磷肥输入对稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的影响

磷肥管理与土壤磷素赋存息息相关,选取杭嘉湖地区典型稻田定位实验,研究磷肥输入下稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的变化,分析不同施肥管理下胶体磷在土壤中的分布规律。结果表明,(1)胶体磷是磷素在土壤中赋存的重要形式,能够占到土壤胶体溶液(1μm)总磷的85%以上,土壤全磷的0.1%—2%;(2)磷肥施用增加了土壤胶体磷含量,特别是在有机肥处理下0—5 cm土壤胶体磷含量达到了8.0 mg/kg;(3)随着土壤深度的增加,胶体磷含量减少,有机肥输入下对深层土壤胶体磷含量的影响较无机肥明显;(4)水稻收割后表层土壤胶体磷含量与油菜收割后相比减少明显,0—5 cm土壤胶体磷含量减少了90%左右,但有机肥施用下胶体磷含量减少较小;(5)水稻收割后30—60 cm土壤胶体磷含量有所增加,可能与胶体磷发生的纵向迁移有关。了解磷肥输入对稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的影响,为研究土壤磷素赋存形态及迁移变化提供科学依据,对有效评估胶体磷的环境风险起到指导作用。     

蚯蚓活动对红壤磷素主要形态及有效磷含量的影响

通过盆钵生物试验和采用Hedley磷素分级方法研究了秉氏环毛蚓(Pheretima pingi)对红壤磷素主要形态和红壤有效磷含量的影晌.结果表明,在蚯蚓和有机物料(稻草、花生秸、油菜秸)的共同作用下,经过100d培养后土壤有效磷含量显著提高.统计分析结果表明,花生秸接种蚯蚓处理与不接种蚯蚓处理和油莱秸接种蚯蚓处理与不接种蚯蚓处理之间的土壤有效磷含量差异均达显著水平.采用Hedley磷素分级法测得的树脂磷由原土的痕量增加到10.5～17.8 mg·kg^-1,NaHCO₃溶解态磷由原土的14.5 mg·kg^-1增加到23.5～53.6 mg·kg^-1,微生物细胞磷由原土的1.0 mg·kg^-1增加到6.8～9.7 mg·kg^-1,土壤有机磷含量由原土的37.9 mg·kg^-1增加到50.7～59.3 mg·kg^-1,而土壤中活性最低的残留磷含量则有所降低.蚯蚓活动对红壤磷素具有较强的活化作用.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on nucleic acid and protein content of Heterocapsa sp.

Changes in the protein, RNA and DNA content related to nitrogen(N) and phosphorus (P) starvation were studied in the marinedinoflagellate Heterocapsa sp. grown in batch cultures. In bothcases of nutrient starvation, metabolic adaptations affectedprotein and RNA pools, while the DNA content per cell remainedapproximately constant. N starvation led to a parallel decreasein protein and RNA concentration which caused the protein/RNAratios to remain constant. A dramatic decrease in the RNA contentcharacterized the P-starved cultures, although protein synthesiscontinued. The ribosomal RNA content was lower than expectedgiven the continuation of protein synthesis. It is suggestedthat protein/RNA ratios could be used as an indicator of P starvation,while protein/chlorophyll ratios would characterize N starvation ¹Present address: University of Hawaii at Manoa Soest, BiologicalOceanography, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA     

Sex-specific plasticity in body phosphorus content of Hyalella amphipods

Understanding the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits requires knowledge of the genetic and environmental sources of variation. However, we know surprisingly little about how the sexes differ in their responses to environmental nutrient supply. Here, we investigated how phosphorus (P) availability, a key metric of eutrophication, affects body composition in each sex of two Hyalella amphipod species. We also examined whether differences in food preference and acquisition are responsible for observed variation in body P. We discovered environmentally-driven changes in body P that were dependent on both species and sex. In both species, males contained less P when raised in low-P laboratory conditions compared to high-P field environments, while females exhibited no significant differences. Importantly, this difference was greater in the species that is known to have larger sexual traits and higher growth rates. Variation in P content was not due to differences in acquisition of P because both sexes preferred high-P food and consumed it at a similar rate. Our study illuminates potentially important sex- and species-specific evolutionary consequences of rapid alterations to P availability due to cultural eutrophication.     

