渤海湾春秋迁徙期鸻形目鸟类多样性及石油污染的影响

本文报道了春秋迁徙期渤海湾鸻形目鸟类的生境、种类和密度,对各样区的多样性指数和均匀度指数进行了计算和分析,并对石油污染的影响进行了探讨。     

山西省鹤形目鸟类的研究

本文作者于1980—1984年,在山西省对鹤形目鸟类的生物学进行了研究,其内容包括季节迁徙、鹤类组成、数量分布、食性分析,并对其有关繁殖的种类进行了探讨。     

鸟类核型研究集形目9种

本文报道了蜂鹰、鸢,苍鹰、雀鹰、松雀鹰、普通鸷、鹊鹞、燕隼和猎隼9种鸟类的核型。鹰科鸟类具有与其它鸟类截然不同的核型。其特点为多而短的大染色体,长度匀称的棱型。谜种匀称的核型是由一般鸟类不匀称核型的大染色体发生了一系列着丝点分裂而形成     

九段沙湿地鸻形目鸟类迁徙季节环境容纳量

根据对九段沙湿地2005年春、秋季食物资源调查来计算迁徙期鸻形目鸟类的环境容纳量。结果表明,九段沙湿地春季食物总量为4541．20kgAFDW（去灰分干重）,秋季为2279．64kgAFDW,按鸻形目鸟类有效栖息生境计算,春季鸟类可利用食物资源量为3429．03kgAFDW,秋季为1700．92kgAFDW。通过鸟类体型类群分类（根据去脂净重、基础代谢率和体长）和能量消耗模型可以得出,九段沙湿地迁徙季节总食物量理论上可维持的鸻形目鸟类最大数量约为春季350万只,秋季175万只。按有效生境计算,春季约为260万只,秋季约为130万只。考虑到食物取入率的影响,九段沙湿地实际可容纳约13～26万只鸟类。根据地理信息分析可知,高潮位期有效栖息地的缺乏可能是限制鸟类数量达到估计上限的主要原因,建议在不危害保护区生态安全的前提下,开辟一些隐蔽性强的裸地和浅水塘,以提高鸻形目鸟类对九段沙湿地资源的利用率。     

我国的Xiao形目鸟类

中国Xiao形目鸟类包括草Xiao科（Tytonidae）3种和鸱Xiao科（Strigidae）28种。介绍了中国Xiao形目鸟类的分布,形态特征、生态行为和分类学方面的一些最新进展。     

中国鸡形目鸟类的现状与保护对策

鸡形目是一个与人类关系非常密切的鸟类类群 ,其保护工作受到国际自然保护组织的广泛关注。作为世界上鸡形目鸟类资源最为丰富的国家之一 ,我国加强该类群鸟类的保护工作不仅是野生动物资源保护的一个重要组成部分 ,而且对全球生物多样性的保护具有特别重要的意义。本文结合国家林业局“十五”期间将要实施的《全国野生动植物及自然保护区建设工程总体规划》 ,对我国鸡形目鸟类的多样性、特有性和分布特点进行了阐述 ,对该类群的濒危状况和致危因素进行了分析 ,从就地保护、易地保护以及科学研究三个方面介绍了我国在该类群研究与保护方面所取得的成就 ,探讨了目前保护管理工作中所存在的问题并提出了相应的保护对策     

北京地区隼形目鸟类物种多样性现状调查

为有效保护珍稀野生动物多样性,于2001～2005年利用固定样线法对北京地区隼形目猛禽物种和生态分布进行了调查,获得珍稀鸟类14种,其中国家一级保护物种为金雕和白肩雕.与历史纪录比较分析了物种数量发展趋势,依据观察记录时间讨论了居留型的变化特点,结合猎物资源和生态旅游开发现状提出了促进猛禽种群恢复的对策.     

鸟类核型研究XIV.heng形目14种

本文报道了heng形目14种鸟的核型，并发现该目种类间染色体数目变异很大，由石heng的2n=40至沙锥的2n=98不等。这种变异是由原始的2n=80核型通过两种方式形成的：在heng小目中，小染色体相互融合而造成染色体数目的减少；在鹬小目中，大染色体的着丝点分离而造成染色体数目的增加。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区鸻形目鸟类研究

通过对黄河三角洲自然保护区 (以下简称保护区 )内的形目鸟类 (以下称鹬类 )的种类组成、生态分布、受危原因等方面的系统研究 ,首次从量的角度证实了保护区在国际湿地保护上的重要地位 ,表明该地区是东北亚———澳洲鹬类迁徙路线中间地带的重要环节 ,证实有 17种鹬类超过 1%国际标准 ,发现小杓鹬(Numeniusborealis)、小青脚鹬 (Tringaguttifer)等鸟类集中栖息地。该地区生态环境优越 ,是鹬类理想的栖息地 ,但人类威胁有进一步加剧的可能。     

Cattle grazing in CRP grasslands during the nesting season: effects on avian abundance and diversity

