枸杞脂肪酰基还原酶基因的克隆及表达分析

脂肪酰基还原酶基因广泛参与植物的脂类代谢过程,影响植物雄配子体花药发育以及表皮蜡酯合成等。本研究利用RACE方法从宁夏枸杞(宁杞1号)花药中克隆脂肪酰基还原酶LbMS2-2基因,开放阅读框全长1800bp,编码599个氨基酸,等电点为9.00。生物信息学分析表明,LbMS2-2蛋白定位于叶绿体中,该蛋白序列与茄科植物甜辣椒、烟草和马铃薯中的脂肪酰基还原酶表现出较高的序列相似性;实时荧光定量PCR显示,LbMS2-2基因在枸杞花器官中表达,且在枸杞花药发育的四分体时期、单核花粉时期和双核花粉时期表达量较高。原位杂交结果证实该基因只在花药绒毡层和小孢子中表达。亚细胞定位结果进一步验证LbMS2-2基因的叶绿体定位。以上结果表明,枸杞脂肪酰基还原酶基因是枸杞花器官发育过程中的重要基因。     

枸杞LbSPL6基因的克隆及表达分析

从实验室前期对枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)花发育过程转录组测序结果推测,枸杞Squamosa启动子结合蛋白(Squamosa promoter binding protein-like,SPL)转录因子可能在枸杞花发育过程中发挥重要功能。该研究以宁夏特色植物资源枸杞为材料,采用RACE方法克隆LbSPL6基因,通过生物信息学及基因表达分析对该基因进行初步研究。结果表明:(1)成功克隆获得LbSPL6基因,其开放阅读框全长1524 bp,编码507个氨基酸,分子量为55.34 kD;序列分析表明LbSPL6蛋白中包含3个保守基序,且氨基酸序列与茄科植物同源蛋白的氨基酸序列高度相似。(2)qRT-PCR分析证实,LbSPL6基因在枸杞花器官中表达,并且在花药发育的四分体时期及单核花粉时期表达量较高;亚细胞定位实验证明,LbSPL6蛋白定位于细胞核中。该研究结果为进一步研究枸杞LbSPL6转录因子在花发育过程中的功能和作用机制奠定了基础。     

枸杞Lb_SPL12基因的克隆及表达分析

SPL(SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like)是植物发育过程中特有的转录因子,SPL基因家族由多个成员组成.本研究通过RACE方法克隆到枸杞Lb SPL12转录因子的全长cPNA.研究结果表明,该cDNA基因的开放阅读框包含1 353 bp个碱基,编码450个氨基酸.Lb_SPL12蛋白的二级结构中含有无规则卷曲、α螺旋、延长链和β转角.氨基酸序列分析发现,不同物种的SPL12蛋白在氨基酸序列以及基序种类上具有较高的相似性.实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,Lb_SPL12基因在枸杞的花器官中表达,且在花药发育的小孢子发育时期表达量最高.亚细胞定位结果进一步证实了Lb_SPL12蛋白定位在细胞核中.初步推测,枸杞Lb SPL12转录因子可能在枸杞花器官发育过程中发挥了重要作用.本研究为进一步揭示枸杞Lb_SPL12的作用机制提供了分子基础.     

中国南瓜CmNPR1基因的克隆和表达分析

从实验室前期对中国南瓜雌花败育转录组测序结果推测,CmNPR1基因可能在南瓜花发育过程中发挥重要功能。该研究以中国南瓜自交系‘3 1’为试验材料,采用同源克隆方法获得中国南瓜CmNPR1基因CDS序列,通过生物信息学、基因表达以及亚细胞定位分析对该基因进行初步研究, 为进一步研究CmNPR1基因在南瓜花发育中的功能和作用机制奠定基础。结果表明：(1)中国南瓜CmNPR1基因CDS全长1 442 bp,编码480个氨基酸;蛋白序列包含有一个BTB/POZ和一个锚蛋白重复序列(Ank)保守结构域;该蛋白无信号肽和跨膜结构;多序列比对分析结果显示,CmNPR1氨基酸序列与美洲南瓜的亲缘关系最近,为96.05%,其次是印度南瓜,为95.63%。(2)CmNPR1基因在所取样品中花纵径0.5 cm时期表达量最高,且在花不同结构中柱头的表达量最高。(3)通过拟南芥原生质体亚细胞定位分析发现,该蛋白定位于细胞质和细胞核。     

枸杞Lb14-3-3b基因的表达分析及转烟草研究

在宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)品种宁杞1号花药发育差异蛋白质组学研究的基础上,克隆了一个花药发育相关基因Lb14-3-3b,证实该基因在花器官中优势表达。本试验进一步利用荧光定量PCR技术分析枸杞Lb14-3-3b基因在花药发育过程中不同时期的表达特征,并通过构建植物过表达载体Lb14-3-3b-pCambia1305. 1-35s,经根瘤农杆菌介导法转化模式植物烟草,探究该基因在植物生长发育中的功能。结果表明,在枸杞花药发育的各个时期,Lb14-3-3b都有表达,在花药二核花粉时期表达量最高。与野生型烟草相比,转Lb14-3-3b基因烟草生长发育迟缓,植株矮小,花器官畸变,花瓣缺少致使花型趋于四角化,雄蕊及花丝数目缺少且发育异常。推测枸杞Lb14-3-3b基因在烟草生长发育及花器官发育中起调控作用,研究结果为进一步探讨该基因在枸杞生长发育中的调控作用提供参考依据。     

