中国北方草地生态系统服务评估

北方草地是我国天然草地主体部分,其生态功能对提升生态系统稳定性、保障国家生态安全具有重要的作用。在北方草地生态功能分区基础上,开展2011-2015年不同功能区内防风固沙、土壤保持、水源涵养等生态功能评估,探明其现状和空间格局,为北方草地生态功能分区研究提供评估数据,也为推进草地生态系统保护与修复工作提供科技支撑。结果表明：（1）北方草地防风固沙能力为32.44 t hm^-2 a^-1,防风固沙量为89.22亿t/a。半干旱草原区防风固沙能力和固沙量最大,分别为68.76 t hm^-2 a^-1和29.16亿t/a,其固沙量占北方草地固沙总量的32.68%。（2）北方草地土壤保持能力为124.5 t hm^-2 a^-1,土壤保持量为243.59亿t/a。土壤保持功能的空间异质性较大,暖性灌草丛区土壤保持能力最大,为431.52 t hm^-2 a^-1;高寒草甸区土壤保持量最多,为105.36亿t/a,占北方草地土壤保持总量的43.19%。（3）北方草地水源涵养能力为93.03 m³ hm^-2 a^-1,水源涵养量为288.98亿m³/a。高寒草甸区和高寒草原区水源涵养能力较大,分别为211.09 m³ hm^-2 a^-1和118.04 m³ hm^-2 a^-1。两个区域的水源涵养量也较多,分别为125.36亿m³/a和72.13亿m³/a,合占北方草地水源涵养总量的68.34%。整体上,北方半干旱草原区、暖性灌草丛区、高寒草甸区和高寒草原区对发挥我国草地防风固沙、土壤保持、水源涵养等生态多功能效益、提升生态系统服务和稳定性具有极其重要的作用。     

生态恢复中生态系统服务的演变:趋势、过程与评估

经过10余年的发展,生态系统服务已经成为生态恢复研究关注的前沿和热点。生态恢复改变了生态系统格局与过程,对生态系统服务的产生和提供具有重要影响。但是目前对于生态系统服务在生态恢复过程中的演化仍缺少系统性研究。对国内外相关研究的最新成果进行综述,总结了生态系统服务评估中框架的构建和方法的选择(参数转移法、系统模型法和定量指标法),介绍了生态恢复对生态系统服务的促进作用、生态系统服务的演变过程以及不同生态系统服务间的协同与权衡关系,分析了社会经济因素对生态恢复和生态系统服务维持的影响。最后结合我国生态恢复实践,提出未来生态恢复和生态系统服务研究可以从深化作用机制研究、推动服务评估创新、增强研究成果应用3方面深化和拓展。     

基于地理空间角度的黑龙江省水源涵养功能变化的驱动因素分析

生态系统服务功能评估关乎人类福祉,是全球关注的热点问题,而水源涵养功能已成为最重要的服务功能之一,是保障区域生态安全和可持续发展的关键因素。基于InVEST模型对黑龙江省2000—2020年水源涵养功能进行定量评估,通过地理探测器分析近二十年黑龙江省水源涵养功能变化空间分异特征的主导影响因素,并结合地理加权回归来捕捉驱动因素的空间分异。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年,全省平均水源涵养量从13.81 mm/m²增加到20.29 mm/m²,水源涵养总量提升46.92%。(2)气候变化是影响水源涵养变化的主要驱动因素,土地利用变化是间接驱动因素;气候和土地利用之间的交互作用对水源涵养变化空间分异性的影响明显大于任何单一因素。(3)驱动因素与水源涵养变化的相关性及强度存在明显的空间分异特征。全省水源涵养变化与降水和林草覆盖率正相关。大小兴安岭和三江平原地区水源涵养变化同时与耕地和城乡工矿用地覆盖率负相关。本研究可为管理部门制定生态环境保护决策和优化生态系统管理提供科学依据。     

Ecosystem engineering impact of Limnoperna fortunei in South America

Limnoperna fortunei, or golden mussel, has invaded aquatic ecosystems in the Americas following it introduction from Southeast Asia. It is not only an aggressive invasive species, it is also a very effective ecosystem engineer, altering both ecosystem structure and function, and causes great ecological and economic impacts. This paper describes its impact as an ecosystem engineer (on benthic communities and the water column). A review of the existing scientific literature is presented, and the impact and the mechanisms by which the golden mussel modifies, maintains, and creates new environmental conditions in the invaded South American inland freshwater environments are analyzed. Understanding the ecosystem engineering roles of L. fortunei is important for its management and/or control in the invaded areas, and in cases of future invasions.     