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a primary tool for restoring grassland in the United States, in part as wildlife habitat, which has benefited declining grassland bird populations. Among potential mid-contract management practices used to maintain early-successional CRP grasslands, cattle grazing had been prohibited and is currently disincentivized during the primary nesting season for birds (much of the growing season), despite the important role that large herbivores historically played in structuring grassland ecosystems. Conservative grazing of CRP grasslands could increase spatial heterogeneity in vegetation structure and plant diversity, potentially supporting higher densities of some grassland bird species and higher bird diversity. Our objective was to determine the effect of experimental cattle grazing on species-specific relative abundance and occupancy, species diversity, and community dissimilarity of grassland birds on CRP grasslands across the longitudinal extent of Kansas, USA (a 63.5-cm precipitation gradient) during the 2017–2019 avian breeding seasons. Fifty-three of 108 fields were grazed by cattle during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 and all fields were rested from grazing in 2019. For all analyses, we examined separate model sets for semiarid western versus more mesic eastern Kansas. Using data from line transect surveys, we modeled relative abundances of 5 songbird species: grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), dickcissel (Spiza americana), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), and brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Grazing had delayed yet positive effects on abundances of grasshopper sparrow in western Kansas, and eastern meadowlark in eastern Kansas, but negative effects on dickcissel abundance in western Kansas and especially on burned fields in eastern Kansas. Somewhat counterintuitively, brown-headed cowbirds in western Kansas were more abundant on ungrazed versus grazed fields in the years after grazing began. In addition, we modeled multi-season occupancy of 3 gamebird species (ring-necked pheasant [Phasianus colcicus], northern bobwhite [Colinus virginianus], mourning dove [Zenaida macroura]) and Henslow's sparrow (Centronyx henslowii); grazing did not affect occupancy of these species. In eastern Kansas, species diversity was highest in grazed, unburned fields. In western Kansas, bird communities in grazed and ungrazed fields were dissimilar, as determined from multivariate analysis. Though regionally variable, conservative stocking of cattle on CRP grasslands during the nesting season as a mid-contract management tool might increase bird species diversity by restructuring habitat that accommodates a greater variety of species and decreasing abundances of species associated with taller, denser stands of vegetation.     

Abundance and species diversity of tabanids (Diptera) in the biosphere reserve Ipassa-Makokou (Gabon) during the rainy season

The abundance and species diversity of tabanids were evaluated by trapping of insects using Vavoua traps, during the rainy season, from October 4 to November 30, 2009, in three different habitats: primary forest, secondary forest and village, in the biosphere reserve Ipassa-IRET Makokou in Gabon. Eight species belonging to three genera of tabanids have been identified for a total of 402 specimens caught. The tabanid species numerically the most abundant were: Tabanus secedens Walker, 1854 (55.2%), Tabanus obscurehirtus Ricardo, 1908 (13.9%), Chrysops dimidiatus Wulp, 1885 (11.2%) and Chrysops silaceus Austen, 1907 (10.7%). The less abundant species were Tabanus par Walker, 1854 (3.2%), Tabanus besti arbucklei Austen, 1912 (3%), Tabanus marmorosus congoicola Bequaert, 1930 (1%) and Ancala fasciata fasciata (Fabricius, 1775) (0.5%). Specimens of the genera Tabanus and Chrysops could not be identified, these insects represented respectively 0.7% and 0.5% of the insects trapped. The highest proportion of tabanids was trapped in secondary forest (75.1%) and the lower in primary forest (4.5%).     

The possible impact of climate change on the future distributions and numbers of waders on Britain's non-estuarine coast

The relationship between weather and wader distributions on non-estuarine coasts is described and used to predict how future wader distributions may respond to climate change. The distributions of eight out of nine species of wader commonly wintering on the non-estuarine coasts of Britain altered between two similar surveys, in 1984/85 and 1997/98, that covered 78% and 38% of Britain's 12 594 km of non-estuarine coastline, respectively. These eight species moved at least in part either eastwards along the winter isotherms or northwards. These changes in distribution broadly coincide with a distributional shift towards the species' respective breeding grounds and are correlated with the local winter weather over the period: increasingly mild extreme temperatures and changes in mean rainfall, mean wind speed and wind-chill. Based on the scenarios for Britain's climate in 2020 and 2080, it is predicted that the distributions of the waders will move away from the west. The non-estuarine coasts of Britain hold particularly high proportions of the international flyway populations of Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula , Sanderling Calidris alba , Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima and Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres that are all expected to show continuing decline to 2080. Overwintering waders appear to be good indicators of the effects of climate change.     

