盐适应过程中香根草内源游离态、结合态、束缚态多胺含量的变化

研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,香根草（Vetiteria zizanioides）根、叶中的游离态、结合态、束缚态多胺（PAs）[包括腐胺（Put）,尸胺（Cad）,亚精胺（Sod）和精胺（Spm）]含量的变化。在中度盐胁迫（100,200mmol L^-1NaCl）9天时,香根草基本能够正常生长,但在重度盐胁迫（300mmol L^-1NaCl）下,其生长受到严重抑制。在上述3个不同浓度的NaCl胁迫下,香根草根、叶中游离态Put,Cad,spd,Stma和总的游离态PAs含量明显下降,在高盐浓度下下降幅更大;结合态Put,Cad,Sod,Spm和总的结合态PAs含量显著上升,但在重度盐胁迫下升幅较小或与对照相当;束缚态Put,Cad和总的束缚态PAs含量均减少,而束缚态Spd和Spm含量在叶中是下降的,在根中则增加,且在中度盐胁迫下更明显。对根和叶片而言,除游离态（Spd＋Spm）,Put比值在重度盐胁迫下较对照显著下降外,其它游离态、结合态、束缚态和总的（Spd＋Spm）／Put比值在不同盐胁迫下均上升,在中度盐胁迫下更明显。这表明,维持多胺总量的稳态和较高的（Spd＋Spm）／Put比值是香根草适应中度盐胁迫的一个重要机制。     

香根草对镉毒害的生理响应——采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)

为阐明香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)对镉(Cd~(2+))胁迫的耐性机理及其对重金属Cd~(2+)的积累特征,通过水培试验,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)研究在不同Cd~(2+)浓度处理时香根草根、茎、叶化学组分的变化,同时测定香根草叶Cd~(2+)的亚细胞分布和其重金属Cd~(2+)含量。结果表明,其根组织在2927 cm~(-1)处峰高先下降后上升,表明在低Cd~(2+)(Cd~(2+)3 mg/L)处理条件下香根草分泌的有机酸不断螯合Cd~(2+),造成羧酸O—H的减少,但随着Cd~(2+)含量的升高,其羧酸螯合力变弱,有机酸含量渐渐升高;茎组织在1631 cm~(-1)峰高处先上升后下降,表明在低Cd~(2+)(Cd~(2+)3 mg/L)处理条件下香根草产生氨基酸、多肽和蛋白质等物质,通过渗透调节来增强抗逆性,但随着Cd~(2+)含量的升高,蛋白质二级结构中肽键间氢键的结合力受影响较大。当Cd~(2+)处理浓度为7 mg/L时,香根草生长10 d后,地上部分及根组织富集Cd~(2+)量分别高达212.49 mg/kg和290.59 mg/kg。香根草地上部分的Cd~(2+)含量随Cd~(2+)处理浓度的增加而增加。香根草叶片富集的Cd~(2+)主要分布于细胞质中,其次为细胞壁,而在线粒体和叶绿体中含量最低。     

Effectiveness of Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria Zizanioides L. Nash) for Phytoremediation of Endosulfan in Two Cotton Soils from Burkina Faso

The influence of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) on the fate of endosulfan was studied using a vertisol and a lixisol soils from cotton-growing areas of Burkina Faso. Endosulfan adsorption isotherms were prepared for planted and unplanted soils. Pot experiments were then conducted for six months. For both soils, endosulfan adsorption was higher on planted soils (K_f= 6.53–9.73 mg^1–nLⁿkg^–1) than on unplanted soils (6.27–7.24 mg^1–nLⁿkg^–1). In unplanted soils, vertisol adsorbed more endosulfan than lixisol. From the pot experiments, the estimated half-lives of endosulfan in unplanted soils (40.6 to 43.1 days) were higher than in planted soils (34.5 to 40.6 days) containing a greater number of endosulfan-degrading microorganisms. Six months after treatment, endosulfan was not detected in soils. The effectiveness of vetiver in promoting adsorption and the disappearance of endosulfan in both studied soils should be validated on the cotton plot scale in Burkina Faso.     