2000—2010年我国重点生态功能区生态系统变化状况

分析了2000—2010年我国水源涵养型、水土保持型、防风固沙型、生物多样性维护型重点生态功能区的生态系统结构、质量与核心服务的变化.结果表明: 近11年来,水源涵养型重点生态功能区的森林、草地面积减少,水体与湿的面积增加,森林、草地、湿地生态系统水源涵养总量增加了2.9%,该类区域需要遏制森林、草地的减少趋势.水土保持型重点生态功能区的农田面积减少,而森林、草地、水体与湿地的面积增加,土壤侵蚀总量减少了28.2%,生态系统土壤保持总量增加了38.1%.防风固沙型重点生态功能区的农田、森林面积增加,草地、水体与湿地的面积减少,单位面积土壤风蚀量下降,单位面积防风固沙服务量有所提升,该类区域多位于干旱半干旱区,需要减少农田面积,优先保护原有生态系统.生物多样性维护型重点生态功能区的草地、荒漠面积减少,其他类型的面积有所增加,人类扰动呈现微弱的上升趋势,该类区域需要减少人类干扰.重点生态功能区应该针对核心服务和保护目标,分类分区开展生态系统保护、改善及其效果的定量综合评估.     

Evaluation of the Danish mussel fishery: suggestions for an ecosystem management approach

In Limfjorden, Denmark, an extensive mussel fishery exploits the wild stocks of Mytilus edulis with annual landings of 80,000–100,000 t of mussels. During the last 10 years the impact of mussel dredging on the ecosystem has been studied, including the effect of resuspension of sediment and nutrients and the impoverishment of in- and epi-fauna assemblages. Furthermore, dredging changes the physical structure and complexity of the seabed which affects mussel growth and interactions among zoobenthic species. The blue mussel constitutes the dominant fraction of the zoobenthic suspension feeders, and is important for the transport of material and energy from the pelagic to benthic systems and the control of phytoplankton biomass. In order to evaluate the impact on clearance capacity of a reduction in mussel densities due to mussel dredging, mussel filtration activity measured in situ has been related to the mixing of the water column and the amount of near-bed phytoplankton. Fishery practice for mussel dredging in Limfjorden is discussed in relation to its known impact on the ecosystem and the ecological role of the mussels, and modifications towards an ecosystem management approach and a more sustainable fishery are suggested. The suggested modifications include: a fishery practice where the mussel beds are thinned out when the mussels have attained good quality, and a transplantation practice of mussels from areas with a high mortality to areas with a high growth rate. Both practices intensify the production in a certain area, leaving other areas open for alternative production or for permanent closure for the benefit of the benthic flora and fauna. In addition, other shellfish species represent interesting new resources for fishing or aquaculture. Habitat restoration, such as the relaying of mussel shells from the mussel industry, is another important management tool that should be included in an ecosystem management approach of the mussel fishery. Electronic Publication     

Survivin: A target from brain cancer to neurodegenerative disease

Apoptosis is an important contributing factor during neuronal death in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and sciatic nerve injury. Whereas several clinical and preclinical studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of caspase inhibitors, their clinical benefits are still unclear. Here, we discuss novel alternative strategies to protect neuronal cells from apoptotic death using members of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family. We specifically review the different roles of survivin, which is an important member of the IAP family that serves a dual role in the inhibition of apoptosis as well as a vital role in mitosis and cell division. Due to the various roles of survivin during cell division and apoptosis, targeting this protein illustrates a new therapeutic window for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.     

