牧草种质资源整理整合及共享利用

简要介绍了牧草种质资源保存状况,阐述了牧草种质资源整理、整合现状,提出了资源共享利用的框架;指出了在牧草种质资源整理整合中存在的问题及对策。     

人类线粒体的遗传

阐明了人类线粒体基因组特殊的分子结构和遗传学特征,论述了人类线粒体病独特的遗传方式。     

少数民族遗传资源调查研究进展

少数民族遗传资源是开展人类多样性研究、探索民族演化与生命健康的核心要素。近年来我国针对少数民族群体,在民族源流和群体遗传、遗传易感性与疾病风险差异、自然选择与遗传多态性等领域开展了多项研究。《人类遗传资源管理条例》的出台也进一步规范了针对少数民族的遗传资源采集、保藏与调查研究。本文从研究内容、法律实践、科学发现等方面系统回顾了少数民族遗传资源调查研究的相关进展,并对流调采样、样本处理和共享利用等核心环节的实践要点进行了总结与分享。     

中国人类遗传多样性研究进展

人类遗传多样性表现为世界各种族、民族和个体间存在的基因组差异,是探讨人类进化与迁徙、环境与遗传背景相互作用、疾病与健康影响因素的主要资源和工具。中国具有世界1/5的人口,有56个民族和丰富的遗传多样性资源。经过几十年的努力,中国人类遗传多样性研究已积累了丰富的资料,部分成果已经达到国际先进水平。文章重点论述了近年来形态学标记、生化及免疫学标记、DNA遗传标记在我国人类遗传多样性研究中的应用,线粒体DNA、Y染色体DNA和HLA标记在中国不同民族源流和相互关系、东亚现代人起源和迁移等研究中的应用,以及我国在中华民族遗传资源保存和利用、疾病易感基因和环境适应相关基因的鉴定及全基因组关联分析和第二代测序技术的应用、中国人基因组结构研究等方面取得的重要成果和进展。     

红花遗传资源的研究与利用

红花是传统的药用植物,也是新型的油用和工业用资源。本文综述了红花起源与分类研究概况,介绍了红花资源的收集、保存、鉴定和利用情况。认为红花遗传多样性丰富,经济价值高,具有较大的开发潜力。     

我国人类遗传资源采集活动现状分析与对策建议*

人类遗传资源是指含有人体基因组、基因等遗传物质的器官、组织、细胞等遗传材料及其产生的数据等资料。我国人类遗传资源极其丰富,合理利用人类遗传资源对推动我国生命科学、生物医药和临床研究具有重要意义。为有效保护、管理和利用我国人类遗传资源,管理部门严格依法依规开展人类遗传资源行政审批。通过梳理2021年我国人类遗传资源采集活动行政许可情况,结合工作实际,对存在问题进行分析,并提出对策建议。     

中国林木遗传资源利用与可持续经营状况

中国经过遗传改良的重要造林树种有100多种,全国年均提供各类林木种子2300万kg,年均生产各类良种壮苗约130亿株。林木良种在生产上的应用产生了明显的综合增益,其中用材林平均生长增益达10%~30%,经济林平均产量增益达15%~68%。中国每年进口林木种子15万kg以上,涉及50多个树种;每年出口林木种子30万kg和苗木400多种。近10年来,中国林木遗传资源的可持续经营和利用已取得了明显的进步,但与一些发达国家相比还存在一定差距。今后,应优先考虑对已保存的林木遗传资源的维护和资金补贴,加强种苗市场监管和信息服务,进一步提高林木良种的基地供种率和良种使用率。     

基于本体论的植物遗传资源数据整合研究

随着现代生物学的发展,全球范围内建立了大量的生物学数据共享中心,同时,在生物学发展的带动下,植物遗传资源数据变得更为复杂、异构化和海量。本文在分析国内外几大著名的数据整合共享中心的基础上,简要介绍了本体论的概念及其在生物学领域中的研究现状,提出了基于生物本体论将植物遗传数据、数据挖掘工具、科技文献和科技交流进行整合的设想,并对数据整合需要考虑的几个问题进行了讨论。     

中国绿豆种质资源遗传多样性研究

分析中国作物种质资源数据库中5072份国内绿豆资源的地理分布,并对14个性状(6个质量性状和8个数量性状)进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:我国绿豆种质资源分布在约28个纬度、60个经度内,其中29~41°N×107~123°E范围内分布最多,占总材料数的75.99%。6个质量性状中荚色的遗传多样性指数最高,而8个数量性状中百粒重的遗传多样性指数最高。35~37°N×111~115°E、37~39°N×111~115°E、39~41°N×115~119°E、41~43°N×115~119°E几个小区遗传多样性指数较高,可初步推断中国绿豆资源遗传多样性中心在35~43°N×111~119°E范围内。     

Enzymic starch utilization and genetic engineering

Starch is widely used in the food and beverage, paper and textile industries. Genetic engineering will allow optimization of starch conversion technologies both by creating novel enzymes/micro organisms of the desired efficiency, stability and activity to fit any process, and by ensuring they are produced in commercial quantities. Plants could also be genetically engineered to produce starches of the desired amylopectin: amylose ratio. To ensure a continuous supply of starch, starch-producing plants could be genetically engineered to be disease- and insect-resistant, high yielding, and able to grow under any climatic and soil conditions. However, screening for novel microorganisms should not be neglected and should be used to complement genetic engineering.     

Cassava genetic resources and their utilization for breeding of the crop

Wild cassava relatives are perennials and vary in growth pattern from nearly acaulescent subshrubs to small trees. They have been used as a source of useful characters such as high protein content, apomixis, resistance to mealybug and mosaic disease, and tolerance to drought. Indigenous clones are a potential source of beta-carotene and lycopene. Apomixis genes have been transferred to the crop successfully through interspeci fi c hybridization, and apomictic clones arising from these hybrids are now being grown at the Universidade de Brasília. Interspeci fi c hybrids produced earlier were polyploidized and had their fertility restored. Different useful types of chimera were also produced.     