Effect of phosphorus and potassium deficiency on keto acid and amino acid content of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaves

Summary Lack of both phosphorus and potassuium results in accumulation of all the keto acids and amino acids in 30 days and 20 days old peanut leaves respectively. This is due to te sluggish metabolism of the tissue under P and K deficienty. Decrease of all the keto acids in 20 days old plants suggests that their synthesis might be affecte under P and K deficiency.     

Effects of fatty acid and phosphorus content of food on the growth, survival and reproduction ofDaphnia

1. Mixtures of microencapsulated lipids and Scenedesmus quadricauda grown at different degrees of P limitation were used as food for Daphnia galeata in two growth experiments. Thereby, food quality in terms of ω3-fatty acid (ω3-FA) or phosphorus (P) content could be assessed without interference from other factors.
2. ω3-highly unsaturated fatty acids (ω3-HUFA), given to Daphnia as fish oil or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) together with non P-limited algae, decreased the time to first reproduction. When fed fish oil, somatic growth and survival were also enhanced. Linolenic acid also decreased the time to first reproduction but to a lesser extent than EPA.
3. Food quality depended to a large extent on the degree of P limitation of Scenedesmus , which is consistent with P limitation of Daphnia. The overall impact of P was always larger than the effect of ω3-FA. Growth, survival and reproduction were elevated when Daphnia were fed non P-limited Scenedesmus compared to treatments with P-limited algae.
4. The relative importance of ω3-HUFA and P content in the food changed over a C : P gradient, with stronger effects of ω3-HUFA at low C : P ratios.     

Histone F1. Purification and phosphorus content

1. Two minor protein fractions (B and C) were separated from histone F1 by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Fraction B was acidic. 2. Uptake of (32)P in vivo into histone F1 but not into fractions B and C was stimulated by partial hepatectomy. 3. It is suggested that partial hepatectomy causes an increase in the number of histone F1 molecules phosphorylated.     

Effect of phosphorus deficiency on anthocyanin content in tomato plants

The effect of phosphorus deficiency on anthocyanin content in tomato plants was studied from the point of view of pathological anthocyanin formation. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in an evident increase of anthocyanin content in all experiments, independently of the tomato variety and of the cultivation conditions. The anthocyanin amount was five times higher on the average and the differences were statistically significant. The average growth inhibition of tomato plants under phosphorus deficiency was 18%. Accumulation of anthocyanins is limited by the temperature; anthocyanins are not synthesized at temperatures above 30°. The results of the experimental variant with enhanced phosphorus concentration in nutrient solution were not uniform. In some experiments a decrease of anthocyanins accompanied by slight growth stimulation was observed, in others an increase associated with growth inhibition. It seems that cultivation conditions, especially the light intensity, play an important role in these experimental variants.     

Patterns and sources of variation in Daphnia phosphorus content in nature

It has recently been shown that Daphnia can vary in the phosphorus (P)-content of their body tissues, but the relative importance of genetic versus environmental causes for this variation is unexplored. We measured variation in P-content (as % body mass) of Daphnia from eight lakes and conducted experiments to contrast three sources of variation: interspecific variation, clonal variation and phenotypic plasticity. Daphnia P-content decreased with increasing seston C:P ratio across lakes. This relationship reflected both inter- and intraspecific variation. Daphnia parvula and D. dubia exhibited high P-content and were found in shallow lakes with low C:P seston, whereas D. pulicaria had low P-content and was found in deep, stratified lakes having high C:P seston. Populations of D. dentifera spanned this lake gradient and exhibited P-content that was negatively related to seston C:P. Evidence for phenotypic plasticity came from experiments with D. pulicaria and D. dentifera collected from a lake with P-deficient seston and fed a P-sufficient diet in the laboratory. In addition, populations of D. dentifera differed in P-content even after 7 d of feeding on P-sufficient resources, suggesting within-species clonal variation. However, mesocosm experiments revealed broad and surprisingly continuous variation in the P-content of individual clones of D. pulex (range 1.54–1.05%) and D. mendotae (1.51–1.07%) over a gradient in dietary C:P. The broad range in P-content exhibited by individual clones, acclimated for generations, suggests that variation in Daphnia P-content from laboratory experiments needs to be interpreted with caution. These results also show that phenotypic variation in response to environment can be a larger source of variation in P-content than genetic differences within or among species.     