湖泊水位变动对水生植被的影响机理及其调控方法

水位的高低及其变动范围、频率、发生的时间、持续的时长和规律性等是影响湖泊水生植被的核心因子.水位变动有短期、年内季节性和年际变动3种,对湖泊水生植被有不同的影响机理.水位短期变动通过对水体中的悬浮物、透明度、光衰减系数等的影响而对水生植被产生作用;周期性的年内季节性和年际水位变动可对水生植被的生态适宜性产生影响,并进而改变其时空分布;长期的高水位和低水位以及非周期性的水位季节变动会破坏水生植被长期以来对水位周期性变化所产生的适应性,从而影响了植被的正常生长、繁衍和演替.植被的极端深度和物种多样性是水位调控的核心表征指标,可通过经验数据分析法、生态模型法和参照法等方法来确定湖泊的适宜水位变动范围和时间.研究对象选择、研究方法、管理中的应用以及重要环境变化所产生的影响等是今后相关研究的核心问题.     

粤港澳大湾区水生态修复及展望

水是生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要纽带,水生态系统修复在区域生态系统修复中起到关键作用。粤港澳大湾区剧烈人类活动对江河湖库生态系统造成破坏和干扰,江河湖库污染严重,水生物减少,导致流域水生态服务功能退化甚至丧失;从生态修复科学内涵出发,判断湾区水生态系统健康状况已处于非生物控制跃迁阈值之下;针对该形势,从工程建设、水环境治理、空间规划和管理机制四个方面,梳理湾区近期开展的与水生态修复相关的水生态文明建设、水污染防治行动计划、水生态空间划定和推进河长制等工作,并对其中用到的技术、指标和制度进行条理;然后以茅洲河流域综合治理和广东万里碧道作为水生态修复的点、面代表,从水生态修复的整体目标、采用的技术措施、效果评价的指标体系和管理制度方法等方面分析当前的工作现状;总结湾区现状水生态修复工作,认为湾区水生态系统的非生物修复阶段基本结束;基于生态系统修复理论结合湾区江河湖库生态系统特点,提出适合湾区的水生态修复框架,讨论水生态系统修复面临的问题和未来工作的展望,为大湾区水生态修复提供直接依据。     

基于生态系统服务簇的内蒙古自治区生态功能分区

生态功能分区是生态系统管理的重要环节,有助于维持生态可持续性.目前生态功能分区的框架复杂多样,但对多重生态系统服务之间关系的理解还不够深刻.生态系统服务簇可以识别多重生态系统服务间的交互作用,并依据簇的特征对区域进行生态功能分区,从而更好地进行社会-生态系统管理.本文以内蒙古自治区为例,定量评估了供给服务、调节服务和支持服务,以旗县(区)为基本空间单元,运用自组织特征映射网络(SOFM)得到生态系统服务簇、划分生态功能区.结果表明: 研究区各项生态系统服务分布整体上呈现从东北向西南递减的格局;供给服务和调节服务存在权衡关系,支持服务和调节服务存在协同关系;依据聚类结果将内蒙古自治区划分为4个生态功能区,分别为西部荒漠生态脆弱区、中部草原水土保持区、东部草原牧业盈余区、东部森林生态均衡区.本研究基于生态系统服务簇的概念,分析了内蒙古自治区多重生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系,为生态功能分区提供了新的视角和方法.     

Survivin: a target from brain cancer to neurodegenerative disease

Apoptosis is an important contributing factor during neuronal death in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and sciatic nerve injury. Whereas several clinical and preclinical studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of caspase inhibitors, their clinical benefits are still unclear. Here, we discuss novel alternative strategies to protect neuronal cells from apoptotic death using members of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family. We specifically review the different roles of survivin, which is an important member of the IAP family that serves a dual role in the inhibition of apoptosis as well as a vital role in mitosis and cell division. Due to the various roles of survivin during cell division and apoptosis, targeting this protein illustrates a new therapeutic window for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.     

