刺槐叶瘿蚊成虫行为学特征及性诱效果的研究

本文在室内条件下研究了刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis rohiniae(Haldemann)成虫羽化、交尾、产卵行为的时间动态节律以及雌蚊性诱效果.结果表明:雌虫5:00-6:00为羽化高峰期,雄虫1:00-2:00为羽化高峰期,雌虫羽化高峰期期迟于雄虫4 h左右.雌蚊羽化后20min左右即外伸产卵器吸引雄蚊交配...     

Chronopathological Aspects of Disease Incidence in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice seedlings maintained under uncontrolled glasshouse conditions were inoculated with conidial suspensions of a fungal pathogen, Helminthosporium oryzae, at various times during the 24 h. Significant increase in the percent germination and germ tube length of conidia were observed in the rice samples inoculated at 02:00 and 06:00h. The 24 h temporal variation in leaf temperature was positively correlated with variation in stomatal movements. The results indicate a 24 h rhythm in the behavior of the fungal pathogen on the host in relation to the conditions of the growing environment. In all the inoculated seedlings, the appearance of a large number of brown leaf spots was confined to the light span. Among the plants inoculated, earlier initiation of brown leaf spot appearance, maximum number of leaf spots, and highest disease severity were observed when plants were inoculated at 02:00h. There was a positive correlation between disease severity of the host and in vivo values of percent germination of conidia and germ tube length of the pathogen in plants inoculated between 02:00 and 06:00h. The findings of this study implicate that light intensity and temperature could play a predominant role in controlling disease susceptibility rhythms in plants.     

Chronopathological aspects of disease incidence in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice seedlings maintained under uncontrolled glasshouse conditions were inoculated with conidial suspensions of a fungal pathogen, Helminthosporium oryzae, at various times during the 24 h. Significant increase in the percent germination and germ tube length of conidia were observed in the rice samples inoculated at 02:00 and 06:00h. The 24 h temporal variation in leaf temperature was positively correlated with variation in stomatal movements. The results indicate a 24 h rhythm in the behavior of the fungal pathogen on the host in relation to the conditions of the growing environment. In all the inoculated seedlings, the appearance of a large number of brown leaf spots was confined to the light span. Among the plants inoculated, earlier initiation of brown leaf spot appearance, maximum number of leaf spots, and highest disease severity were observed when plants were inoculated at 02:00h. There was a positive correlation between disease severity of the host and in vivo values of percent germination of conidia and germ tube length of the pathogen in plants inoculated between 02:00 and 06:00h. The findings of this study implicate that light intensity and temperature could play a predominant role in controlling disease susceptibility rhythms in plants.     

Adult behavior of an ambrosia gall midge Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and synchronization between its emergence and host plant phenology

The adult behavior of an ambrosia gall midge Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Illiciaceae) was studied at the population level from 1977 to 1995 in Kagoshima, Japan. Most males emerged between 0:00 and 08:00 h and females between 05:00 and 11:00 h. Males swarmed around the host trees between 05:00 and 11:00 h. Mating occurred on the host leaves mainly between 06:00 and 08:00 h. Females then left the host trees for somewhere else, possibly to collect symbiont fungal conidia. From 08:00 to 16:00 h, females were observed ovipositing into the host shoots. The low development threshold temperature for overwintered larvae was 14°C, while the thermal constant for emergence differed with individuals. Thermal totals above 14°C up to the 50% emergence date varied yearly from 33.1 to 68.7 degree‐days. The 50% emergence date varied from 9 to 18 May. The thermal totals significantly correlated with the 50% emergence date but did not correlate with the date when 50% of shoots became suitable for oviposition. Thus, the host‐plant responded to thermal effects differently from the gall midge. Illiciomyia yukawai has been synchronizing well with the host‐plant phenology but will suffer from asynchrony when global warming becomes more conspicuous.     

食蚊鱼摄食特性及其与浮游动物和环境因子的关系

2008年11月—2009年4月,利用分时段采样法对广州暨南大学明湖内食蚊鱼在秋季(11月)、冬季(12—2月)、春季(3—4月)3个季节的摄食特性进行了研究,探讨其与湖内浮游动物群体数量动态、光照和水温的关系。结果表明:食蚊鱼主要以浮游动物为食,对枝角类和桡足类有较强的选择性;明湖日平均水温与浮游动物日平均丰度在3个季节间有显著差异,而食蚊鱼消化道饱满指数的差异不显著;食蚊鱼消化道饱满指数在这3个季节的变化与浮游动物丰度、水温、光照在这3个季节的变化无明显的相关;无论哪个季节,食蚊鱼在白天时段(10:00—18:00)的消化道饱满指数均高于夜间(22:00—6:00),表现出白天高峰型的摄食节律;光照是影响食蚊鱼昼夜摄食节律的主要因素,而水温、浮游动物丰度的昼夜变化与食蚊鱼的昼夜摄食节律没有显著相关。     

