从文献计量角度探析粮食安全研究现状

为全面了解粮食安全领域的研究现状及研究热点,以汤森路透（Thomson Reuters）的Web of Science 引文数据库收录的“粮食安全”文献作为数据源,基于数量和关键词从作者、期刊、机构等多维度对“粮食安全”进行文献计量分析。通过信息可视化软件CiteSpace工具,绘制出“粮食安全”领域的科学知识图谱,得出“粮食安全”领域的研究热点主要集中于气候变化、转基因技术、食物营养与安全、农业可持续发展等方面,以期为粮食安全问题的深入研究提供参考。     

基于文献计量的作物耗水研究现状及热点分析

通过使用文献计量学的相关方法分析Web of Science核心集合~(TM)数据库中1985—2016年"作物耗水"的相关文献,评估作物耗水领域的研究现状及热点,以期为该领域学者日后研究提供方向。分析结果表明,1985—2016年作物耗水相关文献的发表数量随时间呈增长趋势;从主要研究力量方面看,欧美等发达国家在研究力量构成上占有较大席位,发展中国家研究力量则以中国和印度为主;中国科学院、美国农业部(USDA)以及加利福尼亚大学为国际上作物耗水领域主要研究机构,在该领域内具有一定影响力。就目前研究状况看来,研究热点集中于作物灌溉、资源利用以及生物化学领域。在未来的研究发展趋势方面,作物耗水与能源供给间的关系、作物蒸散发和作物生长关系等方向将具有一定的研究价值和发展空间。     

基于CNKI对我国急救领域研究热点的文献计量学分析

随着社会的发展,我国重大交通安全、生产事故日渐增多,冰雪灾害、洪涝、地震、泥石流等突发性灾害的发生也越来越频繁。医学急救的地位和作用逐渐突显。作者以中国知网（CNKI）为统计源,分析2000-2009年在我国核心期刊发表的急救领域的文献,探讨其文献分布、主要研究机构及研究热点等问题,以期为我国急救领域研究提供参考。     

基于CNKI数据库与VOSviewer的中国古树研究分析

目的：古树是一种特殊的生物资源,兼具自然与人文属性,对科研、教育和文化传承具有重要意义。应用可视化方法分析梳理新世纪以来国内古树领域的研究进展、研究热点及前沿趋势。方法：检索中国知网（限中文核心和/或CSCD期刊）收录的古树相关文献,应用VOSviewer对文献来源分布情况、发文作者与研究机构、关键词进行可视化分析。结果：中国古树研究的发文量呈现“起步—兴盛—回落”3个阶段,其中发文量在2013年达到高峰。《安徽农业科学》《福建林业科技》和《浙江农林大学学报》发文量较大。高被引用论文显示,与古树资源调查相关的论文占较大的比例。中国古树研究的学者关系呈现出团队少、人数少、关系松散的格局。结论：当前国内古树的研究仍需进一步提升,加强机构与人员之间的合作。衰老机理、遗传多样性、环境相关性、大尺度空间格局等研究可能会成为未来古树研究的热点。     

基于SCI文献分析我国菌根学研究现状和发展方向

基于美国科学情报研究所(ISI)科学引文索引(Science Citation Index, SCI)数据库, 对1989~2007年期间我国发表的菌根研究论文进行检索, 并采用文献计量方法对所获资料进行统计和趋势分析。结果表明, 1989~2007年间, 我国菌根学研究呈现不断上升趋势, 尤其是2000年之后, 增长速度明显加快。但只有5.22%的论文发表于影响因子大于5的刊物, 在研究深度上仍需进一步加强。半数以上的研究论文与丛枝菌根研究有关, 研究重点主要集中在菌根对植物的生理效应, 菌根与植物抗性     

《生物技术通报》2011年文献计量分析

运用文献计量学的相关理论和方法,对《生物技术通报》2011年所刊论文从载文、作者和引文三个方面的载文量等多项指标进行统计分析,为主办单位掌握期刊现状,提高办刊质量提供依据,也为本刊读者进行文献阅读和投稿提供信息参考.     

