秦岭南坡林窗大小对栓皮栎实生苗构型的影响

以秦岭南坡栓皮栎天然次生林间伐后形成的不同大小林窗实生苗为材料,采用典型抽样法调查林窗大小对栓皮栎实生苗枝系构型、叶片特征及其垂直分布的影响.结果表明: 林窗大小显著影响了栓皮栎实生苗的地径、树冠面积,林窗大小与地径呈显著正相关,与树冠面积呈显著负相关;林窗大小对实生苗苗高、冠长、树冠率均无显著影响;实生苗总体分枝率、逐步分枝率、枝径比均表现为大林窗>中林窗>小林窗>林下,不同林窗大小实生苗一级枝在垂直方向上主要分布于干的中、上部,直径较大的一级枝主要分布在中下部,一级枝倾角均随苗高的增高呈先增加后降低的趋势;随着林窗面积的增大,实生苗的叶长、叶宽和单叶面积逐渐〖JP2〗下降,平均单株叶数、相对高度上的总叶数增加,叶长宽比在不同大小林窗下均保持稳定,相对叶数均在干的中上部分布较多,叶面积指数与相对叶总数的变化一致;中林窗实生苗地径与大林窗无显著差异,但苗高较高,利于栓皮栎种群更新及培育优质干材.在栓皮栎林经营管理过程中,需确定合适的间伐强度增加中林窗数量,促进栓皮栎实生苗更新以及培育优质干材.     

黄土丘陵区油松天然次生林林窗特征与更新动态

研究了黄土丘陵区油松天然次生林林窗的形状、大小结构、分布、形成木特征及其更新状况.结果表明:在油松天然次生林中,林冠林窗(CG)和扩展林窗(EG)面积均呈以小林窗为主的偏态分布.CG平均面积为31.15 m²,以20～40 m²林窗的数量比和面积比最大,分别为38.24％和30.50％;EG平均面积为58.04 m²,以30～60 m²的数量比和面积比最大,分别为36.77％和27.79％,且CG的平均面积占EG平均面积的53.67％;林窗形状多呈椭圆形,高度多在14～16 m;林窗形成年龄以10～20年为主,占33.82％.林窗中基折和枯立木分别占形成木总数的47.66％和23.44％.林窗形成的主要因素是人为间伐或盗伐,树木衰老等引起的抗性下降、干旱、病虫害等也是导致树木死亡的原因之一;每个林窗中平均有1.89个形成木,其中以2株形成木的林窗最多.林窗形成木主要是油松,其次为山杨、白桦和辽东栎等.形成木的径级呈明显的偏态分布,以10～20 cm和21～30 cm径级最为普遍,分别占总数的25.0%和45.31%,与林窗面积偏态分布吻合;林窗内林木的更新状况好于林下,且油松幼苗不存在断层,而油松林下幼苗在年龄结构上有明显的断层.     

辽东栎林内不同小生境下幼树植冠构型分析

以黄土高原黄龙山林区辽东栎林内3个小生境（林下、林隙、林缘）下辽东栎天然更新幼树为研究对象,采用典型抽样法对辽东栎幼树侧枝、叶片和树冠的空间分布状况以及生物量分配状况进行调查分析,探讨微生境与幼树植冠构型特征的关系,明确辽东栎幼树对不同小生境的适应策略,为栎林经营和林分结构优化提供理论依据。结果显示：（1）3种生境下辽东栎幼树构型发生了可塑性变化,林下幼树树冠层次比较单一,林隙与林缘的幼树树冠层次更加丰富。（2）由林下至林缘,幼树的树高、枝下高呈逐渐减小的趋势,而地径变化趋势与之相反;幼树的冠幅、树冠面积、树冠率呈先增加后减小的趋势,并且林下与林隙、林缘的差异显著;幼树的总体分枝率、逐步分枝率、枝径比呈先增加后减小的趋势。（3）3种生境下,幼树的一级枝的枝长、直径与倾角随着树高的增加而呈减小的趋势,但3种生境的差异不显著;林下一级枝主要分布在冠层中上部,而林隙与林缘一级枝主要分布在冠层中下、中上部。（4）由林下至林缘幼树叶长、叶宽、单叶面积和比叶面积逐渐降低,而单株叶数、叶总面积、叶面积指数呈先增大后减小趋势;与其他2种生境相比林下叶片分布趋于冠层上部。（5）幼树地上部分生物量中林下主干生物量占83%,枝和叶生物量只占17%;而林隙与林缘虽然各部位生物量有所差异但比例基本一致,其中主干占66%左右,枝和叶生物量占34%左右。研究表明,林隙生境下幼树的构型优于林缘和林下生境,在今后栎林的经营中,可以通过适当间伐来增加林隙数量,为森林更新和结构的优化提供有利条件。     

