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1.
Two flavonoid sulphates, i.e. quercetin 3-O-sulphate-7-O-α-arabinopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-sulphate-7-O-α-arabinopyranoside, were isolated from leaves of Atriplex hortensis L. The structures of these compounds were established by UV, 1H and 13C NMR, 2D NMR and MS spectra. The compounds were isolated for the first time from plant material. 相似文献
2.
Histology and cell wall biochemistry of stone cells in the physical defence of conifers against insects
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Justin G. A. Whitehill Hannah Henderson Mathias Schuetz Oleksandr Skyba Macaire Man Saint Yuen John King A. Lacey Samuels Shawn D. Mansfield Jörg Bohlmann 《Plant, cell & environment》2016,39(8):1646-1661
3.
Antimicrobial activity of crude seed extract of Moringa oleifera was investigated by thin layer chromatography bioassay against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium sclerotigenum; most of them were prominently inhibited by an isolate with R
F 0.92–0.96. Characterization and identification of the extract revealed the occurrence of three bioactive compounds: 4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, methyl N-4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl carbamate (both known compounds), and 4-(β-d-glucopyranosyl-1→4-α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzyl thiocarboxamide, existence of which in any Moringa spp. or plant is reported for the first time. The UV spectrum of the novel compound showed maximum absorption at 273 and
225 nm in MeOH while the IR spectrum revealed several characteristic bands at 3100, 2900, 1700, 1500, 1300, 1100 and 1000
cm−1. The 1H-NMR showed signals at 1.2 and 3.77 ppm and the 13C-NMR presented signals at 155, 122, 91.7 and 98.4 ppm. All the compounds at 5 mg/L had very high bactericidal activity against
some of test pathogens even at contact period 1–2 h. 4-(β-d-Glucopyranosyl-1→4-α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl thiocarboxamide was the most potent, with 99.2 % inhibition toward Shigella dysenteriae and 100 % toward Bacillus cereus, E. coli and Salmonella typhi within 4 h of contact. 相似文献
4.
Kunijiro Yoshitama Tomoyuki Kawasoe Nariyuki Ishikura 《Journal of plant research》1993,106(3):223-227
From the blue seed coats ofOphiopogon jaburan, a new flavonol glycoside was isolated as needles and determined to be kaempferol 3-O-β-d-galactoside-4′-O-β-d-glucoside (OK-2) by UV and NMR spectral analyses. OK-2 and kaempfrol 3, 4′-di-O-β-d-glucoside (OK-1), which was detected previously, in the blue seed coat were present in a molar ratio of about 13:7. OK-2
was newly found as a factor causing the blueing effects on ophionin which is a main anthocyanin in the blue seed coats. The
mixture of 4.8×10−3 M OK-2 and 2.5×10−3 M ophionin in Mcllvaine's buffer solution (pH 5.6) showed stable blue color, and the absorption spectrum of the mixture showed
two absorption peaks and a shoulder in visible reasion, coinciding with that of the fresh blue seed coat. The effect of ophionin
and OK-2 co-pigmentation on the blue color of seed coat ofO. jaburan was discussed. 相似文献
5.
Chemical structure and quality of agars from Gracilaria 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Erminio Murano 《Journal of applied phycology》1995,7(3):245-254
Agar polymers synthesized by species of the genus Gracilaria constitute a complex mixture of molecules, containing several extremes in structure. Sulphate hemi-esters, methyl ethers
and pyruvic ketals can alter in a number of ways the structural regularity of agar based on strictly 3-O-linked β-l-galactopyranose and 4-O-linked α-l-galactopyranose residues. In comparison with agars from Gelidium and Pterocladia, agars from Gracilaria can have higher degrees of sulphation, methoxylation and pyruvylation. The gelling ability of agars from most of Gracilaria species is considerably improved by adopting, before extraction, an alkali pretreatment which converts α-l-galactose 6 sulphate into 3,6-anhydro-α-l-galactose. Native agars obtained from Gracilaria cannot be classified, with few exceptions, as bacteriological grade agar as they have a high content of methoxyls and consequently
high gelling temperatures. On the contrary, the genus Gracilaria is considered the most important source of food and sugar-reactive grade agars.