Influence of two different light intensities from 16:00 to 20:30 hours on evening dressing behavior in the cold

The present experiment tested our hypothesis that the subjects will wear more clothing in the evening cold under the influence of bright light exposure in the late afternoon and evening. Nine young female adults participated in this study. Light intensity was controlled from 9:00 h to 16:00 h at 100 lx, and from 16:00 h to 20:30 h either at 3000 lx in the bright light (Brighte) or at 10 lx in the dim light ("Dim") conditions. Light intensity was maintained at 10 lx from 20:30 h to 23:00 h. They were instructed to wear garments to maintain themselves to feel comfortable during the fall of ambient temperature from 30 degrees C to 15 degrees C (21:00 h - 22:00 h) and its constant temperature at 15 degrees C (22:00 h - 23:00 h). Most subjects dressed in heavier clothing in the "Bright" than in the "Dim" conditions. The evening fall of core temperature was significantly smaller and the urinary melatonin secretion was significantly lower in the "Bright" condition, suggesting that the set-point of core temperature has been set at a higher level during the evening and at night, being influenced by the less amount of melatonin secretion. Thus, it is concluded that the late afternoon and evening bright light exposure could accelerate the dressing behavior in the evening cold.     

祁连山东段高原鼢鼠暖季活动节律及其影响因素

正动物活动节律是在光周期、外界环境和内在生理机制共同调节下,动物表现出的休息和活动规律,它可以反映出动物个体营养状况、生存压力及社会地位等信息,是研究动物生态行为策略的重要依据(孙儒泳,2006)。尚玉昌(2006)认为温度和光照强度变化直接影响动物行为,而食物资源和天敌数量变化则能间接影响动物行为。目前对于地上栖息的啮齿动物活动节律及其影响因素已有许多报道(金建丽等,2003;纪春艳等,2005;宛新荣     

FIELD AND CULTURE STUDIES ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF CALLITHAMNION BYSSOIDES (RHODOPHYTA,CERAMIALES) IN NORTH CAROLINA1,2

The life history of Callithamnion byssoides Arnott ex Harv. in Hook. from North Carolina is shown to be of the Polysiphonia-type. Cross-gradient light-temperature culture in 8:16 and 14:10 LD cycles was utilized to investigate the effects of light intensity, temperature and day-length on growth and reproduction. Carposporophyte and tetrasporangium development were controlled by total light energy rather than photoperiod. Results of these studies explain the observed seasonal periodicity of growth and reproduction on the North Carolina coast. Variations between these results and previously published data for this species in Texas are explained in terms of ecotypic differentiation.     

Temperature as a cue for the periodicity in feeding of Brachycentrus occidentalis (Insecta: Trichoptera)

Filtering behaviour of two groups of Brachycentrus occidentalis larvae exposed to a diel temperature cycle and a LD12:12 photoperiod, was observed for 5 days at 4-hr intervals. Both groups were then subjected to 5 days of continuous light; however, a diel temperature pattern was maintained for only one group. Behaviour of larvae showed a diel periodicity under the initial conditions that was quickly lost in continuous light and constant temperature. Under continuous light and daily fluctuating temperatures, larvae could maintain a diel periodicity. However, the amplitude of the periodicity was moderated.     

In situ studies on heart rate and locomotor activity in the freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus (L.) in relation to natural fluctuations in temperature and light intensity

1. By the aid of a computer technique, the in situ variations in heart rate and locomotor activity were recorded continuously for 7 days in sixteen individuals of the crayfish, Astacus astacus (Linnaeus 1758), in association with natural changes in water temperature and light intensity.
2. All sixteen crayfish investigated were found to express circadian rhythmicity in heart rate with a periodicity of ≈ 24 h. For 88% of the animals investigated, rhythmicity was significant ( P < 0.05). Ninety‐three per cent of the crayfish showed circadian rhythmicity in locomotor activity with a 24 ± 2 h periodicity and, for 67% of the animals, this rhythmicity was significant ( P < 0.05). In general, the expression of circadian rhythms was associated with nocturnal behaviour, heart rates and locomotor activity levels being higher at night than by day.
3. A positive correlation was observed between heart rate and locomotor activity. Temperature and light intensity exerted positive and negative influences on heart rate in A. astacus , respectively.
4. In the first experiment, 84% of the variation in heart rate could be explained by the changes in locomotor activity, temperature and light intensity. In the second experiment 35% of the variation in the heart rate was explained using these parameters.     