林窗大小对马尾松林下3种更新草本植物N、P化学计量研究

林窗大小与植物计量化学的耦合关系是林分管理的基础,马尾松人工林相关研究尚欠缺。本文以宜宾高县来复镇41 a生马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林为研究对象,设置8个梯度不同大小林窗（CK：0 m²、G1：100 m²、G2：225 m²、G3：400 m²、G4：625 m²、G5：900 m²、G6：1 225 m²、G7：1 600 m²）,通过调查,选取自然更新优势草本铁芒萁（Dicranopteris dichotoma）、芒（Miscanthus sinensis）和皱叶狗尾草（Setaria plicata）进行叶片N,P生态化学计量特征探究。结果发现：研究区优势草本叶片平均N含量为15.25 mg·g^-1,P含量为1.19 mg·g^-1,更新植物受限元素主要为N元素;随林窗面积增大,林内光照强度、温度和湿度均显著增加,优势草本叶片N、P含量受林窗大小显著影响,各物种P含量随林窗面积增大呈降低趋势;不同物种N含量随林窗大小改变的变化规律不同,芒萁N含量随林窗面积增大而显著下降,芒和皱叶狗尾草随林窗面积增大N含量显著增加;在叶片N、P化学计量水平上,芒萁的最适林窗面积为100~225 m²,芒和皱叶狗尾草最适林窗面积为1 225~1 600 m²。上述结果说明通过调整林窗来进行近自然改造和森林抚育等措施,能够促进人工林内养分循环,有利于提高马尾松人工林生态系统生产力。     

黄龙山油松人工林间伐效果的综合评价

分别对黄龙山林区近自然经营间伐强度为15％(弱度间伐)、30％(中度间伐)和45％(强度间伐)的油松人工林进行样地调查,以未间伐林为对照,研究间伐7年后油松人工林幼苗更新、林分生长、物种多样性和土壤特性等指标的变化,评价间伐抚育的效果.结果表明:随着间伐强度的增加,1～7年生油松幼苗的数量和各项生长指标均增加,而生长指标的年均增长率表现出先增大后减小的趋势,且以中度间伐最大;与对照相比,弱度、中度和强度间伐使油松单株材积分别提高了20.9％、32.1％和52.6％,单位面积蓄积量分别减少了4.4％、15.1％和25.3％,但蓄积量的年均增长率却增加了28.6％、46.2％和82.0％;间伐样地内的物种多样性和土壤特性得到改善,表现为强度间伐＞中度间伐＞弱度间伐＞未间伐.本试验条件下,间伐强度45％更适宜黄土高原地区油松人工林的抚育管理.     

人工抚育措施对油松林生长及结构特征的影响

研究了人工抚育年后油松林的生长状况、群落组织和结构.结果表明,不同人工抚育措施的油松林平均胸径、树高、冠幅均有极显著差异(P＜0.01),采取抚育措施的两个样地间的油松胸径和冠幅差异均达到显著水平,其中既打枝又间伐的油松林的胸径(7.8±0.29cm)、树高(5.5±0.09m)和平均冠幅(249±7.24cm)最大,未打枝和间伐的油松林最大;随着人工抚育措施加强,单株油松的平均新叶、老叶和枝的生物量逐渐增加,达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);在不同抚育措施下,既打枝又间伐的油松林地上生物量最大(44.0t·hm^-2)、未打枝和间伐油松林地上生物量最大(14.9t·hm^-2);油松新叶和老叶长度的差异性显著;油松的比叶面积在生长初期(5月和月)和末期(9月)差异性显著;人工抚育措施增加了林下植被的种类数量和盖度.     

黄土高原不同人工林叶片-凋落叶-土壤生态化学计量特征

为探究“退耕还林(牧)”工程对陕西省子午岭林区的影响,分析3种典型的人工林(刺槐林、油松林和侧柏林)叶片-凋落叶-土壤的C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量特征.结果表明: 3种人工林不同组分中C、N、P含量大小均为叶片>凋落叶>土壤,刺槐林叶片N、P含量显著高于油松林和侧柏林.刺槐林、油松林和侧柏林叶片N∶P分别为12.2、5.4和6.1,油松和侧柏较刺槐林存在N亏损,C∶N和C∶P大小均为凋落叶>叶片>土壤,N∶P为叶片>凋落叶>土壤.油松林叶片C∶N与凋落叶C∶N间存在显著正相关关系.刺槐叶片在生长周期内吸收利用的N和P存在比例关系,且其凋落叶在元素再吸收后N和P的残留量也存在比例关系.与油松和侧柏相比,刺槐是黄土高原南部森林带最适宜的造林树种.     