Among techniques which can be used to study algal polysaccharides, combined 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy represent the most effective and powerful method for the investigation of the chemical
structure of agarocolloids. 相似文献
6.
7.
K. A. Aliferis S. Jabaji 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2010,6(1):96-108
Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 is a soilborne plant pathogen that forms resting vegetative structures called sclerotia. These compact structures are
crucial to the pathogen’s survival and pathogenesis. The metabolic changes occurring during sclerotia development were monitored
using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The validation, discrimination, and the establishment
of correlative relationships between metabolite signals were performed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least
squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results of the analyses suggested that out of the 116 compounds that were simultaneously
analyzed and compared using GC-MS, α-α-trehalose, d-glucose, 9-(Z)-octadecenoic and 9,12-octadecadienoic acids, xylitol, and glucitol were key metabolites that were highly dependent on the
developmental stage of the sclerotia contributing to their discrimination and classification. Furthermore, the application
of 1H NMR and GC-MS metabolic fingerprinting on the same biological sample provided complementary information illustrating the
value of this integrated approach in the study of metabolic changes in fungal structures. 相似文献
8.
The electrochemical detection of Escherichia coli β-d-glucuronidase activity as a means of monitoring water pollution by faecal material was investigated using separate Moraxella- and Pseudomonas putida-modified glassy carbon electrodes. The former was more sensitive and selective. The Moraxella-modified biosensor was 100 times more rapid and sensitive than the spectrophotometric detection of β-d-glucuronidase activity. The experimental limit of detection of the biosensor was two c.f.u. per 100 ml polluted water sample
within 20 min. The biosensor gave a linear response to commercial β-d-glucuronidase concentration between 0.2 ng and 2 μg ml−1. The biosensor detected activity of β-d-glucuronidase from viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells and can therefore serve as a presence or absence device for rapid
water quality monitoring. 相似文献
9.
Sensitivity of the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae L. to feeding deterrents was compared for larvae reared on different food sources under laboratory conditions. Since cabbage-reared
larvae normally reject nasturtium,Tropaeolum majus L., the effects of previous exposure to allelochemicals on larval acceptance or rejection of this plant were also examined.
When compared with cabbage-reared larvae, nasturtium-reared larvae were less sensitive to feeding deterrents including cymarin,
erysimoside and 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin E. Nasturtium-reared larvae were insensitive to chlorogenic acid, which was deterrent to cabbage-reared
larvae. Feeding by larvae reared on a wheat germ diet was not deterred by these compounds. The results indicate that dietary
experience can extensively affect larval sensitivity to feeding deterrents and that cross habituation of larvae to deterrents
occurs in response to certain chemical constituents of nasturtium and wheat germ diet. Digitoxin, however, proved to be an
exception. Larvae reared on either nasturtium or wheat germ diet were as sensitive to digitoxin as those reared on cabbage.
Previous results have shown that rejectionof nasturtium by cabbage-reared larvae is due to the presence of strong feeding
deterrents in this plant. However, more than 50% of 2nd instar larvae reared from neonate on cabbage leaves treated with strophanthidin,
cymarin, erysimoside, digitoxigenin and digitoxin accepted nasturtium as a food source. 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin E, 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin I and rutin were also active in causing larvae to feed on nasturtium. Thus dietary exposure to unrelated
plant chemicals can profoundly affect insect acceptance of a plant that contains feeding deterrents. 相似文献
10.
Tada R Tanioka A Iwasawa H Hatashima K Shoji Y Ishibashi K Adachi Y Yamazaki M Tsubaki K Ohno N 《Glycoconjugate journal》2008,25(9):851-861
A β-d-glucan obtained from Aureobasidium pullulans (AP-FBG) exhibits various biological activities: it exhibits antitumour and antiosteoporotic effects and prevents food allergies.