牡丹PsAGL6基因克隆与表达分析

该研究在转录组数据分析基础上,通过RT-PCR方法从牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa.L)品种‘洛阳红’中克隆AGL6基因,并分析了其在不同组织和花型中的表达模式。结果显示:(1)AGL6开放阅读框长度732bp,编码244个氨基酸;结构域分析显示,该基因具有高度保守的MADS MEF2区、K区、AGL6I与AGL6II基序,归类于MADS-box基因家族,命名为PsAGL6,GenBank登录号为MF563611。(2)同源比对分析显示,牡丹PsAGL6与葡萄VvAGL6氨基酸序列相似度最高,达79%。(3)qRT-PCR分析结果显示,PsAGL6在牡丹各器官中均有表达,但营养器官中表达量较低,花器官中表达量较高,其中以萼片最高,花瓣与雌蕊次之;对4种牡丹花型花瓣的表达分析显示,PsAGL6基因在不同花型花瓣中的表达量差异明显,且蔷薇型牡丹花瓣相对表达量最高。研究表明,AGL6基因参与牡丹花器官的形成,为深入研究花器官发育的分子机制提供了帮助。     

芒果MSOC1基因的克隆与表达分析

MADS-box转录因子在多种植物的发育过程、特别是花器官的发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。为研究MADS-box转录因子在芒果花器官发育中的作用,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术分离到1个芒果的SOC1基因,命名为MSOC1(GenBank登录号为KP404094)。MSOC1编码区为733bp,编码223个氨基酸,蛋白质相对分子质量为25.6kD,理论等电点为8.96。序列比对和系统进化树分析表明,MSOC1具有保守的MADS-box及半保守的K区,属于MADS-box家族SOC1/TM3亚家族。组织特异性表达分析表明,MSOC1基因在芒果各个组织部位均有表达,但在茎、叶和花芽中表达量高,而在根和花中表达量低。     

枸杞LbMYB103基因克隆及转化拟南芥的研究

以枸杞品种‘宁杞1号’花药为材料,采用 RT-PCR技术,分离了R2R3类MYB基因LbMYB103包含完整开放阅读框（ORF）的cDNA片段,碱基序列与已知基因HQ415755完全一致。运用Gateway技术构建LbMYB103基因植物过表达载体pMDC83-LbMYB103,利用基因枪法将融合有绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的过表达载体转入洋葱表皮细胞,将LbMYB103基因定位在细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,LbMYB103基因在花药中优势表达,果实中表达量较低,在根、茎和叶中均未检测到其转录本,推测LbMYB103基因可能在花药发育过程中起重要作用。通过根癌农杆菌介导法将pMDC83-LbMYB103转入拟南芥（Col-0）,经筛选获得T₁代抗性再生植株52棵,PCR鉴定有41棵阳性植株,收获T₁代种子,经抗性筛选获得T₂代抗性植株29棵,PCR鉴定有23棵阳性植株。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,LbMYB103在拟南芥植株的基因组中正常表达。表型观察发现T₁和T₂代拟南芥花药发育异常,花发育迟缓,果荚短小无种子,进一步表明LbMYB103可能与植物的育性有关。该结果为进一步开展枸杞遗传转化,深入研究LbMYB103基因在枸杞花药发育过程中可能发挥的调控功能奠定了基础。     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

小桐子糖原合成激酶基因JcGSK的克隆与表达分析

以小桐子(Jatropha curcas L.)cDNA为模版,克隆了JcGSK基因的CDS序列。序列分析表明,JcGSK基因包含1 230bp完全阅读框(ORF),编码409个氨基酸。预测其编码蛋白质的相对分子量为46.33kD,理论等电点为8.58。Blast搜索结果及进化分析结果表明,JcGSK蛋白与巴西橡胶树GSK蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性最高(94%)且亲缘关系最近;JcGSK基因编码的蛋白具有一个蛋白激酶特有的结构域。组织表达结果显示,JcGSK基因在小桐子根、茎、叶、花、果皮和种子中都有表达,且在根中表达量最高。小桐子幼苗在NaCl、ABA、PEG、低温和机械损伤处理后JcGSK基因表达量有不同程度的上调,推测其参与小桐子非生物胁迫响应和信号传导过程。JcGSK基因在种子中也有较高表达,在种子发育过程中表达量的变化与种子生长发育趋势基本一致,推测JcGSK基因也参与调控小桐子种子的生长发育。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.