高山森林林窗对凋落叶分解的影响

林窗对降水和光照等环境条件的再分配以及分解者群落的影响可能深刻作用于森林凋落物分解过程,但有关高山森林林窗大小对凋落物分解的影响尚无研究报道。采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了川西高山森林不同大小林窗对非生长季节和生长季节红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落叶质量损失的影响。结果显示,经过1a的分解,不同生境下红桦和岷江冷杉凋落叶分别分解了27.25%—30.12%和27.04%—27.96%,其中非生长季节占53.83%—60.18%和50.23%—59.09%。林窗对红桦和岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失的影响因物种不同而呈现季节差异。总体上,林窗加快了岷江冷杉凋落叶的分解而延缓了红桦凋落叶的分解。与郁闭林下相比,林窗显著增加了2种凋落叶非生长季节的质量损失速率,显著降低了生长季节2种凋落叶的质量损失速率;2种凋落叶质量损失速率在非生长季节随林窗面积增大而加快,在生长季节随林窗面积增大而减慢。林窗显著影响了初冻期、深冻期和融化期岷江冷杉凋落叶的质量损失率,但对红桦凋落叶质量损失率影响不显著。可见,高山森林凋落物分解过程受到林窗的显著影响,并且阔叶和针叶凋落叶在非生长季节和生长季节对林窗的响应具有明显差异。     

川西亚高山森林林窗对凋落枝早期分解的影响北大核心CSCD

林窗调控的土壤水热环境和分解者群落结构可能深刻影响凋落物分解过程,已有的研究结果具有不确定性。为了解高海拔森林林窗面积对凋落枝分解的影响,采用凋落物分解袋法,于2012–2016年冬季和生长季节,研究了川西亚高山森林255–290 m^2(FG1)、153–176 m^2(FG2)、38–46 m^2(FG3)3种面积林窗和林下对岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落枝质量损失的影响。结果显示:林窗面积大小显著改变了林窗和林下的雪被厚度、温度和冻融循环频次;雪被厚度和温度以FG1林窗最高,林下最低;FG1、FG2、FG3林窗和林下枝条分解4年后的质量残留率分别为59.9%、59.5%、62.1%和55.3%,分解系数k值分别为0.127、0.131、0.120和0.135,95%分解时间分别为23.6、22.7、25.0和22.2 a;与林下相比,林窗显著增加了第一年和第二年生长季节的质量损失速率,降低了第一年和第四年冬季的枝条质量损失速率;林窗大小对质量损失速率的影响随分解时期变化差异明显,质量损失速率在第一年和第三年冬季随林窗面积增大而增大,在第三年生长季节随林窗面积增大而降低;枝条质量损失的比例在第一年最高,随林窗面积增加而增加,且冬季高于生长季节。综上所述,林窗环境变化深刻影响亚高山森林凋落枝分解,但这种影响随林窗面积和分解时间有所差异。     

间伐强度对黄桥林区辽东栎生殖构件的影响

为了阐明抚育间伐强度对辽东栎生殖构件的影响,以黄土高原南部黄龙和桥山林区辽东栎中龄林为研究对象,对不同间伐强度(对照、10%、20%、30%)下近自然经营抚育间伐5年后的辽东栎平均单株个体大小、生殖构件产量、比率及空间分布格局特征等进行研究.结果表明: 间伐强度对辽东栎林分平均树高、胸径影响不显著,而与冠幅面积、冠幅体积呈显著正相关;辽东栎标准株的生殖枝、幼果、成熟果实产量随间伐强度的增大而增大,而营养枝、雄花序、雄花、雌花的产量变化不大.当间伐强度达到20%时,生殖枝、幼果、成熟果实产量显著提高,30%间伐下达到最大.生殖枝比例和座果率随间伐强度增大而增大,在20%、30%间伐强度时与对照的差异达到显著水平.约3/4的生殖枝、雌花、雄花集中分布于树冠上层,1/4分布于下层;树冠阳面生殖构件数量占65%,树冠阴面占35%.树冠下层、阴面生殖枝、雌花、雄花序的空间分布比例随着间伐强度的增大而增大;树冠上层、阳面生殖枝、雌花、雄花序分布比例随间伐强度的增大呈递减趋势.因此,选择30%间伐强度(保留郁闭度0.6)最佳,可以大幅提高辽东栎的座果率和成熟率,有效提高结实量和品质,为辽东栎林的采种及天然更新提供保证.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.