An unambiguous structural characterisation of AP-FBG is still awaited. The biological effects of β-d-glucan are known to depend on its primary structures, conformation, and molecular weight. Here, we elucidate the primary
structure of AP-FBG by NMR spectroscopy, and evaluate its biological activities. Its structure was shown to comprise a mixture
of a 1-3-β-d-glucan backbone with single 1-6-β-d-glucopyranosyl side-branching units every two residues (major structure) and a 1-3-β-d-glucan backbone with single 1-6-β-d-glucopyranosyl side-branching units every three residues (minor structure). Furthermore, this β-d-glucan exhibited immunostimulatory effects such as the accumulation of immune cells and priming effects against enterobacterium.
To our knowledge, 1-3-β-glucans like AP-FBG with such a high number of 1-6-β-glucopyranosyl side branching have a unique structure;
nevertheless, many 1-3-β-glucans were isolated from various sources, e.g. fungi, bacteria, and plants. 相似文献
11.
Chen GT Yang M Song Y Lu ZQ Zhang JQ Huang HL Wu LJ Guo DA 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2008,77(6):1345-1350
Preparative-scale fermentation of ginsenoside Rb1 (1) with Acremonium strictum AS 3.2058 gave three new compounds, 12β-hydroxydammar-3-one-20 (S)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), 12β, 25-dihydroxydammar-(E)-20(22)-ene-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (8), and 12β, 20 (R), 25-trihydroxydammar-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (9), along with five known compounds, ginsenoside Rd (2), gypenoside XVII (3), ginsenoside Rg3 (4), ginsenoside F2 (5), and compound K (6). The structural elucidation of these metabolites was based primarily on one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance
and high-resolution electron spray ionization mass spectra analyses. Among these compounds, 2–6 are also the metabolites of ginsenoside Rb1 in mammals. This result demonstrated that microbial culture parallels mammalian metabolism; therefore, A. strictum might be a useful tool for generating mammalian metabolites of related analogs of ginsenosides for complete structural identification
and for further use in pharmaceutical research in this series of compounds. In addition, the biotransformation kinetics was
also investigated. 相似文献
12.
Nina Elisabeth Nagy Vincent R Franceschi Harald Kvaalen Halvor Solheim 《Trees - Structure and Function》2005,19(6):695-703
In field experiments, clones of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] showed different degrees of resistance against pathogenic fungi inoculated into the bark that correlate with
differences in polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cells of the bark. Cells of spruce callus cultures, particularly towards the callus
surface, resemble PP cells and this study looks at changes in callus cells during infection and the relative resistance of
cultures from clones of low (weak) or high (strong) resistance to fungal infection. Callus cultures, initiated from trees
with different resistance, were co-inoculated with Ceratocystis polonica (Siem.) C. Moreau and Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. Callus cells from strong clones resemble PP cells of bark tissue from strong clones, having more polyphenolic
bodies, while callus cells from weak clones are more similar to PP cells from those clones, which have less extensive phenolic
bodies. Callus cultures from trees with weak resistance were more quickly overgrown by both species of pathogenic fungi than
cultures from trees with strong resistance. Callus cells of infected cultures showed changes similar to activated PP cells
of bark, including enhanced accumulation of polyphenolics. Phenolic bodies were more numerous and more extensive (larger and
denser) in callus cells of strong versus weak clones under all conditions. Thus, callus cells may perform similar functions
in defense as PP cells in the bark. Callus from trees of varying resistance seem to reflect the relative resistance of the
trees from which they are derived, and this study indicates that some mechanisms of resistance can be studied using callus
from trees of different resistance. 相似文献
13.
The influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth, pigment production and chlorophyll fluorescence of Norway spruce seedlings 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.)Karst.) from seven seed sources was grown in a greenhouse with 8.3 and 14.7 kJ·m−2·d−1 m UV-BBE (biologically effective UV-B: 280–320 nm) irradiation, and with no supplemental irradiation as control. The seedlings total
biomass (dry weight) and shoot growth decreased with high UV-B treatment but spruce from low elevation seed sources were more
affected. The seedlings grown at the highest UV-B irradiance (14.7 kJ·m−2·d−1) showed from 5 to 38% inhibition of total biomass and 15 to 70 % shoot growth inhibition. Norway spruce populations from
higher altitude seed sources manifested greater tolerance to UV-B radiation compared to plants from low altitudes. Changes
in phospholipids and protective pigments were also determined. The plants grown at the lower UV-B irradiance (8.3 kJ·m−2·d−1) showed greater ability to concentrations UV-B-absorbing pigments then control plants. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter
Rfd, (Rfd=(Fm-Fs)/Fs) showed a significant decrease in needles of UV-B treated plants and this correlated with the altitude of seed source. Exposure
to UV-B affect levels of the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Results from this study suggest that the response to increased levels of UV-B radiation is depended upon the ecotypic differentiation
of Norway spruce and involved changes in metabolites in plant tissues. 相似文献
14.