Essential fatty acid content and the phosphorus to carbon ratio in cultured algae as indicators of food quality for Daphnia

1. A series of experiments examined growth of Daphnia magna on three algal diets ( Rhodomonas minuta , Scenedesmus acutus and Synechococcus sp.) at varying physiological states [nitrogen and phosphorus (P) limitations] to test whether variation in algal fatty acid and/or elemental composition can predict Daphnia growth.
2. These algae differed widely in their essential fatty acid (EFA) composition while phosphorus (P) or nitrogen limitation had only a small influence on their ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content.
3. Individually, algal ω3-PUFA content explained 69% of the variation in the normalised growth of D. magna, while algal phosphorus content explained 11% of the variation. Quantitative models for D. magna growth used both algal ω3-PUFA content and algal C : P ratio as food quality indices. Together, algal ω3-PUFA content and C : P ratio explained 70% of the variation in the normalised growth rate of D. magna .
4. Our results indicate that EFA influenced algal food quality much more strongly than P. The EFA and mineral P impacts appear to be independent.     

模拟氮沉降对鼎湖山森林土壤酸性磷酸单酯酶活性和有效磷含量的影响

采用野外原位试验模拟氮(N)沉降,研究了其对鼎湖山马尾松林、混交林和季风林3种森林类型土壤酸性磷酸单酯酶活性(APA)和有效磷(AP)含量的影响.在季风林中设置对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低N(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中N(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高N(150 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理,在马尾松林和混交林中只设置对照、低N和中N处理.结果表明:随着土层加深,土壤APA和AP含量降低.土壤APA在季风林中最高,而AP含量在3种林型中没有显著差异.N沉降增加对土壤APA的作用与林型有关.季风林中适度N沉降可使APA升高,且低N处理的APA(19.52 μmol·g-1·h-1)最高;马尾松林和混交林中,中N处理的APA最高,分别为12.74和11.02 μmol·g-1·h-1.3种林型的AP含量均在低N处理下最高,但各N处理之间的差异并不显著.土壤APA与AP含量之间呈显著正相关关系.     

X-ray microanalysis of chlorine and phosphorus content in biguanide-treated Acanthamoeba castellanii

Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) was used to study the effects of chlorhexidine diacetate (CHA) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) on Acanthamoeba castellanii. A high variation of elements occurred in untreated individual cells and only two elements, Cl (a biocide marker) and P, were investigated. X-ray dot mapping of untreated trophozoites and cysts revealed that Cl in cells was uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, whereas P was less dense in the vacuoles. X-ray dots of Cl in biocide-treated trophozoites and cysts appeared denser and evenly distributed within the cells as the biguanide concentration increased. Quantitative analysis of either CHA or PHMB within the cells using Cl as an elemental marker was unsatisfactory because of the high Cl levels in untreated cells. The apparent increases of P in some experiments with treated cells might be associated with reduced permeability, protein coagulation or aggregation of phospholipids.     

Total and cell wall phosphorus content inBacillus megaterium in phosphate-limited media

A comparative study of the amount of total and cell wall phosphorus inBacillus megaterium ATCC 33085, grown in media with or without phosphate limitation was carried out. The phosphorus levels were investigated during six successive subcultures. A progressive decrease in total phosphorus was found in cells cultivated in a phosphate-limited medium. A decline in the cell wall phosphorus level was observed starting only from the third subculture in phosphate-limited medium, and no phosphorus was detected in the walls of cells in the fifth subculture.