香根草和百喜草对铅锌尾矿重金属的抗性与吸收差异研究

铅锌尾矿是一类重金属含量极高,对植物生长产生毒害的生境.盆栽实验的结果显示,香根草和百喜草在纯尾矿或由尾矿和垃圾组成的混合基质上都能生长,但植物的长势随基质中重金属含量的增加而减弱,其中香根草的生物量所受的影响比百喜草的更大,即百喜草有比香根草更强的重金属抗性.2种植物体内的重金属含量高低均为Zn＞Pb＞Cu,但二者对它们的富集能力大小分别是,香根草为Zn＞Cu＞Pb,百喜草则为Cu＞Zn＞Pb.香根草和百喜草的根系对3种重金属都有较强的滞留效应,滞留率均在50%以上;其中香根草对重金属的滞留率又明显高于百喜草;而且,同一植物对不同的重金属的滞留率也明显不同,香根草对Pb的滞留率最高,而百喜草对Cu的滞留率显著高过对Zn和Pb.由于香根草的生物量明显大于百喜草,结果香根草对Pb、Zn的吸收量比百喜草高.当用25%的垃圾改良金属尾矿时,百喜草对重金属的吸收量即达最大;而香根草则在尾矿和垃圾各占50%的基质中吸收最多的重金属;因此,添加一定量的垃圾(25%～50%左右)用于尾矿改良时,不仅能使尾矿得到更快的植被恢复与更高的植物修复效果,而且能使垃圾资源得到充分合理的利用.总之,当开展对金属尾矿的植被恢复时,可选择种植抗性强、覆盖快的百喜草,但如果要对尾矿中的重金属进行生物净化,则应选择种植生物量大的香根草,种植香根草还可较好地防止重金属的二次污染或生物富集.     

镉在土壤-香根草系统中的迁移及转化特征

以无植物组处理为对照,采用盆栽试验方式探讨不同Cd浓度胁迫条件下香根草根际土壤中重金属Cd的积累、迁移及转化特征。土壤Cd处理设4个浓度梯度,分别为0、2、20、80 mg/kg土壤干重。结果表明:(1)香根草可以显著降低土壤中生物有效态Cd和总Cd含量。(2)香根草各部分Cd积累量随处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而增加,90 d时80 mg/kg处理组地上部分和根的Cd积累量分别高达180.42 mg/kg和241.54 mg/kg。(3)各浓度Cd处理下,富集系数随着Cd处理浓度的增加而显著降低,随处理时间的延长而升高。(4)香根草地上部分Cd含量小于根部,各处理转移系数均小于1。随着处理时间的延长,中低浓度处理组的转移系数稍有降低,高浓度处理组的转移系数则显著上升。(5)种植香根草使其根际土中残渣态的Cd转化为生物有效态Cd,提高Cd清除效率。研究结果表明,香根草能够有效地吸收土壤中的Cd,降低土壤中总Cd含量,提高土壤安全性,可作为Cd污染地区植物修复的备选物种。     

山黧豆抗逆性研究进展

山黧豆是一种栽培历史悠久、种植广泛的豆科作物,具有很高的蛋白质含量和极强的耐旱能力,因而成为一些干旱、贫困和人口众多地区的主要饲料和粮食作物,且被考虑作为可持续发展农业的模式作物。随着人类对粮食、蛋白质和新型食物资源需求的日益增长,山黧豆的研究引起了世界各国学者的重视。该文对国内外近年来有关山黧豆在干旱、盐、重金属及生物胁迫下抗逆性方面的研究进展作了概述,同时简要介绍了山黧豆与干旱相适应的形态特征,并对亟需重点研究的几个方向作了展望。     

Evidence for a C4 NADP-ME photosynthetic pathway in Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf

ABSTRACT

Leaf anatomy (light and transmission electron microscopy), immunogold localization of Rubisco, photosynthetic enzyme activities, CO₂ assimilation and stomatal conductance were studied in Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf., a graminaceous plant native to tropical and subtropical areas, and cultivated in temperate climates (Northwestern Italy). Leaves possess a NADP-ME Kranz anatomy with bundle sheath cells containing chloroplasts located in a centrifugal position. Dimorphic chloroplasts were also observed; they are agranal and starchy in the bundle sheath and granal starchless in the mesophyll cells. Rubisco immunolocalization studies indicate that this enzyme occurs solely in the bundle sheath chloroplasts. Pyruvate-orthophosphate dikinase, NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME), PEP-carboxykinase and NAD-dependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME) activities were determined. Enzyme activity and some kinetic properties of NADP-ME and NADP-MDH as well as CO₂ compensation point and stomatal conductance values were calculated indicating a NADP-ME C₄ photosynthetic pathway. Biochemical and structural results indicate that V. zizanioides belongs to the C₄ NADP-ME variant. This plant appears to be well adapted to the varying environmental conditions typical of temperate climates, by retaining high enzyme activities and a low CO₂ compensation point.     