Aino Rummukainen Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto Mikko Räisänen Tarja Lehto 《Plant and Soil》2007,292(1-2):13-23
The increase in concentrations of phenolic compounds in boron (B) deficiency has been demonstrated in many herbaceous plant
species, but information on woody plants is scarce. It has been suggested that accumulation of phenolic compounds plays a
role in the development of cold hardiness in herbaceous plants but also that B deficiency decreases winter hardiness. Here
we study the effects of B nutrition on phenolic compounds in Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) in the course of cold acclimation. Phenolic compounds were analysed in Norway spruce seedlings from three different B-fertilisation
treatments in two harvests: non-acclimated and cold-acclimated seedlings. Norway spruce phenolic compounds consisted mainly
of condensed tannins. During B deficiency, condensed tannins and monocoumaroyl–astragalin der. 1 increased in non-acclimated
seedlings. The increase in tannins was 21%, which was nearly significant. However, the effect of B on phenolic compounds was
almost absent in cold-acclimated seedlings. The condensed tannin concentration increased much more with time in the simulated
autumn than due to B deficiency, and we conclude that the B effect was probably not large enough to be important for the hardening
of the seedlings. The total phenolic concentrations more than doubled during the course of cold hardening suggesting that
phenolics have a role in the winter hardiness in Norway spruce. 相似文献
15.
Young-Min Kim Byung-Hoon Kim Joon-Seob Ahn Go-Eun Kim Sheng-De Jin Thanh-Hanh Nguyen Doman Kim 《Biotechnology letters》2009,31(9):1433-1438
Alkyl glucosides were synthesized by the reaction of Leuconostoc mesenteroides dextransucrase with sucrose and various alcohols. Alkyl α-d-glucosides were obtained with a yield of 30% (mol/mol) with primary alcohols, but secondary alcohols or tertiary alcohols
gave yields below 5%. The optimal yield was 50% using 1-butyl α-d-glucoside with 0.9 M 1-butanol. The acceptor products of methanol or ethanol were confirmed as methyl α-d-glucopyranoside and ethyl α-d-glucopyranoside via MALDI-TOF MS and NMR analysis. Thus, methyl or ethyl α-d-glucoside constituted half the emulsification activities of Triton X-100 as commercially available surfactants.
Young-Min Kim and Byung-Hoon Kim contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
16.
A recombinant putative β-galactosidase from Thermoplasma acidophilum was purified as a single 57 kDa band of 82 U mg−1. The molecular mass of the native enzyme was 114 kDa as a dimer. Maximum activity was observed at pH 6.0 and 90°C. The enzyme
was unstable below pH 6.0: at pH 6 its half-life at 75°C was 28 days but at pH 4.5 was only 13 h. Catalytic efficiencies decreased
as p-nitrophenyl(pNP)-β-d-fucopyranoside (1067) > pNP-β-d-glucopyranoside (381) > pNP-β-d-galactopyranoside (18) > pNP-β-d-mannopyranoside (11 s−1 mM−1), indicating that the enzyme was a β-glycosidase. 相似文献
17.
