木兰围场天然次生林优势种群的结构与动态

为了阐明木兰围场天然次生林优势种群的结构和动态特征,对群落乔木层组成以及优势种群的径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、死亡曲线、生存函数和时间序列预测等进行研究.结果表明: 群落乔木层有9个种群,其中,五角枫、蒙古栎、糠椴和白桦种群为群落的优势种群;五角枫和糠椴种群存活曲线接近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,蒙古栎种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型,白桦种群存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅱ型;随着径级的增加,各优势种群的死亡率和消失率曲线呈现相似的变化趋势,五角枫、蒙古栎、糠椴种群的消失率和死亡率分别在Ⅳ、Ⅰ和Ⅰ径级下出现最大值,而白桦种群在各径级呈现稳定的变化趋势;4种生存函数曲线分析表明,五角枫、蒙古栎和糠椴种群具有前期锐减、中后期相对稳定的特点;白桦种群数量波动不明显,具有较稳定的特点.种群数量的时间序列预测表明,白桦种群小径级(Ⅰ～Ⅱ级)个体数量逐渐减少,种群未来有趋于衰退的趋势,五角枫、蒙古栎和糠椴种群趋于相对稳定.推测该次生林将逐步演替为以五角枫、蒙古栎和糠椴为主要树种的天然次生林.     

西南特有濒危植物大王杜鹃种群结构及动态特征

为了揭示高山杜鹃种群生存潜力和濒危原因,以西南特有濒危植物大王杜鹃(Rhododendron rex subsp. rex)为研究对象,通过对云南省轿子雪山和小百草岭2个大王杜鹃自然种群的野外植株胸径及数量的调查,采用空间代替时间的方法建立大王杜鹃种群的径级结构、静态生命表并绘制种群存活曲线,阐明其种群的结构特征,利用种群数量动态预测和时间序列预测来分析种群未来的发展趋势。结果表明：(1)云南轿子雪山和小百草岭两个样地大王杜鹃均表现出第Ⅰ~Ⅱ龄级个体不足的现象,尽管两个样地内大王杜鹃种群仍表现为稳定型种群,但其均对外界干扰具有很高的敏感性。(2)大王杜鹃存活曲线在云南轿子雪山和小百草岭2个样地都趋于Deevey Ⅱ型,个体平均生存能力的期望值均在幼年(Ⅰ和Ⅱ龄级)个体中最大,死亡率和消失率曲线的变化趋势基本一致。(3)时间序列预测分析表明,云南轿子雪山大王杜鹃种群在未来2、4、6年龄级后总体均呈下降趋势,种群面临衰退危险;小百草岭样地内,大王杜鹃种群总体上呈增长趋势,种群具有一定的恢复潜力。建议加强大王杜鹃自然种群生境的保护与管理从而维持其种群自然更新与发展的能力。     

濒危植物猪血木（Euryodendron excelsum H. T. Chang）自然种群结构及动态

猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum H. T. Chang)是中国特有的山茶科单型属猪血木属的珍稀濒危植物,目前只在广东省阳春县八甲镇有分布且种群数量不足200株.通过样地调查和数据统计,绘制了猪血木种群的高度结构和径级结构图,在此基础上编制了种群的特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等重要参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态.结果表明:猪血木种群幼年个体丰富,中老年个体相对较少,受环境因素和人为干扰的影响,种群在第Ⅱ级出现死亡高峰,且只有少量幼年个体能进入成年阶段生长,个体平均生存能力的期望在第Ⅳ级最大,种群存活曲线属于Deevey-Ⅲ型,猪血木种群目前仍表现为稳定型种群.时间序列预测分析表明,猪血木种群具备一定的恢复潜能,故现有植株和生境斑块的保护是保持猪血木种群自然更新和进行种群恢复的关键因素.     