The diurnal flight activity and influential factors of Frankliniella occidentalis in the greenhouse

Abstract The daily flight activity of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was examined using color, yellow-light and chemical attractant traps in a cucumber greenhouse and under controlled laboratory conditions. In the greenhouse, flying thrips were most abundant between hours 08:00–10:00, declined at mid-day, and then slightly increased during hours 14:00–16:00; however they decreased to a very low level at 18:00. The use of light traps showed no thrip flight activity during the night. The total number of thrips that flew onto cards on rainy or cloudy days was higher than that on sunny days. We reconfirmed that traps treated with attractant attracted 4.0–9.4 times more thrip than the untreated traps. Under laboratory controlled conditions, thrip flight activity was highest under light intensity between 4 000 and 6 000 lux, air temperature of 28°C, and RH of 70%. In addition, starved thrips flew more readily than non-starved thrips.     

东北鼢鼠活动强度及其与土壤温度和湿度的关系

动物的活动节律是对环境条件的综合适应,营地下生活的啮齿动物常年栖息于相对低氧和黑暗的土壤环境,其活动节律及强度如何受栖息地土壤温度和湿度影响,是否具有性别差异特征,一直受到广泛关注.这种影响的结果能够较为客观地反映出地下生活啮齿动物对其栖息地长期适应的生活史策略.东北鼢鼠(Myospalax psilurus)是我国北...     

Circadian rhythm of DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in tongue keratinocytes

Tongue keratinocytes have a high mitotic index (MI) with an evident circadian variation. Our study set out to compare and contrast two phases of the cell cycle: DNA synthesis (S-phase), with inmunocytochemical detection by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and mitosis (M-phase), by the colchicine-arrest of metaphase method, exploring both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the mouse tongue throughout a circadian period. Adult male mice standardized for light periodicity used for MI experiment were injected intraperitoneally with colchicine. Other animals were injected intraperitoneally with 5-BrdU for S-phase determination. Animals given both treatments were divided into six groups and killed at 4 h intervals until 20:00 h. Tongue samples were processed for histology and immuno-histochemistry. S and M indices were expressed as labelled nuclei or colchicine metaphases, respectively, per 1000 nuclei. Peak MI occurred at 12:00, with the minimum value at 20:00 on dorsal and ventral tongue surfaces. Peak S-phase was at 04:00, whereas the minimum value was at 16:00 for both surfaces. These results show that the proliferative activity of the tongue epithelium is of similar intensity and temporal distribution on both surfaces.     

不同光照强度下辣木光合作用及与其相关生理指标的日变化

测定不同光照强度下生长的辣木光合作用及与其相关生理指标日变化的结果表明,在高温和高光强的夏季,辣木的净光合速率总体趋势是：遮光35％〉自然光〉遮光65％。适当的遮光（遮光35％）后,光合速率的峰值出现晚,高光合速率的时间维持的比较长。但遮光不能过甚,当遮光达到65％时,净光合速率除在中午11：00前后外,其他时间内均处于较低水平。据此认为,在南方高温和高光强的季节里,辣木适当遮光可以提高辣木的光合速率。     

盐碱池塘浮游植物初级生产力日变化的研究

用黑白瓶测氧法对盐碱池塘浮游植物初级生产力的日变化进行了研究．结果表明,盐碱池塘浮游植物初级生产力存在着明显的日变化,其分布规律与光照、温度、浮游植物现存量等环境因子的变化是相关的．用黑白瓶法连续曝光24h测定初级生产力结果大大偏低于每次曝光2h的全天累积结果．对养鱼池而言,在10：00—14：00时曝光4h再推算全天的初级生产力较为适当．     

云南河口县桔小实蝇生物学特性及防治

桔小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis (Hendel)在河口 1年发生 5代 ,世代重叠 ,5～ 8月为害虫发生盛期 ,以第 2和第 3代幼虫发生期对当地果蔬作物的危害最重。室内 1 8～ 30℃条件下 ,成虫日羽化高峰发生在上午 9:0 0～ 1 0 :0 0 ,卵、幼虫和蛹的历期随着温度的升高而缩短。成虫取食喜选成熟芒果的汁液。提出了防治此害虫的主要措施。     

The Relation Between Activity of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase and Photosynthesis in Aloe vera Leaves