莱州湾东岸潮下带大型底栖动物群落beta多样性格局及其驱动因素

群落β多样性格局的形成与维持机制一直是群落生态学研究的热点与核心。然而, 与陆生生态系统相比, 海洋生态系统尤其是海洋底栖生态系统中生物群落β多样性的研究明显滞后。本研究从分类(即物种组成)和功能(即性状组成)两个方面出发, 应用Mantel分析和基于矩阵的多元回归(multiple regression on distance matrices, MRM)分析, 探究了莱州湾东岸潮下带大型底栖动物群落β多样性及其周转(turnover)和嵌套(nestedness)组分与环境因子和空间距离的关系, 揭示了环境过滤和扩散限制两种生态学过程对其群落构建机制的影响。结果显示: (1)莱州湾东岸潮下带大型底栖动物群落的分类与功能性状β多样性均维持在较高水平且均以周转组分占主导, 表明研究区域大型底栖动物群落在物种和功能性状组成上差异较大, 而这种差异大部分来自物种或功能性状在空间或群落间的更替; (2)空间地理距离对大型底栖动物群落分类与功能性状β多样性及其组分无显著影响(Mantel检验, P > 0.05), 表明扩散限制对莱州湾东岸潮下带大型底栖动物群落的影响有限; (3) MRM分析表明, 沉积物总有机质(total organic matter, TOM)和粉砂含量显著影响大型底栖动物群落分类β多样性, 而TOM则显著影响功能性状β多样性。上述结果表明, 环境过滤是驱动莱州湾东岸潮下带大型底栖动物群落构建机制的首要因素。本研究阐明了莱州湾东岸潮下带大型底栖动物群落构建机制, 同时也为理解我国其他海域大型底栖动物群落的形成与维持机制提供了参考。     

Ant diversity decreases during the dry season: A meta-analysis of the effects of seasonality on ant richness and abundance

Tropical studies traditionally describe insect diversity variation throughout the year. The temporally structured responses of insect assemblages to climate seasonality vary across ecosystems due to gradients of resource availability and limiting ecological factors. These idiosyncratic responses might be particularly true across the vast geographical range of the Brazilian territory, including various environments that harbor one of the most diverse ant faunas worldwide. This study addressed the relationship between ant diversity and climatic seasonality, performing a quantitative review of the published data on ant diversity collected in Brazil. We investigated the seasonality effect on ant abundance and richness described in the literature in 47 papers published between 2000 and 2018. These studies were developed mainly in the Atlantic Forest biome and collected ants with pitfall traps on the soil/litter stratum. We initially carried out a vote-counting procedure by comparing the number of significant results describing seasonal differences in the ant assemblage. We found that most papers described a similar pattern of ant abundance, richness, and species composition between seasons. However, when we performed a meta-analysis, we observed a clear pattern of higher ant abundance and richness in the wet/summer season compared with the dry/winter season. Our meta-analysis reveals that the ant diversity decreases in the dry season, strongly in the Cerrado biome. Additionally, we point out differences in the sampling effort across biomes, indicating the need for further investments in studies focused on temporal diversity patterns, including seasonal effects, on the insect assemblage in biomes less investigated so far. Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.     

湛江港湾浮游桡足类群落结构的季节变化和影响因素

2009年2月、5月、8月和11月分别对湛江港湾浮游动物进行了季度月调查,并对该海域浮游桡足类群落结构的季节变化及影响因素进行了分析.结果共鉴定出桡足类72种,其中冬季36种,占浮游动物种类数的29.5％;春季33种,占浮游动物种类数的39.3％;夏季24种,占浮游动物种类数的29.6％;秋季19种,占浮游动物种类数的40.4％.主要优势种为中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、强额拟哲水蚤Paracalanus crassirostris、短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis、亚强真哲水蚤Eucalanus subcrassus、刺尾纺锤水蚤Acartia spinicauda和桡足类幼体.季节变化模式为:夏季丰度最高,达960.0个/m3,春季次之为421.0个/m3,冬季为303.4个/m3,秋季最低仅为252.8个/m3.平面分布冬春季丰度内湾高,往湾口逐渐降低,夏季内湾低往湾口逐渐增大,而秋季分布较均匀.调查海区桡足类丰度与水温、叶绿素a和浮游植物细胞丰度呈极显著的正相关,与DIN和PO3-4呈显著的负相关,与盐度、pH值和活性硅酸盐相关性不明显.     

Habitat modifications by sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) during the spawning season: effects on sediments

This study evaluated the habitat modifications of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) during their spawning season. Males are responsible for digging circular or oval shape nests with lengths varying between 0.80 and 2.25 m (mean 1.49 m ± 0.43 SD). Females join later during the final phase of the process. Nest depth varies between 0.20 and 0.40 m (mean 0.28 m ± 0.07 SD). Significant differences in the mean particle size of the sediments were detected (F = 126.7; P < 0.01); sediments from the edge of the nest were coarser than the control plots, and sediments from the center of the nest were the finest. This species clearly changes the sediments in the spawning areas by altering the structure of the riverbed, with possible reverberating effects on other organisms. The burrows created by the sea lampreys remained intact for several months despite significant daily changes in the current velocity due to upstream dam operations. Given these results, and recognizing the great ecological importance of this species worldwide, their spawning activities should be taken into account in future ecological studies.