compared to only 'fluorescent light' and only 'gro-lux light'. The highest green plant yields were obtained from '15 day dark + 7 day gro-lux light' during plant regeneration in combination with either 'continuous dark' or 'continuous light' regimes during callus induction. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

癸培养基的研制及在小麦花药培养中的应用研究

在多年的小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)花药培养育种及对多种培养基应用研究的基础上,从调整培养基的大量元素和微量元素入手,建立了癸培养基。经过L_(16)(4~5)正交实验,筛选出NH_4N0_3、KNQ_3、MgSO_4、MnSO_4在培养基中较优的配比。在培养基对比实验中,癸培养基的愈伤组织平均诱导率分别比C_(17)、W_(14)、N_6培养基提高了30.31％、50.60％和57.96％,且对不同的杂交组合都能表现出优越性。在癸培养基中附加0.9mg/L REA(rare eaxth addition,稀土元素附加剂),可使小麦花药愈伤组织诱导率提高54.25％～64.07％,并对愈伤组织的生长有促进作用。     

药用植物红芽大戟的组织培养

针对药用植物红芽大戟结实率和种子萌发率较低的情况,探讨了利用组织培养方法解决生产中繁殖的问题。结果表明,在茎、叶和芽３种外植体中,芽的出愈率最高,愈伤组织褐化率低,生长最好,且易被诱导出不定芽,是较理想的快速繁殖材料;而茎和叶的愈伤组织褐化率高,难以诱导出不定芽。较适宜的诱导愈伤组织的激素组合是６－ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ,诱导不定芽的适宜激素组合是６－ＢＡ５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ,根的诱导则在１／２ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．２＋庶糖１．５％＋琼脂０．８％培养基上进行     

Effect of genotype and medium on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture

Four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two spring wheat cultivars were evaluated in anther culture on three to four different media for their ability to initiate callus and green plants. Five media were used in the experiment: stored-potato medium with Ficoll 400, fresh-potato medium with Ficoll 400, fresh-potato medium with agar, fresh-potato liquid medium without agar or Ficoll 400, and a one tep 85D12-3 medium. Greatly different frequencies of calli and/or green plants were obtained from different cultivars and media. The callus initiation frequency varied from 2.7% for Arapahoe to 52% for Pavon, both on the stored potato medium with Ficoll 400. The frequency of green plant regeneration ranged from 0% for Arapahoe and Siouxland on the stored-potato medium with Ficoll 400 and 0% for Redland and Arapahoe in the fresh-potato medium with Ficoll 400 to 12% for Chris in the 85D12-3 medium (one-step procedure). Chris and Centurk 78, previously reported as having high levels of response, had significantly higher (P < 0.05) frequencies of green plant regeneration on the 851312-3 medium than the other cultivars. An unexpected observation is that wet MSC^– medium enhanced callus regeneration more than a drier MSC^– medium.     

Wheat anther culture: effect of genotype and environmental conditions

Twenty-two cultivars and lines of winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied, most for the first time, for their anther culture response. The response was genotype dependent. Plants grown in the field gave higher callus induction frequency than those grown in the greenhouse and the controlled environment chamber. Donor plants grown in a season of low drought stress as compared to a season of severe drought stress resulted in a higher frequency of callus induction. Spherical microcalli were observed in two wheat genotypes in some of only those anthers that were placed with only one loculus in contact with the medium. Wheat lines that were more responsive to anther culture were identified.     

Functional properties of ficoll and their influence on anther culture responses of wheat

The effects of ficoll in liquid culture media have been contradictory in previous reports. The objective of this study was to determine the functional properties of ficoll in potato 4 (P4) liquid induction medium and their influence on anther culture responses of wheat. Ficoll addition significantly (p0.01) reduced callus production from the anthers of spring wheat cv. Pavon 76. The reduction was directly related to the concentration of ficoll added within the range of 50 to 200 g l^-1 medium. Although the addition of ficoll significantly (p0.01) increased the percentage of regenerable calli and the ratio of green vs. albino plants, the final yield of green plants per 100 anthers was significantly lower. Consistent results also were obtained with four other spring wheat genotypes (Chris, Butte 86, WA 6916, and Edwall). Ficoll concentration affected the density, viscosity, and osmolality of the liquid media. The higher medium density caused by ficoll addition increased the percentage of floating calli, as well as the percentage of regenerable calli and the ratio of green vs. albino plants. However, the increased medium viscosity by ficoll addition significantly (p0.01) reduced callus production. Ficoll addition also increased medium osmolality, which affected callus production by interacting with the sugar concentration of the induction media. Using response functions, the estimated maltose concentration for maximum callus production was 105 g l^-1 for the standard P4 media, compared with 68 g l^-1 for the ficoll-containing P4 media. These results clearly demonstrate that ficoll addition to the liquid P4 induction medium containing high sucrose concentration (90 g l^-1) is deleterious to the maximum production of green plants from wheat anther culture.