全球大数据与健康管理的研究热点聚类分析

揭示全球该领域的研究热点。采用文献计量学和双向聚类分析方法。发现全球大数据与健康管理现已达到年均发文量1000篇以上;全球有89个国家和地区都进行了该方面的研究,其中欧洲地区的国家合作交流频繁;该领域中重要出版物有Stud Health Technol Inform、PloS one等;目前研究热点主要聚焦为：蛋白质等生物大分子网络作用的信息挖掘、数据挖掘在药物数据库及电子健康档案的应用、基因组序列数据挖掘在疾病预测中的应用、药物生物信息学的数据挖掘、生物医学大型数据库的数据挖掘、系统生物学的数据挖掘和医疗卫生服务中的数据挖掘等7个方面。     

公众健康和幸福感考量的城市蓝色空间——城市景观研究新领域

水文系统是区域景观系统的主要组成部分—包括河流、湖泊、海洋以及人工运河。全球大多数城市都临水而建。水对人类健康和幸福感构成了诸多威胁,但也带来了许多（常常只是潜在的）益处。随着城市的扩张和人口的日益密集,优秀的城市规划设计可以创造或改善滨水空间利用,这可能成为改善人类健康和幸福感的宝贵途径。随着工业和港口设施的搬迁,置换出了滨水蓝色空间,对蓝色空间水资源的优化管理能有效减少城市水污染。洪水风险可能会因洪泛区的城市扩张而加剧,因此在汇水区整体层面统一协调水资源管理至关重要。基于已被证实蓝色和绿色空间对健康和幸福感的诸多益处,规划者和设计师应该充分利用蓝绿空间来创造更好的空间。虽然已有许多项目将滨水空间改造成供人使用的娱乐休闲空间,但对它们在健康和幸福感方面的成功因素进行系统评价的很少。“蓝色健康研究项目”（The BlueHealth Research Project）的重点是通过更完善的实例研究,探究如何规划和设计城市蓝色空间来改善大众健康和幸福感。将蓝色空间作为一个新兴的城市景观研究领域进行介绍,并系统梳理了全球蓝色再生项目的一些初步发现,同时总结这些项目成功的关键。     

基于CiteSpace的生态城市发展研究动态分析

利用文献分析计量平台和知识图谱可视化技术,分析2009—2018年间生态城市研究的发文数量、国际影响力、期刊、学科分布以及研究机构的网络特征,揭示不同时段之间的研究热点变化规律。研究表明：淤2009—2018年间生态城市研究的发文量高达3983篇,呈快速增长趋势。于中国在生态城市研究领域中的影响力凸显,但在平均被引次数还有待提高。盂在国家合作关系中,城市化较高的国家在生态城市研究领域合作紧密。榆高校和科研院所是生态城市研究的主体,虽两者已经初步形成合作网络,但联系与合作程度依然较低。虞生态城市研究出现频率较高的关键词是城市化、城市生态、生态系统服务和可持续性等,具有较高的中心性。在全球气候与环境变化下,面对新技术方法提供的机遇,生态城市研究要促进多学科融合,深入研究城市复合生态系统的非线性、复杂性特征,关注城市复合生态系统的关键要素之间以及关键子系统之间的耦合机制。     

基于文献计量学的近30年(1990-2020)第四纪孢粉学研究现状与展望

第四纪孢粉学利用现代和化石孢粉重建第四纪古植被、古气候和古环境,属于可持续发展的前沿学科领域。本文基于CiteSpace软件数据可视化和计量分析模块,以CNKI (中国知网)数据库与Web of Science核心数据库中1990–2020年间的共计6081篇第四纪孢粉学相关文献为基础,梳理了近30年来第四纪孢粉学的过去和现在,并探讨了未来发展趋势。研究结果表明,近30年第四纪孢粉学领域发文量呈增加趋势,中国的总发文量和国际影响力整体呈增长趋势;第四纪孢粉学研究主要集中于各大高校和科研院所,研究成果有明显的聚集性;中国科学院是外文发文量最多的国际机构。第四纪孢粉学近30年的研究主要涉及古植物学、古地理学、古生态学和古气候学等领域,古植被、古气候、古环境的定性和定量重建一直是国内外学者关注和研究的重点。表土花粉研究、花粉与人类活动、亚洲季风演变和孢粉分类学是近几年发刊的热点。虽然一些关键词如花粉产量、代表性以及现代花粉与植被和气候的定量关系等出现频次低,但对第四纪孢粉学十分重要。未来还需要进一步加强湖泊表层沉积物的花粉研究,探讨花粉与植被、气候的定量关系,为准确解译化石花粉提供坚实基础。...     