国家重点生态功能区2010—2015年生态系统服务价值变化评估

国家重点生态功能区是国家重要的生态安全屏障,其生态保护价值对维护国家生态安全具有重要意义。基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法,采用模型运算和地理信息空间分析,定量分析了25个国家重点生态功能区在实施转移支付后(2010—2015年)生态系统服务价值的时空分布格局及其变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)2015年,全国重点生态功能区生态系统服务价值呈现明显的"西北低,东南高"的分布格局。从25个重点生态功能区来看,中高值区的面积占比31.60%,个数占比60%。4类自然生态功能区的生态系统服务价值大小排序为水土保持型功能区>生物多样性维护型功能区>水源涵养型功能区>防风固沙型功能区。(2)2010—2015年,全国重点生态功能区的生态系统服务价值整体呈明显增加趋势,增幅为16.46%。从空间分布来看,80.14%面积的生态系统服务价值基本持衡;从分级变化特征来看,高值区、较高值区的面积增加,中值区面积减少,较低值区面积增加,低值区面积减少。(3)近5年来,25个重点生态功能区的生态系统服务价值呈增加的有21个,占比84%,而生态系统服务价值出现减少区域的变化幅度...     

Research progress on water uptake through foliage

Leaf is one of the most sensitive organs that response to atmospheric environment changes. In arid region, especially under water stress conditions, water from foliar uptake is one of the main water subsidy sources, which plays an important role in plant survival, growth and ecosystem sustainable development. Foliar water uptake attracts more attention in physiological and ecological research all over the world. This essay summarized the main measurement methods of foliar water uptake at home and abroad in detail: vessel control method, stable isotope technology and heat ratio method. And analyzed the significance of foliar water uptake from physiological and ecological aspects; and discussed the influence factors of foliar water uptake from water condition perspective, water absorption and leaf structure aspects. The following aspects should be paid more attention in future researches: (1) measure the amount of foliar water uptake by using stable isotope technology and heat ratio method; (2) the relationship among foliar uptake of fog, dew, rain and water vapor in arid region; (3) the foliar uptake amount and rate should be simulated by models; (4) the mechanisms of foliar water uptake should be researched; (5) study foliar water uptake of different plants at ecosystem scale.     

Are hippos Africa's most influential megaherbivore? A review of ecosystem engineering by the semi-aquatic common hippopotamus

Megaherbivores perform vital ecosystem engineering roles, and have their last remaining stronghold in Africa. Of Africa's remaining megaherbivores, the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) has received the least scientific and conservation attention, despite how influential their ecosystem engineering activities appear to be. Given the potentially crucial ecosystem engineering influence of hippos, as well as mounting conservation concerns threatening their long-term persistence, a review of the evidence for hippos being ecosystem engineers, and the effects of their engineering, is both timely and necessary. In this review, we assess, (i) aspects of hippo biology that underlie their unique ecosystem engineering potential; (ii) evaluate hippo ecological impacts in terrestrial and aquatic environments; (iii) compare the ecosystem engineering influence of hippos to other extant African megaherbivores; (iv) evaluate factors most critical to hippo conservation and ecosystem engineering; and (v) highlight future research directions and challenges that may yield new insights into the ecological role of hippos, and of megaherbivores more broadly. We find that a variety of key life-history traits determine the hippo's unique influence, including their semi-aquatic lifestyle, large body size, specialised gut anatomy, muzzle structure, small and partially webbed feet, and highly gregarious nature. On land, hippos create grazing lawns that contain distinct plant communities and alter fire spatial extent, which shapes woody plant demographics and might assist in maintaining fire-sensitive riverine vegetation. In water, hippos deposit nutrient-rich dung, stimulating aquatic food chains and altering water chemistry and quality, impacting a host of different organisms. Hippo trampling and wallowing alters geomorphological processes, widening riverbanks, creating new river channels, and forming gullies along well-utilised hippo paths. Taken together, we propose that these myriad impacts combine to make hippos Africa's most influential megaherbivore, specifically because of the high diversity and intensity of their ecological impacts compared with other megaherbivores, and because of their unique capacity to transfer nutrients across ecosystem boundaries, enriching both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Nonetheless, water pollution and extraction for agriculture and industry, erratic rainfall patterns and human–hippo conflict, threaten hippo ecosystem engineering and persistence. Therefore, we encourage greater consideration of the unique role of hippos as ecosystem engineers when considering the functional importance of megafauna in African ecosystems, and increased attention to declining hippo habitat and populations, which if unchecked could change the way in which many African ecosystems function.     