Pervasive sharing of genetic effects in autoimmune disease

Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified numerous, replicable, genetic associations between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and risk of common autoimmune and inflammatory (immune-mediated) diseases, some of which are shared between two diseases. Along with epidemiological and clinical evidence, this suggests that some genetic risk factors may be shared across diseases-as is the case with alleles in the Major Histocompatibility Locus. In this work we evaluate the extent of this sharing for 107 immune disease-risk SNPs in seven diseases: celiac disease, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes. We have developed a novel statistic for Cross Phenotype Meta-Analysis (CPMA) which detects association of a SNP to multiple, but not necessarily all, phenotypes. With it, we find evidence that 47/107 (44%) immune-mediated disease risk SNPs are associated to multiple-but not all-immune-mediated diseases (SNP-wise P(CPMA)<0.01). We also show that distinct groups of interacting proteins are encoded near SNPs which predispose to the same subsets of diseases; we propose these as the mechanistic basis of shared disease risk. We are thus able to leverage genetic data across diseases to construct biological hypotheses about the underlying mechanism of pathogenesis.     

国家管辖范围外海域遗传资源获取和惠益分享机制构建建议

随着人类对海洋资源开发利用强度的增加, 海洋生物多样性的养护面临着更大挑战。《联合国海洋法公约》及其执行协定已不能较好地应对这些挑战。为此, 联合国大会决定成立工作组, 拟订新的国际协定, 以解决国家管辖范围外海域生物多样性的养护与可持续利用问题。建立国家管辖范围外海洋遗传资源的获取和惠益分享机制是该议题的焦点问题之一, 但是目前各国对新的国际执行协定应当包含哪些要素还缺乏共同理解。本文通过分析《生物多样性公约》、《名古屋议定书》及《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》等与遗传资源获取和惠益分享相关的国际条约在遗传资源的定义、管辖范围、获取条件及惠益分享要求等方面的异同, 提出对海洋遗传资源获取和惠益分享机制的构建建议: (1)国家管辖范围外的海洋遗传资源不可自由获取; (2)海洋遗传资源的定义应当涵盖海洋生物代谢生成的海洋天然产物; (3)惠益分享责任适用于在新执行协定生效前获取, 但在其生效后进行开发利用的遗传资源; (4)获取活动都应得到主管当局批准, 并签订材料转让协议或共同商定条件; (5)应为非商业化的获取活动制定简化程序, 在人类健康、粮食安全等受到重大威胁而急需获取海洋遗传资源时, 也应适用简化程序, 但后续商业化活动须分享惠益; (6)针对海洋遗传资源的不同研发环节, 设置惠益分享类型, 并就后续利用进行披露和监测, 确保惠益得到分享。     

Production, use and fate of Chilean brown seaweeds: re-sources for a sustainable fishery

Chile is an important producer of brown seaweeds representing 10% of world supply. Landings of Chilean kelp fluctuated between 40,000 t.year⁻¹ in the early ‘80s to 250,000 t.year⁻¹ more recently. Commercialized algae come from natural populations and no mass-cultures of involved species have been established. Four species of brown algae are commercially collected in the country: Lessonia trabeculata, L. nigrescens, Macrocystis pyrifera and M. integrifolia. Since 2000, the demand of alginate sources and food for cultivated abalones dramatically raised the harvesting of these species. Direct evaluations of Lessonia spp. and Macrocystis standing-stocks were made along 700 km of coast in northern Chile. Lessonia spp. estimated populations exceed 900,000 t, whereas M. integrifolia does not exceed 300 t. The insights provided indicate that sustainability of Chilean kelp subjected to intense harvesting would require management programs including the following bio-ecological recommendations: (1) to harvest the entire plant including the holdfast; (2) to harvest plants larger than 20 cm in diameter; (3) to harvest plants sparsely, selecting mayor specimens; (4) rotation of harvesting areas; and (5) for Macrocystis, to cut the canopy 1–2 m from the surface. They must be implemented in a National Program of Kelp Management, elaborated by government, scientists, fisherman, and industry.     

Assessing and managing risk when sharing aggregate genetic variant data

Access to genetic data across studies is an important aspect of identifying new genetic associations through genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Meta-analysis across multiple GWASs with combined cohort sizes of tens of thousands of individuals often uncovers many more genome-wide associated loci than the original individual studies; this emphasizes the importance of tools and mechanisms for data sharing. However, even sharing summary-level data, such as allele frequencies, inherently carries some degree of privacy risk to study participants. Here we discuss mechanisms and resources for sharing data from GWASs, particularly focusing on approaches for assessing and quantifying the privacy risks to participants that result from the sharing of summary-level data.     

云南省作物种质资源的研究现状及利用前景

云南是中国作物种质资源最为丰富的省份之一,已收集保存各类作物种质资源2万余份,并在水稻、小麦、玉米、甘蔗、茶叶、油料、花卉等资源的利用方面开展了一系列的研究,取得了丰硕的成果。本文将在分析云南作物种质资源利用研究的基础上,论述云南作物种质资源在育种、科研、国际交流等方面的利用途径与发展前景。     

我国甜高粱种质资源鉴定及利用概况

我国已收集到甜高粱资源1536份,包括地方品种、育成品种及国外引入品种,已于"七五"至"九五"期间相继编目入库.本文综述了我国甜高粱种质资源特性鉴定及在制糖、青贮、制酒等方面的利用概况,并介绍了甜高粱种质资源创新和育种利用方面的进展.