Comparison of vetiver root essential oils from cleansed (bacteria- and fungus-free) vs. non-cleansed (normal) vetiver plants

‘Karnataka’ and ‘Malaysia’ cultivars of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, =Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) were subjected to meristem tissue culture in order to produce plants that were bacteria- and fungi-free. Tissue cultured (“cleansed” or phytosanitary) vetiver was grown for five months in sterilized soil contained in pots, and the oil content of plants grown on the medium was compared to that of non-cleansed (normal) vetiver plants grown in unsterilized soil under the same conditions. Statistical analysis of 49 of the major oil components revealed numerous significant differences between tissue culture derived and natural plants for both genotypes.     

水培条件下不同pH值对香根草幼苗形态和生理特性的影响

在pH2.0-pH11.0的1/2Hoagland培养液水培条件下,对培养20d后香根草也Vetiveriazizanioides（Linn.）Nash页幼苗形态、叶片和根系部分生理指标的变化进行了研究。结果表明：在强碱性（pH11.0和pH10.0）及强酸性（pH2.0和pH3.0）条件下,香根草幼苗的部分叶片枯黄,茎干枯,须根数量明显减少且长度趋短;而在弱碱性（pH9.0和pH8.0）及弱酸性（pH5.0和pH4.0）条件下,仅可见部分叶尖出现轻度失绿现象,根系形态无明显变化仅颜色有差异。随培养液pH值的增大（碱性增加）或减小（酸性增加）,叶片含水量和叶绿素含量均逐渐降低且均小于对照（pH6.5）,而相对电解质外渗率和MDA含量均逐渐增加并高于对照;各指标在强碱性（pH11.0和pH10.0）及强酸性（pH2.0和pH3.0）条件下总体上与对照差异显著（P〈0.05）,而在弱碱性（pH9.0和pH8.0）及弱酸性（pH5.0和pH4.0）条件下总体上与对照差异不显著（P〉0.05）。随培养液pH值的增大（碱性增加）或减小（酸性增加）,幼苗的最大根长和根系活力均逐渐降低;在弱碱性（pH8.0）和弱酸性（pH5.0）条件下,最大根长略小于对照、根系活力略大于对照,但差异均不显著;而在pH9.0-pH11.0及pH4.0-pH2.0条件下最大根长及根系活力均显著小于对照,其中,在pH11.0条件下根系最短、根系活力最小,分别仅为对照的60.50%和9.52%。研究结果揭示：香根草对环境酸碱性的适应范围较广,可适应pH4.0-pH9.0的土壤生境。     

Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on induction embryogenic callus of sorghum

Crown and leaf slices of in vitro plantlets of a non-flowering Vetiveria zizanioides from Java were used to induce compact calli and to regenerate plantlets. The influence of different growth regulators (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine), sucrose concentrations (10–100 g l⁻¹), cultivation in light or dark, and cultivation time on callus induction medium (6 or 12 weeks), on the induction of compact callus and the subsequent regeneration of plantlets was studied. Up to 75% of crown slices cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.26 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 2.22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine and 75 g l⁻¹ sucrose developed compact callus. For subsequent regeneration of plantlets, callus induction in the light for 6 weeks on the callus induction medium containing 10 g l⁻¹sucrose, and subsequent transfer to the regeneration medium, was the best procedure, regenerating plantlets on around 60% of the crown or leaf slices, with up to 100 plantlets per slice. We have compared the efficiency of the above mentioned procedure with several other methods to regenerate plantlets. Our findings indicate that the procedure developed in this study was best in regenerating plantlets for the used vetiver variant. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

DNA fingerprinting reveals clonal nature of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Gramineae and sources of potential new germplasm

Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) were used to examine accessions of vetiver ( Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Gramineae) from around the world. It appears that only one genotype, 'Sunshine', accounts for almost all the germplasm utilized. Screening of numerous accessions of vetiver revealed only a few nonfertile germlines. Analysis of V . zizanioides and other Vetiveria species, Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov., C . gryllus (L.) Trin., Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench., and S . halepense (L.) Pers., revealed that Vetiveria and Chrysopogon are not separable by their RAPDs. This lends support to merging the genus Vetiveria with Chrysopogon . The lack of genetic diversity in this important cultivated plant is a critical factor and additional, suitable germplasm must be collected and introduced into erosion control projects around the world.     