Reexamining the categorical exclusion of pediatric participants from controlled human infection trials

Controlled human infection (CHI) models have been developed for numerous pathogens in order to better understand disease processes and accelerate drug and vaccine testing. In the past, some researchers conducted highly controversial CHIs with vulnerable populations, including children. Ethical frameworks for CHIs now recommend vulnerable populations be excluded because they cannot consent to high risk research. In this paper we argue that CHI studies span a wide spectrum of benefit and risk, and that some CHI studies may involve minimal risk. The categorical exclusion of children from CHIs therefore departs from the standard approach to evaluating research risks, as international regulations and ethical guidance for pediatric research generally permit non-beneficial research with low risks. The paradigm in research ethics has also shifted from focusing on protecting vulnerable participants to recognizing that inclusion can be important as a matter of justice, providing new reasons to question this default exclusion of children from CHIs. Recognizing that pediatric CHIs can raise complex ethical issues and are easy to sensationalize in ways that may threaten the public’s trust in research and sponsor institutions, we conclude by describing additional complexities that must be addressed before pediatric CHIs beyond licensed vaccine studies might be ethically acceptable.     

国家标本资源共享平台(NSII)支撑生物多样性科学研究的成效分析

随着生物多样性信息学的迅速发展,越来越多开放的生物数据可供科研人员使用。以一个公开数据平台为例分析我国生物多样性领域的研究热点与发展趋势,有助于生物多样性工作者和决策者及时了解我国生物研究的现状及动向,为生物多样性建设提供决策支持。该文以“国家标本资源共享平台(NSII)”及相关词为检索对象,对中国知网和谷歌学术上2013—2023年间的文献进行全文检索,共检索出1 070篇NSII支撑的文献,包括期刊论文(822篇)、学位论文(233篇)、科普文章(5篇)、会议文章(6篇)和报道(4篇)。基于NSII支撑的822篇期刊论文,通过文献计量学的手段和方法,从发文情况、研究主题与热点、研究机构等方面探究NSII支撑的生物多样性研究现状、热点与态势。关键词共现网络图谱分析结果显示,基于数据平台的生物多样性研究热点集中在物种分布分析和建模、气候变化、分类学、生物多样性研究、研究平台建设五个方面。当前我国生物多样性信息学领域发展较快,未来仍需从数据源建设、资源整合、共享能力、业务能力和国际合作等方面努力提升,持续推动生物多样性科学研究的发展。     

Reflections on the development of health economics in low- and middle-income countries

Health economics is a relatively new discipline, though its antecedents can be traced back to William Petty FRS (1623–1687). In high-income countries, the academic discipline and scientific literature have grown rapidly since the 1960s. In low- and middle-income countries, the growth of health economics has been strongly influenced by trends in health policy, especially among the international and bilateral agencies involved in supporting health sector development. Valuable and influential research has been done in areas such as cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis, financing of healthcare, healthcare provision, and health systems analysis, but there has been insufficient questioning of the relevance of theories and policy recommendations in the rich world literature to the circumstances of poorer countries. Characteristics such as a country''s economic structure, strength of political and social institutions, management capacity, and dependence on external agencies, mean that theories and models cannot necessarily be transferred between settings. Recent innovations in the health economics literature on low- and middle-income countries indicate how health economics can be shaped to provide more relevant advice for policy. For this to be taken further, it is critical that such countries develop stronger capacity for health economics within their universities and research institutes, with greater local commitment of funding.     

温度和光周期对水稻抽穗期调控的交互作用

光周期和温度是植物开花的2个关键的调控因素,植物成花转变决定于植物对光周期和温度变化的精确测量.作为短日照植物,水稻在长日低温条件下抽穗期推迟,为了阐明温度和光周期对水稻开花时间的调控效应,本文利用1个光周期不敏感的突变体及其野生型,系统地分析了不同温度和光周期处理条件下,调控水稻开花时间几个关键基因（Hd3a,RFT1,Ehd1,Ghd7,RID1/Ehd2/OsId1,Se5）的表达调控模式,结果表明Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1通路在光周期和温度调控水稻开花途径中保守.Ehd1,Hd3a和RFT1的表达在低温（23℃）条件下急剧下降,表明Ehd1,Hd3a和RFT1表达阻抑是低温条件下水稻开花推迟的主要原因.另外,在长日照条件下,低温（23℃）处理促进了水稻开花抑制子Ghd7的表达,表明低温条件和长日照条件对Ghd7的表达具有协同作用.此外,本文还分析了Hd1与光周期开花调控途径中几个关键基因的调控关系,发现Hd1在长日照条件下负向调控Ehd1的表达而正向调控Ghd7的表达,表明在长日照条件下,Hd1-Ghd7-Ehd1-RFT1通路也是水稻抽穗期调控的一条重要途径.     

New trends in assessing the outcomes of mental health interventions

Assessing the outcomes of interventions in mental health care is both important and challenging. The aim of this paper is to advance the field of outcomes research by proposing a taxonomy of the decisions that clinicians and researchers need to consider when evaluating outcomes. Our taxonomy has eight components, framed as decisions: Whose outcome will be considered? Which scientific stage is being investigated? What outcome domain(s) matter? What level of assessment will be used? Will clinical and/or recovery outcomes be assessed? Whose perspective will be considered? Will deficits and/or strengths be the focus? Will invariant or individualized measures be preferred? We propose a future focus on understanding what matters most to people using mental health services, and on the use of measures rated by service users as the primary approach to evaluating outcome.     