基于生态保护红线管理的塔里木河流域土地利用模拟及生态效益评价

以《生态保护红线划定指南》为依据,在开展区域生态系统服务功能重要性和生态环境敏感性评价的基础上,对塔里木河流域的生态保护红线区域进行划定,并基于FLUS情景模拟、生态系统服务价值（ESV）估算、景观格局指数计算和空间自相关分析等方法,评估生态保护红线政策在塔里木河流域实施后的生态效益。研究结果表明：（1）划定生态保护红线区域总面积133721 km²,占流域总面积的13.01%,植被净初级生产力（NPP）比红线之外的研究区平均值高3.61倍,划定结果符合"以较小面积获取较大服务"的原则。（2）生态保护红线区域提供了全流域44.55%的ESV,调节服务和供给服务是生态系统的最主要功能,其中冰川湖泊贡献了生态保护红线区域52.28%的ESV。（3）生态保护红线政策情景在2030年的ESV比2015年增加了11.96%,且ESV高值面积增加了5.95%,高ESV低风险区域面积增加了6.37%,流域生态系统内部稳定,拥有较高的抵抗风险能力,生态系统结构配置最优。生态保护红线政策能够为塔里木河流域的生态系统稳定和"既要金山银山,又要绿水青山"的可持续发展提供理论支持。     

Research progress on water uptake through foliage

Leaf is one of the most sensitive organs that response to atmospheric environment changes. In arid region, especially under water stress conditions, water from foliar uptake is one of the main water subsidy sources, which plays an important role in plant survival, growth and ecosystem sustainable development. Foliar water uptake attracts more attention in physiological and ecological research all over the world. This essay summarized the main measurement methods of foliar water uptake at home and abroad in detail: vessel control method, stable isotope technology and heat ratio method. And analyzed the significance of foliar water uptake from physiological and ecological aspects; and discussed the influence factors of foliar water uptake from water condition perspective, water absorption and leaf structure aspects. The following aspects should be paid more attention in future researches: (1) measure the amount of foliar water uptake by using stable isotope technology and heat ratio method; (2) the relationship among foliar uptake of fog, dew, rain and water vapor in arid region; (3) the foliar uptake amount and rate should be simulated by models; (4) the mechanisms of foliar water uptake should be researched; (5) study foliar water uptake of different plants at ecosystem scale.     

“海洋生态系统工程师”及其生态作用

“海洋生态系统工程师”是能够塑造栖息地并使其他海洋生物受益的海洋生物种类。海洋中的植物、动物和微生物中均存在为其他生物种类塑造栖息地的“海洋生态系统工程师”,它们的生态作用是其发挥生态功能的基础。本文基于国内外相关文献,系统阐述了“海洋生态系统工程师”生态作用的相关研究进展,并对今后的主要研究方向和内容提出建议。“海洋生态系统工程师”能够在特定的海洋环境中发挥积极作用,但一旦成为入侵种可能会对入侵海域产生负面影响;有些“海洋生态系统工程师”在发挥积极作用的同时也会在不同程度上带来负面影响。今后,应加强海洋生物床、海洋生物礁、海洋生物膜和复合生态系统工程等研究,有效利用“海洋生态系统工程师”的积极作用并防控其负面影响,实现对海洋的综合开发利用和保护。     