The chlorophyllous layer of leaf of a PEP-CK type CAM plant Aloe vera was stripped tiff from the colorIess water storage tissue and used to stuly the interrelation between the activity of decarboxylating enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and photosynthesis. Oxaloacetate, malate+ADP, and NaHCO3 were found to stimulate photosynthetic oxygen evolution. During the period from 6:00 to 18:00 of the day time, a diurnal fluctuation was observed in both PEPCK activity and the rate of oxygen evolution. The maximum of photosynthesis appeared at 10-12:00, but the maximum PEPCK activity appeared at 14:00. The PEPCK activity and photosynthetic rate in leaf discs increased with temperature from 10 to 35℃, then decreased at 45℃. Similar decline of both parameters was found in the leaf discs stressed by different concentration of PEG-6000 solution for 4.5 h. At light intensity of 900 mol m-2 s-1 and 25℃, the PEPCK activity and photosynthetic rate of leaf discs rised with the illumination time, then a slight inhibition followed at the time of 30 min (Pn) or 40 min (PEPCK). The strong response of PEPCK activity to high light intensity in leaf discs, and a progressive increase of PEPCK activity in direct illumination of crude enzyme extractm the range of 0-55 min, indicated that light s likely to be an activator for PEPCK. Leaf discs were infiltrated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l, 1-dimethylurea, DL-glyceraldehyde and 2,4-dimitrophenol resulted in the partial inhibition of light-ependent photosynthesis and decarboxylation of C4 acid. The activity of PEPCK was also stimulated by Mg2+ or Mg2++ATP infiltrated into the leaf discs in the dark. The evidence presented here suggested that PEPCK activity of CAM plants showed a close interrelation with photosynthesis. Both of them were regulated by the environmental changes. The activity of PEPCK might be coupled to electron trsnsport and photophosphorylatiou.     

Size characteristics and diet of emergent chinook salmon in a small, stable, New Zealand stream

The emergence timing, quality and diet of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha , fry were studied as they emerged from ten natural redds. The impact of selected environmental factors on emergence was studied also. Samples of fry were obtained daily using redd traps.
The mean period of total emergence for redds with more than 450 fry emerging was 44.8 days (range 25–57 days), but for 80% of the fry in each redd to emerge the mean time elapsed was 10.8 days (range 6–21 days). No fry sampled had a visible yolk sac. The effect of temperature and light on emergence timing was weak, but stream flow had a strong influence. Fry length was constant for each redd throughout emergence, but fry weight tended to decline; consequently condition factor declined also. There was evidence that fry fed before emergence, but they did not grow. The major prey item, Deleatidium spp. (47.4% of the contents of all stomachs sampled), was the most abundant invertebrate in stream benthos and drift. Empty stomachs were prevalent at the start of emergence, with full stomachs becoming more common as emergence progressed.
The time distribution of numbers of fry emerging was usually unimodal, but occasionally bimodal. Over one third of fry emerged during the best 2 days of sampling.     

夏玉米群体光合速率特性及其与冠层结构、生态条件的关系

研究结果表明：高产夏玉米群体光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线。在水肥充足栽培条件下,光照强度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主导因素,最大自然光强下群体光合未测到光饱和点。群体光合速率随CO2浓度(50—900ppm范围)的增加而提高。土壤呼吸释放的CO2量占群体光合速率的11.68%。高产群体所形成的独特环境对单叶光合速率影响很大,群体生长下的单株,在8×104一9×104Lx光下的单叶光合速率为果穗叶高于下部和上部叶,品种、密度间差异不大;冠层自然状态下的单位叶面积光合速率上部叶却高于中、下部叶,高密度下,紧凑型品种高于平展型品种,低密度下则相反。     

The relationship between locomotor activity rhythm and burying behavior in the wrasse,Suezichthys gracilis

The wrasse,Suezichthys gracilis, is a diurnal fish which buries itself in sand during the night-time. The present paper deals with the locomotor activity rhythms ofS. gracilis, examined by using an actograph with infra-red photo-electric switches in a dark room. The fish were kept in eight experimental tanks (each 30l in capacity), with three different bottom conditions: sand (grain size about 1 mm in diameter and 5 cm deep); 1 or 2 stones (about 10cm in diameter) without sand; and transparent acrylic pellets (2 × 2 × 3 mm in size, 5 cm deep). The light intensities were 550–700 lux just above the water surface, decreasing to 21.3% under the acrylic pellets at a water depth of 20cm. The water temperatures were kept at 22.0–25.0°C during the experiments for 7 to 14 days. In the aquarium with bottom sand, diel activity rhythms ofS. gracilis were mostly synchronized to LD (LD12:12; 06:00–18:00 light, 18:00–06:00 dark), free-running activity rhythms continued distinctly under LL (constant illumination), and locomotor activity was greatly suppressed, with disappearance of the activity rhythm, under DD (constant darkness). In the aquarium without sand, locomotor activity ofS. gracilis could be summarized as follows. The fish moved throughout almost the entire period under LD, though more frequent movements were observed in light conditions than in dark ones. Under LL they showed continuous locomotor activity during the experiment, with no obvious periodicity. Under DD the activity of the species was somewhat suppressed, but irregular movement or indistinct periodicity was observed. In the aquarium with transparent acrylic pellets, locomotor activity under LD and DD, respectively, bore a close resemblance to activity patterns under the same light conditions with sand, whilst activity under LL was identical to that under LL without sand. Accordingly, it seems that maintenance of normal activity rhythms in the wrasse was due not only to the darkness, but also to the presence of bottom sand. It therefore seems that the biological clock inS. gracilis is not related to locomotor activity, but to burying behavior.