Members of the Pinaceae family have complex chemical defense strategies. Conifer defenses associated with specialized cell types of the bark involve constitutive and inducible accumulation of phenolic compounds in polyphenolic phloem parenchyma cells and oleoresin terpenoids in resin ducts. These defenses can protect trees against insect herbivory and fungal colonization. The phytohormone ethylene has been shown to induce the same anatomical and cellular defense responses that occur following insect feeding, mechanical wounding, or fungal inoculation in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stems (Hudgins and Franceschi in Plant Physiol 135:2134–2149, 2004). However, very little is known about the genes involved in ethylene formation in conifer defense or about the temporal and spatial patterns of their protein expression. The enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) catalyzes the final step in ethylene biosynthesis. We cloned full-length and near full-length ACO cDNAs from three conifer species, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), white spruce (P. glauca), and Douglas fir, each with high similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana ACO proteins. Using an Arabidopsis anti-ACO antibody we determined that ACO is constitutively expressed in Douglas fir stem tissues and is up-regulated by mechanical wounding, consistent with the wound-induced increase of ethylene levels. Immunolocalization showed cytosolic ACO is predominantly present in specialized cell types of the wound-induced bark, specifically in epithelial cells of terpenoid-producing cortical resin ducts, in polyphenolic phloem parenchyma cells, and in ray parenchyma cells.J.W. Hudgins and Steven G. Ralph contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
18.
Nazarenko EL Perepelov AV Shevchenko LS Daeva ED Ivanova EP Shashkov AS Widmalm G 《Biochemistry. Biokhimii?a》2011,76(7):791-796
Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Shewanella japonica KMM 3601 was elucidated. The initial and O-deacylated LPS as well as a trisaccharide representing the O-deacetylated repeating
unit of the O-specific polysaccharide were studied by sugar analysis along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was found to contain a rare higher sugar, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-talo-non-2-ulosonic acid (a derivative of 4-epilegionaminic acid, 4eLeg). The following structure of the trisaccharide repeating
unit was established: →4)-α-4eLegp5Ac7Ac-(2→4)-β-d-GlcpA3Ac-(1→3)-β-d-GalpNAc-(1→. 相似文献
19.
S.T. Forczek M. Matucha H. Uhlířová J. Albrechtová K. Fuksová H.P. Schröder 《Biologia Plantarum》2001,44(2):317-320
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) belongs to secondary atmospheric pollutants affecting the forest health. Distribution of [1,2-14C]TCA-residues and TCA biodegradation were investigated in 4-year-old nursery-grown trees of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in the whole plant/soil system. Radioactivity was monitored in needles, wood, roots and soil as well as in the air. During two weeks of exposure TCA was continuously degraded, especially in the soil. Estimates of radioactivity balance showed loss of radioactivity into the atmosphere in the form of 14CO2; unincorporated [1,2-14C]TCA, chloroform, carbon monoxide and methane were not detected at all. TCA degradation to CO2 was indicated also in the spruce needles. Moreover, it was found that soil litter contained [1,2-14C]TCA unavailable to microorganisms. 相似文献
20.
Golo Stadelmann Harald Bugmann Beat Wermelinger Franz Meier Christof Bigler 《Ecography》2013,36(11):1208-1217
Natural disturbances are key factors for the development of forest ecosystems. In forests of central Europe and Scandinavia, the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is the most devastating biotic disturbance agent in Norway spruce Picea abies, but our understanding of the factors determining its spatio‐temporal dynamics is still quite limited. To quantify the drivers of bark beetle dynamics, we analyzed a survey dataset with annual resolution that covers 17 yr and 469 forest districts (10 860 km2 of forest area) all over Switzerland. We used Poisson log‐normal models in a Bayesian framework to analyze the spatio‐temporal dynamics of bark beetle infestation spots at the forest district level. Bark beetle infestations increased with increasing heat sum (> 8.3°C), volume of standing Norway spruce stock, and the number of infestation spots of the previous year. Precipitation tended to slightly affect the risk of bark beetle infestations. Two major storm events further increased the spatio‐temporal variability of bark beetle infestations. Spruce abundance, storm damage and temperature are known to be important factors influencing the population dynamics of the European spruce bark beetle. Our study is the first to quantify the combined effects of spruce abundance and heat sum, whereby the heat sum turned out to be the most important and consistent predictor. Because our study area encompasses large ecological and climatological gradients, our model is likely to be applicable to Norway spruce forests in other regions of central Europe and Scandinavia. 相似文献