The influence of consumer behavior on the environmental footprint of passenger car tires

Understanding the influence of consumer behavior on the life cycle of products can provide further insights into effective mitigation strategies. Here, we developed a stochastic model to quantify the influence of consumer behavior on midpoint and endpoint impacts of European passenger car tires. The life cycle included resource extraction, production, use, and end-of-life stages of a passenger car tire with a functional unit of driving 50,000 km. The combined influence of variability in the lifetime, rolling resistance, size and inflation pressure of the tire, and mass and engine efficiency of the car on a range of environmental footprints was assessed via Monte Carlo simulations. We found that differences in consumer behavior can change the environmental impacts of tires with a factor 1.6 to 2.1 (95th/5th percentile). Environmental savings over the life cycle of tires are effectively achievable by stimulating the use of smaller cars and fuel-efficient tires with longer lifetimes. We found that a shift in consumer behavior specifically related to tires can result in mitigations of the tire's life cycle impacts ranging from 13% for human toxicity to 26% for climate change. Our findings show that a detailed variability analysis can provide case-specific and realistic recommendations to mitigate environmental footprints.     

Measuring and improving the quality of mental health care: a global perspective

Mental disorders are common worldwide, yet the quality of care for these disorders has not increased to the same extent as that for physical conditions. In this paper, we present a framework for promoting quality measurement as a tool for improving quality of mental health care. We identify key barriers to this effort, including lack of standardized information technology‐based data sources, limited scientific evidence for mental health quality measures, lack of provider training and support, and cultural barriers to integrating mental health care within general health environments. We describe several innovations that are underway worldwide which can mitigate these barriers. Based on these experiences, we offer several recommendations for improving quality of mental health care. Health care payers and providers will need a portfolio of validated measures of patient‐centered outcomes across a spectrum of conditions. Common data elements will have to be developed and embedded within existing electronic health records and other information technology tools. Mental health outcomes will need to be assessed more routinely, and measurement‐based care should become part of the overall culture of the mental health care system. Health care systems will need a valid way to stratify quality measures, in order to address potential gaps among subpopulations and identify groups in most need of quality improvement. Much more attention should be devoted to workforce training in and capacity for quality improvement. The field of mental health quality improvement is a team sport, requiring coordination across different providers, involvement of consumer advocates, and leveraging of resources and incentives from health care payers and systems.     

应用鱼类完整性评价体系评价辽河流域健康

根据2009年8月辽河流域33个站点采集的鱼类数据(参照点8个,观测点25个),通过参数指标值分布范围、相关关系和判别能力分析,从23个侯选指标中筛选出了辽河流域的鱼类完整性指数(F-IBI)构成指标体系。该体系包括鱼类总种类数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、中上层鱼类百分比、底层鱼类百分比、鱼类个体总数、杂食性鱼类百分比、耐受性鱼类百分比、敏感性鱼类百分比和产粘性卵鱼类百分比共9个生物参数。分别采用1、3、5赋值法和比值法计算各站点的IBI分值,并根据参照点IBI分值的25%分位数值确定健康等级标准,对小于25%分位数值的分布范围进行3等分,提出了辽河流域河流鱼类完整性评价标准,分为健康、一般、差、较差4个等级。两种方法评价结果虽不完全相同,但趋势基本一致。Pearson相关分析表明IBI值与生境状况、水质状况、栖息地环境质量显著相关,其中与海拔、栖息地评分呈显著正相关,与CODCr、氯化物、总溶解颗粒物、含沙量、硬度、电导率呈显著负相关。     

The role of trust in global health research collaborations

Collaborations in global health research are on the rise because they enhance productivity, facilitate capacity building, accelerate output and make tackling big, multifactorial research questions possible. In this paper, I examine the concepts of trust and reliance in scientific collaborations in general, but also in the particular context of collaborations in global health research between high‐income countries and low‐and‐middle income countries (LMIC). I propose and defend the argument that given the particular characteristics of collaborations and demands of trust relationships, reliance is a better relational mode for successful collaborations. Although reliance can be difficult to establish in situations where asymmetry of power exists, trust should not be the only relational mode available to LMIC researchers because of the type of vulnerability it introduces to the relationship. I conclude that the promotion of good collaborations requires addressing the power imbalances between partners, and establishing an even playing field in global health research.