天山北坡经济带关键性生态空间评价

关键性生态空间在生态系统中所发挥的基础性和保障性功能尤为重要,其范围辨识及评价研究对于国土安全和区域可持续发展具有重要意义。以天山北坡经济带为研究区,构建适于西北寒旱区脆弱敏感环境的关键性生态空间评价体系,借助GIS和RS技术,从生态系统服务功能重要性和敏感性两方面对其空间范围进行辨识和分级评价,并进行土地利用生态安全冲突分析。研究结果表明:(1)底线型和危机型生态空间作为研究区的关键性生态空间,面积为45318km²,占比53%,主要分布于南部山区、农垦区西部及北部沙漠/荒漠区;(2)生态系统服务功能与植被显著相关,较重要、重要和极重要区域共占约20.9%,集中在南部山前草原及中部农垦区,生态系统服务功能整体较弱,主导因子为水源涵养和生物多样性保护功能;(3)研究区生态系统敏感性等级主要以中度敏感为主,敏感和极敏感区域面积占比37.7%,分布于高山区、荒漠戈壁区和低山与绿洲过渡区,主要体现为土地沙化和土地盐渍化。(4)全区土地利用生态安全冲突等级较高,有45%的城建用地与56.5%的耕地占用关键性生态空间。本研究可为区域国土空间布局和生态格局优化提供参考,并对相关理论和实证研究起到补充和借鉴作用。     

The ecological importance of crocodylians: towards evidence‐based justification for their conservation

Large‐bodied predators are well represented among the world's threatened and endangered species. A significant body of literature shows that in terrestrial and marine ecosystems large predators can play important roles in ecosystem structure and functioning. By contrast, the ecological roles and importance of large predators within freshwater ecosystems are poorly understood, constraining the design and implementation of optimal conservation strategies for freshwater ecosystems. Conservationists and environmentalists frequently promulgate ecological roles that crocodylians are assumed to fulfil, but often with limited evidence supporting those claims. Here, we review the available information on the ecological importance of crocodylians, a widely distributed group of predominantly freshwater‐dwelling, large‐bodied predators. We synthesise information regarding the role of crocodylians under five criteria within the context of modern ecological concepts: as indicators of ecological health, as ecosystem engineers, apex predators, keystone species, and as contributors to nutrient and energy translocation across ecosystems. Some crocodylians play a role as indicators of ecosystem health, but this is largely untested across the order Crocodylia. By contrast, the role of crocodylian activities in ecosystem engineering is largely anecdotal, and information supporting their assumed role as apex predators is currently limited to only a few species. Whether crocodylians contribute significantly to nutrient and energy translocation through cross‐ecosystem movements is unknown. We conclude that most claims regarding the importance of crocodylians as apex predators, keystone species, ecosystem engineers, and as contributors to nutrient and energy translocation across ecosystems are mostly unsubstantiated speculation, drawn from anecdotal observations made during research carried out primarily for other purposes. There is a paucity of biological research targeted directly at: understanding population dynamics; trophic interactions within their ecological communities; and quantifying the short‐ and long‐term ecological impacts of crocodylian population declines, extirpations, and recoveries. Conservation practices ideally need evidence‐based planning, decision making and justification. Addressing the knowledge gaps identified here will be important for achieving effective conservation of crocodylians.     

水源涵养型国家重点生态功能区生态系统服务功能评估

为评估“十二五”以来国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策的阶段性实施效果,以水源涵养类型国家重点生态功能区为对象,基于水量平衡法,利用2011年和2019年土地覆被数据,并结合气象数据,分析了水源涵养型国家重点生态功能区2011年和2019年水源涵养功能、生态系统面积、生态系统质量状况及其变化情况。研究结果表明,自2011年转移支付政策实施以来：1)全国水源涵养型重点生态功能区内的水源涵养能力呈现从西北部到东南部逐渐增加的空间分布趋势,2019年全国水源涵养型重点生态功能区水源涵养能力较2011年显著增加。2)全国水源涵养型重点生态功能区森林面积有所增加,湿地得到有效恢复。3)全国水源涵养重点生态功能区内生态系统质量提高,平均植被覆盖度有所增加,呈现东北部及中南部高,西北部低的分布趋势。总体来看,转移支付政策的实施对全国水源涵养重点生态功能区森林、草地生态系统水源涵养功能的提升发挥了积极作用,基本上达到了转移支付政策预期的阶段性目标。