荒漠绿洲过渡带沙拐枣种群结构及动态特征

沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)作为黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带的一种主要固沙植物种,它对于维护荒漠绿洲过渡带生态系统的稳定性起到了至关重要的作用。通过样地调查和数据统计,绘制了沙拐枣种群的径级结构图,在此基础上编制了种群的特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、死亡率曲线等重要参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态,以揭示荒漠绿洲过渡带沙拐枣种群的结构及动态特征。结果表明:沙拐枣种群属于增长型,Vpi'=0.0233,表明该种群趋近于稳定型,但沙拐枣种群Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体数目少于Ⅲ龄级的个体数目;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ,各龄级种群有相近的死亡率;时间序列预测分析表明,在未来2、4、6、8个龄级时间后沙拐枣老龄个体逐渐增多,幼龄株数则有所降低,种群稳定性长期维持困难,因此,适当的人工辅助恢复和现有植株及生境的保护是保持沙拐枣种群自然更新和种群恢复的关键。     

狭域特有植物元江素馨的种群结构及动态特征

元江素馨(Jasminum yuanjiangense)为云南省元江河谷狭限分布的特有植物,该研究采用典型选样法在元江素馨较为集中分布地布置4个样方,包含干热灌丛、稀树灌木草丛2个植被类型,调查分析种群年龄结构及存活曲线,量化种群结构类型,比较各局域元江素馨种群的差异性,并运用时间序列预测种群数量动态,以揭示元江素馨种群结构及动态特征。结果表明:(1)元江素馨种群属于增长型,Vpi'=0.004 1,表明该种群趋近于稳定型;种群结构在发展过程中存在一定的波动性,种群生长前期个体数多于生长后期;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型和Deevey-Ⅰ型;幼苗充足,死亡率高,幼龄阶段到中龄阶段个体生长发育受阻。(2)时间序列预测分析表明,元江素馨种群具备一定的恢复能力,未来2、4个龄级时间后种群个体数均呈现小幅度的增加趋势。(3)各局域元江素馨种群结构存在差异,但依据其年龄结构大致可划分为两类,即样地1、样地2和样地4种群为增长型,存活曲线表现出Deevey-Ⅲ型;样地3的种群为稳定型,存活曲线呈现出Deevey-Ⅰ型,稳定型种群生境较增长型种群生境更适宜于元江素馨的生长。     

广西北仑河口红树植物种群结构与动态特征

以广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区4种红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)和木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)为研究对象,在野外样地调查的基础上,采用高度级和大小级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、时间序列分析和7种聚集强度指数等方法对4种红树植物的种群结构和动态进行了分析和预测,旨在阐明红树植物种群与群落的结构特征和动态变化规律以及潜在的驱动机制,为广西红树林生态系统的保护与恢复提供基础资料和科学依据。研究结果表明:木榄和秋茄种群更新良好,桐花树更新受到一定阻力,种群相对稳定,白骨壤种群更新不良,呈现明显的衰退趋势;4种红树植物种群不同龄级的存活量差别较大,存活量和生命期望一般随龄级的增加逐渐减少;白骨壤种群的存活曲线属于DeeveyⅠ型,其种群个体均能达到其平均生理寿命,木榄和秋茄种群属DeeveyⅡ型,各龄级个体具有相对一致的死亡率,而桐花树种群介于DeeveyⅠ型和DeeveyⅡ型之间,其幼龄期死亡率偏高,中龄期后死亡率逐渐接近;时间序列分析同样表明,白骨壤未来种群数量将明显降低,种群逐步衰退,桐花树未来种群数量将表现为稳中有降,而木榄和秋茄未来种群数量将趋于增加。4种红树植物不同龄级种群多呈现聚集分布,聚集强度往往随种群龄级的增加而趋于降低。上述结果表明,北仑河口4种红树植物的种群动态与群落所处演替阶段息息相关,先锋植物白骨壤种群处于较快衰退阶段,演替前中期的桐花树种群稳中有降,而演替中后期的秋茄和木榄种群出现不同程度的增长,反映出本次调查的红树林群落正处于演替的中期阶段,白骨壤和白骨壤+桐花树群丛将逐步演替为以木榄为优势种的群丛。此外,红树植物的种群动态受到自身繁殖特性、生境条件、种内和种间竞争、虫害等多种因素的调控。     