Vetiver oil production correlates with early root growth

To gain insight into essential oil metabolism we analyzed the oil produced in Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) roots during early growth. Planting of Vetiver in the Campania region of southern Italy was performed in the spring using Vetiver culms with short roots and approximately 20 cm leaves. During the first two years of growth Vetiver essential oil was hydrodistilled from root samples collected at intervals of two months starting from transplantation. The production of Vetiver oil was constant during the first six months. Over the next two months there was a twofold increase in production of essential oil, which anticipated a progressive decrease during the cold months (from January to April 2003). The analysis of the Vetiver oil showed the presence of 49 constituents, mainly the tricyclic sesquiterpenes khusimol and zizanoic acid, and the bicyclic sesquiterpenes (E)-isovalencenol, junenol, juniper camphor, nootkatone and α-vetivone. These results suggest that Vetiver essential oil production is closely related to the metabolism of plant roots, which is affected by changes in environmental temperatures.     

2株草螺菌的鉴定及其对煤矸石胁迫下香根草的促生作用

[背景]植物-微生物联合修复技术在减轻环境胁迫作用、增强植物抗性、改善矿区景观等方面发挥重要作用,其中根际促生菌可与植物相互作用,促进植物生长,增强植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性.[目的]鉴定铜尾矿中分离得到的2株根际细菌,研究其对植物生长的促生特性,测定2株菌的接种对于煤矸石胁迫下香根草的影响.[方法]对铜尾矿中分离得到的...     

煤矸石山不同种植年限香根草生物量分配及异速生长分析

香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)是一种良好的矿业废弃地生态修复物种,研究其生物量分配和异速生长关系,有助于深入了解香根草在矿区的生存策略与生态功能。该研究以贵州省六盘水市大河煤矿煤矸石山种植年限为4、5、8和15 a的香根草为对象,采用挖掘法和称重法对不同种植年限香根草的器官生物量、分配比例及异速生长关系进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)随种植年限的增加,根、茎、叶生物量均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,且均在种植年限为5 a时最大,15 a时最小。(2)茎生物量分配比在种植年限15 a时最大(37.3%),叶生物量分配比在种植年限5 a时最大(36.1%),根生物量分配比不随种植年限的增加而发生变化,基本保持在30%左右。(3)种植年限为4、5、8 a时,地上部总生物量与根生物量、叶生物量呈异速生长关系;种植年限为5 a时,叶面积与根、叶生物量呈异速生长关系,与茎生物量呈等速生长关系。不同种植年限间的生物量分配及异速生长关系虽然没有一致规律,但体现了香根草在煤矸石基质中生物量分配的特点,且显示了其特别的生长方式和资源分配策略,为今后香根草在煤矸石山生态治理方面提供了参考依据。     

Study of the Spatial Distribution of Mercury in Roots of Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) by Micro-Pixe Spectrometry

Localization of Hg in root tissues of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) was investigated by micro-Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) spectrometry to gain a better understanding of Hg uptake and its translocation to the aerial plant parts. Tillers of C. zizanioides were grown in a hydroponic culture for 3 weeks under controlled conditions and then exposed to Hg for 10 days with or without the addition of the chelators (NH₄)₂S₂O₃ or KI. These treatments were used to study the effects of these chelators on localization of Hg in the root tissues to allow better understanding of Hg uptake during its assisted-phytoextraction. Qualitative elemental micro-PIXE analysis revealed that Hg was mainly localized in the root epidermis and exodermis, tissues containing suberin in all Hg treatments. Hg at trace levels was localized in the vascular bundle when plants were treated with a mercury solution only. However, higher Hg concentrations were found when the solution also contained (NH₄)₂S₂O₃ or KI. This finding is consistent with the observed increase in Hg translocation to the aerial parts of the plants in the case of chemically induced Hg phytoextraction.     

Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.)

The objective of this work was to study elongation curves of maize axile roots throughout their elongation period under field conditions. Relationships between their elongation rate and the extension rate of their branched region were also studied. Maize, early-maturing cultivar Dea, was grown on a deep, barrier-free clay loam (depth 1.80m). Trenches were dug during four periods until after silking and axile roots were excavated. Parameters measured were total length and the lengths of basal and apical unbranched zones. The rank of the bearing phytomer and general data about the carrying plant were also recorded. Results showed that axile roots from lower phytomers had similar elongation rates irrespective of the rank of the carrying phytomer. This elongation rate declined with root age. A monomolecular elongation model was fitted to the experimental data. Elongation was much slower in roots from upper phytomers. A rough linear relationship was found between the elongation rate of axile roots and the length of the apical unbranched zone. This result suggests that laterals appeared on a root segment a constant time after it was formed. Possible mechanisms with may account for the declining elongation rate with root age (increasing distance from aerial parts or adverse environmental conditions in deep soil layers) and variability between individual roots are also discussed.     

Resistance to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) larva in pods of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Thirty cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers, cultivars were evaluated as intact pods to determine if any possessed resistance to the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.). Pod resistance was measured as pre-establishment larval mortality (PreM); those larvae dying after egg hatch but before penetrating into the seeds, and as post-establishment within-seed mortality (PostM); those larvae dying after penetrating into the seeds. Among the 30 varieties examined, PreM ranged from 57.9% to 99.4% and PostM ranged from 6.7% to 82.6%. Ten varieties exhibited total intact pod mortality (mortality from egg hatch to adult emergence from the seed) greater than 95%.Physical measurements were made of several pod and seed characteristics to ascertain whether the observed pod resistance was due to seed factors, pod-wall factors, or to interactions between the pod and seeds. Although resistance to breakage (from handling plus pod dehiscence) is a necessary characteristic for overall pod protection against C. maculatus; other factors are also important. Among the other pod and seed characteristics measured to identify major resistance factors, seed coat thickness was the one most highly correlated with pod resistance. Our results suggest that interactions between pod-wall and seed coat characteristics play a large role in pod resistance of cowpeas to C. maculatus.     

The formation,morphology and anatomy of cluster root of Lupinus albus L. as dependent on soil type and phosphorus supply

The effect of phosphorus supply on the formation, morphology and anatomy of cluster roots of Lupinus albus L. cv Ultra grown in a loam and two sandy soils was examined relative to its effect on total root length, shoot weight and the phosphorus concentration of the shoots. The loam soil was most conducive to the formation of cluster roots. Cluster roots growing in the sandy soils developed to a lesser extent on plants of an equivalent phosphorus status, suggesting that some biotic or abiotic factors independent of phosphorus supply were also operating. The presence of mature cluster rootlets on a length of lateral root increased the root surface area by 14–22 times of an equal length of lateral roots not bearing cluster rootlets. The application of phosphorus decreased cluster-root length, whereas total root length showed a steady increase. There was an inverse relationship between cluster-root production and phosphorus concentration in shoots ranging from 2 to 8.5 mg g^–1 with the critical phosphorus level for maximum shoot growth being around 2.5 mg g^–1. Cluster roots formed in solution culture were not well developed in comparison with those grown in the loam soil or nutrient solution with added loam soil. The organisation of the cluster rootlet was similar to that of the lateral roots. Mature rootlets lacked an apical meristem and a vascular cambium with a reduced root cap and cortical tissue.     

The position and growth of lateral roots on cultured root axes of tomato,Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae)

Root axes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were cultured in vitro in three different concentrations of sucrose in order to vary their growth rate. Lateral root growth and the initiation of lateral root primordia were studied on each group of axes. Various aspects of primordium initiation, positioning, and emergence were quantified with a view to discovering variable and constant features of these processes. Variable parameters were the rate and frequency of root primordium emergence. Constant parameters, at least under the prevailing conditions, were the spacing between successive laterals and primordia, and the position of the primordia in relation to the vascular system. A model of primordium initiation is presented which combines controls determined by the divisional history of the potential primordium cell and by the vascular pattern.Dedicated with great respect to Prof. DrElisabeth Tschermak-Woess on the occasion of her 70th birthday in recognition of her distinguished contributions to cytology.