新疆天山野果林准噶尔山楂种群结构与动态分析

为了明确准噶尔山楂(Crataegus songarica K.Koch)种群的结构特征和动态规律,该研究在新疆伊犁霍城县大西沟境内的天山野果林带东端设置5.25 hm₂大样地,对准噶尔山楂种群进行逐木调查,采用匀滑技术编制种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线以及死亡率、消失率曲线,对4个生存函数进行生存分析,并根据种群动态量化和时间序列模型预测种群数量动态。结果显示：(1)天山野果林带东端的准噶尔山楂种群Ⅰ龄级占总体数量的65.5%,Ⅱ龄级数量出现骤减,仅占总体数量的6.5%,研究区内准噶尔山楂种群总体表现为增长型年龄结构,趋于Deevey Ⅱ型存活曲线。(2)研究区内准噶尔山楂种群的死亡率和消失率曲线变化基本一致,共有4个死亡高峰,分别在Ⅰ龄级、Ⅵ龄级、Ⅸ龄级和Ⅻ龄级,最高峰出现在Ⅰ龄级幼苗时期,死亡率高达89.9%。(3)4个生存函数曲线表现出前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点,同时在时间序列分析中,随着时间推移,种群未来老龄个体逐渐增多,老化趋势较为明显。研究认为,准噶尔山楂种群现阶段的生长呈增长趋势,但种群的长期稳定维持存在困难,建议适当补充幼苗、幼株,减少对成年树的砍伐破坏,从而为种群的保育和恢复提供保障。     

濒危植物梵净山冷杉野生种群结构及动态特征

梵净山冷杉(Abies fanjingshanensis)是国家一级保护植物,是中国贵州特有的珍稀濒危植物.通过实地踏查在梵净山冷杉主要分布地选取2个斑块,调查分析其种群年龄结构特征,量化确定种群结构类型,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态,对比不同生境下的异同点,以揭示梵净山冷杉的种群结构及动态特征.结果表明:(1)梵净山冷杉种群属于增长型,Vpt′=0.005 9,表明该种群趋近于稳定型;种群结构在发展过程中存在一定的波动性,种群生长前期个体数多于生长后期;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型;幼苗不足和幼树、小树的死亡率高是种群濒危的重要原因.(2)时间序列预测分析表明,梵净山冷杉种群具备一定的恢复能力,未来2、4和6个龄级时间后种群个体数均呈现小幅度的增加趋势.(3)不同生境条件下,种群结构差异不大,生境一的种群结构增长性略大于生境二.     

准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群结构与动态研究

通过样地调查和数据统计分析,对准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群现状绘制径级结构图,编制生命表、分析存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态.结果表明:种群整体结构属于增长型,但梭梭种群幼苗个体少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体数目少于Ⅲ龄级的个体数目.存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏有关;环境因素和人为干扰的影响,梭梭在Ⅲ～V龄级死亡率较高,种群在第Ⅳ级出现死亡高峰,且只有少量幼年个体能进入成年阶段,个体平均生存能力的期望在第Ⅳ级最大;时间序列分析表明,在未来第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ龄级的个体会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.适当的人工辅助恢复和现有植株及生境的保护是保持梭梭种群自然更新和种群恢复的关键.     

珍稀濒危植物大苞山茶种群结构与动态特征

探讨大苞山茶(Camelliagranthamiana)的野外种群结构,揭示大苞山茶种群的更新过程及发展趋势,可为其保护及可持续利用提供科学依据。该研究以广东省紫金县内的两个大苞山茶种群作为研究对象,通过编制静态生命表,计算数量动态指数,绘制存活曲线和种群生存力函数曲线,并采用种群数量时间序列预测的方法对大苞山茶种群的结构和动态特征进行分析。主要结果如下:1)两个大苞山茶的种群均为幼龄个体占比高的金字塔型结构,鹿子嶂种群和杨梅坝种群的幼龄个体(Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级)分别占总数的71.48%、64.32%,但幼苗死亡率高;2)两个种群的存活曲线均趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,说明大苞山茶各龄级死亡率基本相同;3)两个种群在忽略外部干扰时的数量动态指数(Vpi)和考虑外部干扰时的数量动态指数(V′pi)均大于0,而V′pi趋近于0,属于不稳定的增长型种群,其中,杨梅坝种群的稳定性相对较好;4)生存函数分析表明,两个种群的生存率和累计死亡率在Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级达到了平衡, Ⅴ龄级后生存曲线变化幅度变小,有限的个体开始进入生理衰退期; 5)时间序列预测的结果为:在经历未来2、4、6、8龄级后,每个龄级的个体数量均有...     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchi...